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SUPERSHIP
SOVEREIGN OF THE SEAS
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David Howarth has woven together the colored threads vast tapestry figured with men, treasure hoards, unexpl°r^. coastlines and wild and smoky battles. Sovereign of the begins as a book about British sea power and turns into story of the British Empire and the tale of the advent^ some men—the admirals, captains, explorers, seamen, pirates—who mastered the waves that the world catne regard as Britain's own.
■i
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It is to the potential catastrophes that the South African author addresses himself. Estimating that 1.3 million tons (tons, not gallons) of oil a year slick and slide into the seas, onto the shores, across the ice, and into the southern currents, Mostert graphically warns of the potential death of marine life, and ultimately all life, on this planet. The overriding questions the writer poses are who is minding the store and who is tending to the world. These questions, interwoven within an exact portrayal of life aboard the supertanker Ardshiel and a penetrating investigation into the world economic pressures, makes Supership a book of monumental fascination.
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eOfis ^0VV ^on8 will these fifteen volumes live? May it be many this i ?.r * believe they will live as long as America lives, and
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from the Introduction to Volume Fifteen Rear Admiral Ernest M. Eller, USN (Ret.) Former Director of Naval History
The Volumes
I The Battle of the Atlantic, 1939-1943
II Operations in North African Waters, October 1942-June 1943
III The Rising Sun in the Pacific, 1931-April 1942
IV Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions, May 1942-August 1942
V The Struggle for Guadalcanal, August 1942-February 1943
VI Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier, 22 July 1942-1 May 1944 VII Aleutians, Gilberts and Marshalls, June 1942-April 1944
VIII New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944-August 1944
IX Sicily—Salerno—Ar.zio, January 1943-June 1944
X The Atlantic Battle Won, May 1943-May 1945
XI The Invasion of France and Germany, 1944-1945
XII Leyte, June 1944-January 1945
XIII The Liberation of the Philippines, 1944-1945
XIV Victory in the Pacific, 1945
XV Supplement and General Index
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82
U. S. Naval Institute Proceedings, February 1975
my team established an excellent rapport. With the destroyer’s radar, we were consistently able to detect aircraft at 3,000-5,000 feet and 120 miles. The officers and enlisted men of each air support team were selected on the basis of their performance as command CIC officers in at least two major amphibious engagements. In my case, I had been force fighter director for Task Force U at Normandy and the forces attacking the eastern flank in southern France.
During our stay at Pearl Harbor we were thoroughly briefed on the operations to take place at both I wo Jima and Okinawa. Admiral Spruance’s staff had done a thorough evaluation of the air threat to be expected during each engagement. Additional radio equipment was installed in our CIC prior to our sortie against Iwo. This gear was to be used for controlling Army Air Force planes. The Bushj with my team embarked, was the force fighter director ship for the Third Marine Division in reserve. The division was duly landed on D + 3 day and the Bush remained as a gunfire support ship until D +19 when
P-51 squadrons were brought in under our control. Upon completion of the operation at Iwo Jima on 27 March, the Bush departed for Leyte Gulf with a brief pause at Saipan. She was designated task force fighter director ship for the force which sortied from Leyte Gulf for Okinawa. The USS Eldorado (AGC-n) was in this force also, but I controlled all fighter aircraft during the voyage from the Leyte Gulf to the transport area off the landing beaches, At that point, the task force fighter director took over.
During part of the voyage we were supported by a jeep carrier task force paralleling our track some miles to the east. From dawn to dusk, eight Navy fighters were on station. They arrived exactly on time and were continuously relieved on station every day during the remainder of the voyage. It has been reported that our force was shadowed for many miles. This was not the case, because the ceiling during the entire voyage was 200-300 feet with heavy drizzle. It was necessary for me to control my combat air patrol (CAP) visually during the entire trip. Once a day 1 separated one division of two aircraft and had them try to find the top of the cloud cover. The top was above 22,000 feet, and I brought the pilots down at that point. We saw no unfriendly aircraft during the entire trip.
Upon arrival at Okinawa, the Bush was assigned to radar picket station 4P L the USS Colhoun (DD-801) to station #2 and the USS Cassin Young (dd-793) t0 station #3. All stations were approx1- mately 50 miles north of Point Bolo and were the only northern stations manned during the first six days.
The Bush was attacked continuously by sporadic groups of two to three aircraft, except for one day when we returned to Kerama Retto to refuel. Upon completion of refueling we returned to radar station # 1 and from that time to the afternoon of 6 April we did not have any fighters assigned to us, in spire of the fact that the major threat axis extended from Kyushu to Okinawa.
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One day four Marine fighters reported in on their own initiative to help us dispel a raid of more than 30 planes-
Last of the Four Pipers?”
(See W. H. Langenberg, pp. 79-81, October Proceedings; pp. 84-85, January 1975)
^aptain John Af. Kennaday, U. S. Navy )R-etired)—Tht whole article is interest- ‘fig and moving, but the lead picture °f the uss Thompson (DD-305) is really fifie to arouse nostalgic memories in the earts of old four-piper sailors, especially e men who served in these ships in
the
dei
sh:
*> signaling her readiness to receive vision mate alongside.
That division mate about to moor °ngside was probably one of seven *ps so tragically lost at Point Arguello
They did so with great dispatch. On 6 April, while we were under attack but before we were hit, I received word from fhe officer in tactical command that he Was sending me three F6F Hellcat fighters to help repel more than 300 planes, ut I was then informed that these three nghters did not have any ammunition.
The reason for the carnage (both the Rush and Colhoun were sunk) on the fiorthern picket stations on 6 April was (he simple fact that although we had three special ships, three special crews, ar>d special fighter director equipment, We were never given any fighters to fight ^fih. AH those available were retained °Ver beaches. The basic principle of ghter direction is to hit the enemy as s°on after detection as possible. More- fiVer, when a definite threat axis has een established, as was the case here, (he cap should be deployed astride that a>CIs. The special fighter director teams 'Vere in the destroyers to control CAP a§ainst large raids, not to report range and bearings of oncoming raids. The ship’s cic teams were perfectly capable °b performing that routine function.
period between the world wars. It ptets a procedure and routine so very fifihar throughout those years—yet fifie that always brought thrill and satis- aetion in its accomplishment, k ^he Thompson has just "snatched” the j.Uoy; obviously, the nest is going to k rrn on her, because the pulling whale- °at> just abaft the galley deckhouse, is sWung jn> perhaps with a zeal which is a *ttle premature, because the buoy men ar*d forecastle crew are evidently still c°mpleting the moor, and the "affirm”
Slgnal is already flying at her port yardarm.
a dia little over a year later, because this picture is quite accurately dated (August 1920)—a fact even more nostalgic to me because I was a ship buff long before I joined the Navy or ever trod a four- piper’s deck—by the ship partly seen in the distance over the buoy. She is, beyond any doubt, the scout cruiser Birmingham (CL-2), which was flagship of Destroyer Squadrons Pacific from 1920 to May 1922. Her high freeboard and searchlight platform aft (and the almost unmistakable glimpse of Point Loma, still farther in the distance) identify her definitely.
This early photograph (and the action in it) shows how little had changed by 1939 or 1940—when things really did begin to change. There are some differences which are noticeable, however, between the Thompson as pictured and four-pipers of the middle Thirties. She does not appear to have a gun director, nor—though this is harder to tell— torpedo directors on the bridge wings. Both searchlights are mounted on the tower aft instead of one forward over the bridge and one aft. No signal searchlights are evident on the bridge wings. The two life rafts stacked on the galley deckhouse were not usual later, and her radio antennas are slightly different. Most curiously, her No. 3 4-inch gun—on the starboard side of the galley deckhouse—seems to be missing. Possibly it is trained directly at the camera, but it is hard to see any evidence of it even with a magnifying glass.
Well, you can see how lovingly I have examined this picture. I anticipate you may receive and publish similarly nostalgic musings from other old sailors.
"We Make Our Ships Ugly by Design”
(See P. Sims, pp. 113-118, November 1974 Proceedings)
Roy R. Schweiker—\ greatly appreciated the Professional Note by Philip Sims in the November 1974 Proceedings. The before-and-after pictures and captions were excellent, and the text gives real insight into the problems of the naval architect. I especially liked the calculations for the sizes of Barges A and B, as it is very rare that numerical presentations in ship design are made in the Proceedings.
The reason for the boxy superstructure can be demonstrated numerically if the calculations are extended slightly. Barge A (with two guns mounted) has a draft of 12.6 feet and a freeboard of 3.0 feet, while Barge B has a draft of 11.2 feet and a freeboard of 5.4 feet. If the distance from the waterline to the main deck is to be the same for both barges, the extra "freeboard” consists of a boxy superstructure. This would still be true if the CNO had specified a beam-to-draft ratio instead of a beam- to-depth ratio.
The naval architect must try to come up with the best hull form for the given
weight and volume. Each component designer can help by minimizing its space requirement, but the greatest room for improvement seems to be in reduction of ship operating personnel. Even the experiments in reduced bridge watches do not seem to go far enough when one considers that a complex aircraft is actually controlled at most by two persons, who put their wishes into action directly without the necessity of giving orders or acting through intermediaries. Requirements for damage control personnel appear to be figured for the age of guns and bombs, when a ship could sustain multiple hits and still survive. Now that it is increasingly likely that a ship will sink with the first hit, perhaps the number of damage control personnel should be reduced to minimize the casualties from such a hit. In the age of sail, the whole crew was required on deck to perform certain evolutions. A modern crew could be reduced by redefining the tasks considered to be within the capabilities of an individual watch. In any case, I hope that I have pointed out that it is not just hardware which should be examined for possible reduction.
"Changes in Status of Ships
and Shore Establishments”
(See Notebook, p. 127, November 1974
Proceedings)
Lieutenant Commander Nils Rueckert, U. S. Navy, Executive Officer, USS Columbus (CG-12)—I wish to call attention to an error concerning the guided-missile cruiser Columbus. Though the Proceedings indicates that she was decommissioned in August 1974, she is still very much in commission in mid-November while undergoing inactivation. Her remaining crew of 26 officers and 481 enlisted men are performing the arduous task of closing out some 860 spaces on board the 18,000-ton warship. She was placed in commission in reserve on 16 August 1974, and decommissioning is scheduled for 31 January 1975 in Norfolk.
By the way, the Columbus earned a clean sweep of E awards for the competitive year 1973-74. Her crew won the battle efficiency E as the best Atlantic Fleet cruiser, as well as the CIC operations E, gunnery systems E, engineering E, antisubmarine warfare A, damage control D/C, surface-to-air missile systems E, supply E, and communications C.
"The Survival of Navy Medicine”
(See D. L. Custis, pp. 35-45, August 1974
Proceedings; B. W. Fordham and R. Gerber,
pp. 81-82, December 1974)
Vice Admiral D. L. Custis, U. S. Navy, Surgeon General of the Navy— I completely agree with Captain Gerber that the Navy’s use of its Medical Service Corps has lagged somewhat behind our sister services. To overcome this disparity we have just recently established at the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery a board that is somewhat similar to the command selection board of the Bureau of Naval Personnel. This board will consider the qualifications of officers of all corps of the Navy Medical Department for future assignments as commanding officers, executive officers, and senior staff officers. I have every hope that, in addition, this screening process will allow us to identify earlier in their careers those officers of these corps who are both interested in management and whose careers could then be oriented toward the additional training needed as they progress in rank.
As to Captain Gerber’s comment about our doctors leaving the service or retiring early because they cannot remain in their professional practices, let me assure you that such is not now the case. Relative to the board just mentioned, all senior physicians whose records will be reviewed by the board members have received a letter which asked them to let us know if they would prefer to remain in clinical medicine
rather than assume administrative duties at some time in the future. Those who indicate that they would prefer to practice clinical medicine for their entire naval careers will be allowed to do so, in addition, the new Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences wifi give our physicians who are interested in the academic side of medicine additional opportunities to teach in the university’s medical school while remaining on active duty in the Navy.
It is my feeling that the attractions and advantages of a career in military medicine will become even greater if the future, particularly if some of the legislation dealing with the health care delivery system of the civilian medical communities now before the Congress is enacted.
Commander John H. Cook, III, U. S. Navttl Reserve—As an ex-line officer and current medical student, I read Dr. Custis’ arti' cle with great interest. I feel that as 3 whole the article represents a lucid detailing of the situation. The paragraphs concerning patient mix, physician util*' zation, and Navy medical/dental regions are particularly good. I would like to make three distinct comments:
y I do not question the existence of 3 pay gap, but I do challenge Dr. Custis’ pay comparison. Medical practice in the Navy is comparable to civilian practice in a large, pre-paid group practice of health maintenance organization (HMO). Compensation in this type of practice shows geographic variability but generally ranges from $30-50,000 annually, the majority being in the $35-40,000 range. The fringe benefit package is estimated at 20% of the an- I nual salary. I might suggest that Dr-
ustis rework his figures toward comparing earnings between similar modes 1 practice, with adequate accounting or fringe benefits such as retirement, c°ntinuing education, and health insurance.
The military services will shortly reCeive an accessions windfall. Nationally, Medical students are faced with the dual Pr°blems of rising costs and dwindling ^uPport from loans and scholarships.
■ne students are quite literally run- nir>g out of money. Under these condi- p°ns> the Uniformed Service Health °ressions Scholarship Program is espe- «ally attractive.
^ Tk
rue one aspect of military health care e ivery that Dr. Custis did not discuss s the waste of physician manpower, uplication of facilities, and adminis- trat'Ve expense in maintaining three Separate service medical organizations. I ^°uld have preferred his discussing ei- er the survival of adequate health care Ivery to the uniformed services or 1 he had been able to substantiate the Uthqueness of the Navy’s claim to sur- ''lval over that of both the Army and Force.
Navy Social Calls
Commander John J. Flynn, U. S. Navy, Commanding Officer, USS Monticello {LSD-3})—The long-standing tradition of social calls between juniors and seniors still exists for the socially-oriented within the U. S. Navy, but in reality this tradition appears to be fading as fast as passing a senior with the customary "By your leave, Sir.”
There are a number of reasons advanced in an attempt to explain why social calls are not exchanged to the extent they were prior to World War II: "There are too many of us to bother with such traditions;” "When the Navy was small, it was a good tradition—but not now;” "An inordinate expense is involved with calls and cards.” There are several more. Are we to give up our occupational and inherited traditions because of the multitude of people in today’s world or for some other reason? I say "no.” If only some of us participate in this social practice, those of us saying "no” may gradually diminish and then disappear.
I believe one of the main problems associated with social calls is the uncertainty of when to call and how to go about doing it. Moreover some seniors apparently do not favor calls, and others do not return calls. In time, an officer may assume that his desire to call, or his actual call, wasn’t really wanted, so he never again thinks about participating in this tradition.
These problems are easily overcome. First of all, social graces should be more strongly emphasized at officer indoctrination schools. Second, deputies, executive officers, aides, or administrative assistants should be the points of contact for all calls. They should know the senior’s policy as far as hours and days are concerned. They should also schedule and monitor the juniors calling. In addition, they should remind the senior when return calls are due. It is understood by all officers and wives that it is not practical at times for a senior to return all calls individually and therefore a "returned call reception” is appropriate and is time-honored. At a very large command, "calls made” do not have to be made on an individual basis but could be accomplished in groups.
By Captain Walter "R" Thomas, USN.
A sense of humor, a sharp wit, and a talent lor biting satire are qualities that Captain Thomas possesses in abundance, and they are all displayed in this lively little classic devoted to controversial Navy programs and official practices.
By Captain Walter "R" Thomas, USN
from a small naval observatory
From his nostalgic opening remark on the old Navy where . . no one really had to worry about very much except the annual court-martialing of ensigns who lost classified material", to his terse conclusion, "Entrenched positions are never easy to attack in combat, in a bureaucracy they are near impregnable", his points are driven home subtly.
The chapter headings alone provide chuckles without getting into the reading matter. "It's the Captain's Turn to Get the Coffee", "But I lust Bought You a New Nuclear Boat Last Year", and "Please, Josephine, Don't Go Near That Machine".
The book, in the author's words, "gives today's leaders a view of the chaos so that tomorrow's leaders can control it".
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86 U. S. Naval Institute Proceedings, February 1975
Whom to call on presents some questions. I have seen a small number of officers try to call on everyone in the chain of command from a department head to a fleet commander. If attached to an operating unit, calls should be made on the commanding officer of that unit. Commanding officers of units would call on their immediate superior. For those attached to the shore establishment, calls can be much more complicated. If attached to a base or station rather than a staff, calls should be made on the commanding officer. If attached to a large staff, the difference in organization may present other levels for calls (e.g., all branch and section officers call on department head; all division and department officers call on commander). No hard rule can be made here because of the non-standardization of large staffs. This may appear to involve an excessive amount of people, but in practice there are not that many ships, staffs, or stations with over 50 officers.
There are a few with more than 100 officers attached, but if calls were made by groups of four at a command with 100 officers attached, only about 20-25 hours a year would be spent by the person receiving the calls. If returned call receptions were used at these larger commands, only a minimum amount of time would be taken up in returning calls. At a very large Navy organization such as OpNav branches or some systems commands, other arrangements could be made. Whatever arrangements are made must be promulgated to all concerned. Possibly slightly larger groups at one time may be the answer, but not so large that a cocktail party reception atmosphere prevails with only a handshake and "hello.”
It appears that nearly all newly- commissioned officers know something about calls and expect to participate. Quite often they find themselves not exchanging calls because it has not been "the policy” or because someone along the line in the chain of command said not to bother the "old man” since he is always busy. The officer is often disappointed at not having a chance to meet the boss(es) socially, and his wife is also disappointed when she had expected the calls and was really looking forward to visiting the home of her husband’s boss.
Calls are a useful part of our tradition as officers in the Navy. They permit us to become better acquainted and elim*' nate the sometimes embarrassing pos>- tion of meeting an officer’s wife (°r sometimes the officer himself) several weeks or months after reporting to the new command. Calls also enhance the savoir faire of both the officer and wife- In years to come this may enable then1 to play an important role in the mote formal atmosphere of some foreign countries as senior representatives of our government. With some foreign pe°' pies, our social graces may reflect the general feeling that the foreigner has for the American people as a whole.
Let’s all get back in step. If junior make a request to call on the boss. ^ senior, encourage calls. If calls are expected and made, there will be no question in anyone’s mind as to what lS expected. This is one of the golden rule5 of social etiquette. Know what is expected There should be no doubt in the minds of our officer corps about matters such as this. It is up to all of us to expect the exchange of calls and to practice that exchange.
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®ook Reviews
^E)R’s Last Year April 1944-April 1945
J'111 Bishop. New York: Morrow, 1974. 690 PP- $12.50.
^viewed by Rear Admiral en Eiseman, Medical Corps,
• S. Naval Reserve
J^r' Wiseman graduated from Yale niversity in 1939 and Harvard Medical c °ol in 1943, A reservist since 1945, he has served variously in the amphibious force and U‘t^3 the Marine Corps. He is now Professor °f Surgery at the University of Colorado edical School and advisor to the Surgeon 'fferal of the Navy. Dr. Eiseman’s article ■ e Next War: a Prescription" appeared ,n l“st month’s Proceedings).
As the power of the Presidency incases, so does public concern about the resident’s physical and mental health. Jlrri Bishop is a reporter who has specialized in writing best-sellers on the eaths of VIPs. Previously he covered Abraham Lincoln, John F. Kennedy, and
Jesus Christ. In this new volume he takes the Franklin D. Roosevelt assignment. His only new approach to this well-plowed field is a series of interviews with the "little people”—such as the President’s masseur—who were on the periphery of the action during the important last 12 months of President Roosevelt’s life. Many of his gleanings had either been overlooked or discarded as unimportant by more serious historians dealing with the 1944-45 period.
Bishop’s theme is that FDR was failing fast during his last year and that it was improper for him and his physicians to delude the electorate as he ran for a fourth term and made many momentous decisions on the war. The book is the work of a police reporter, rather than cne who has the depth or perspective of a professional historian.
The President’s Navy physicians and the available medical reports are described. An inordinate amount of space is devoted to medical details which
might support the contention that FDR was failing. Vice Admiral Ross Mclntire, an ear, nose, and throat specialist, was nominally the President’s main physician, but in reality he was largely a front man, administering nose drops while FDR was in the throes of congestive heart failure. Fortunately, an expert Navy cardiologist, Lieutenant Commander Howard G. Bruenn (promoted to commander in December 1944) ran the case behind the scenes and was interviewed by Bishop in his research for the book.
What Bishop did not reveal in his book was that a far more accurate and complete report of Roosevelt’s physical condition was written in 1970 by Doctor Bruenn, who was on duty with the President when FDR died at Warm Springs, Georgia.*
The medical facts are routine even though the political stature of the patient was not. Here was a 62-year-old hyperkinetic executive with a seven-year history of progressive hypertension. By 1944 he had a blood pressure of 220/120 and first showed signs of heart failure. He was given digitalis, a medicine often used as a cardiac stimulant, after a series of top-level conferences on his health. High-ranking officials—including Presidents caught between specialists—are in danger of receiving less expert medical treatment than do ward patients at a city hospital. Napoleon said he would "rather have one mediocre general running a battle than two good ones.” So it also goes in medicine. Happily, young Doctor Bruenn, a reserve officer, ran the case well despite what must have been *’'Clinical Notes on the Illness and Death of President Franklin D. Roosevelt,” Annals of Internal Medicine, April 1970, pp. 579-591.
The immense Presidential workload contributed to the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt, shown here with Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin at Yalta in February 1945.
a disconcerting number of consultants.
President Roosevelt probably had at least one and possibly two episodes of myocardial (heart muscle) ischemia (localized anemia resulting from a shortage of blood) during his last year. But there is no documented evidence by electro-cardiogram of an actual heart attack. He died suddenly in April 1945, of a cerebral hemorrhage (internal bleeding in the brain) caused by his high blood pressure. There were incidental findings of gall stones and generalized hardening of the arteries.
I dwell on these medical details, as did the author, to indicate the difficulties FDR faced in meeting the awesome demands on him. With his energies reduced 50% and his working day shortened, this personality—whose ego drove him through four Presidential elections—was cut down to mere mortal proportions.
As with many egocentric executives, FDR sublimated recognition of his disease and preferred to go down working with all boilers lit. He sincerely believed no one could do his job as well as he, and he probably was correct even though he died three months after his fourth inauguration. As Doctor Bruenn said in his 1970 article (but author Bishop did not quote), it is fascinating to guess what turn the subsequent course of history might have taken if the modern methods for the control of hypertension had been available.
The matter of the physical and mental fitness of candidates for high national office raises the question of compulsory publication of medical examinations. Were such the case, no responsible physician would have cleared Winston Churchill after about 1935. Indeed, the electrocardiographic T-waves of most of our recent Presidents who survived office have been abnormal.
President Roosevelt functioned at killing expense to himself during his final year, but he did achieve a historically respectable batting average. In that time he dealt with the Nimitz- MacArthur controversy over Pacific war strategy, D-Day at Normandy, a fourth Presidential campaign, and an enormously wearing Yalta conference where he fenced and planned with two equally tough poker players, Joseph Stalin and Winston Churchill.
Of historical interest for the military is Bishop’s claim that FDR made the Honolulu settlement of the Army-Navy dispute concerning the final angle of thrust in the Pacific essentially without consulting Admiral Ernest J. King, General George C. Marshall, or General H. H. Arnold. Although none of these Joint Chiefs of Staff was on hand when FDR gave both General MacArthur and Admiral Nimitz the go-ahead for a two-pronged attack through the Philippines and Okinawa, previous historical evidence suggests prolonged prior Pentagon staffing.
Bishop cites FDR’s apparent lackadaisical managerial techniques during his last year to support his thesis that the President was failing. Closer scrutiny of Roosevelt, however, shows that this always had been his style. He usually relied on personal persuasion and. innovation to carry him through.
Although Bishop suggests that the 125-man U. S. team at Yalta went to the Crimea without having done serious planning, the facts suggest otherwise. Within 24 hours after the pleasantries were dispensed, the Big Three were deep into details of military coordination and planning the postwar world. This is not a pattern of poor preparation or a Chief Executive who was non compos mentis. FDR’s heart was failing, but his circulation was still adequate (no decompensation). He simply had to work harder and with greater energy expenditure to keep up, and it later killed him.
Churchill as Warlord
Ronald Lewin. New York: Stein and Day.
1973. 283 pp. Illus. $10.00 (Member’s price: $8.00).
Generalissimo Churchill
R. W. Thompson. New York: Scribner’s, 1973. 252 pp. Illus. $8.95.
Reviewed by Lieutenant (junior grade) Lawrence M. Kryske, U. S. Navy
(Lieutenant [ junior grade] Kryske is fire control officer on board the USS Parsons [DDG-33]. His previous Proceedings contributions include "NROTC at UCLA: The Colors Still Fly” and "Ruler of the Queen’s Navee.” The latter described Churchill’s role as First Lord of the Admiralty prior to World War I.)
Many of those who write about history like to seem wiser than those who made it. The events, personalities, and decisions of World War II have been critically reexamined many times- Churchill as Warlord by Ronald Lewin and Generalissimo Churchill by R. W Thompson are two such attempts to evaluate the effectiveness of Britain’s famous wartime prime minister.
Both works come from authors well acquainted with British military history- R. W. Thompson has written a dozen books on various leaders and battles of World War II while Ronald Lewin has written biographical portraits of Rommel and Montgomery. However, neither Churchill as Warlord nor Generalissimo
Usmess of the war” as exemplified by eking of General Auchinleck as
Cornmander-in-Chief of the Middle East ornrnand. In 1941, Britain’s use of the 'sland of Malta as a base depended upon ochinleck’s ability to control northern ‘bya with her air bases. Thompson as- fterts that Auchinleck was cast as Churchill’s scapegoat,” and the general s valiant efforts to engage the enemy 'Vere questioned, complicated, and sty- •^led by the meddling prime minister. Lewin objectively observes that hurchill’s confidence in Auchinleck ^as eroded by the general’s lack of aggressiveness. Furthermore, he likens . hurchill to Abraham Lincoln in seek- lng commanders who would produce r®sults on the battlefield. To accomplish ls end, Churchill somewhat callously ^placed Auchinleck with the Alexan- er'Montgomery team. Thompson fails
Churchill possesses those special qualities which have distinguished the works of Ladislas Farago, Alan Moorehead, or falter Lord. One might generalize that hornpson’s style is as simplistic as Ivin’s is pedantic. Thompson, clearly expressing his own opinion, frequently ^rites in the first person, which—for its '^tended effect—adds neither distinc- fion nor credibility to his evaluation of Churchill. Lewin, on the other hand, Wundates his work with haughty foreign expressions and quotations from relatively obscure individuals. These derations significantly detract from the readability of his study.
Despite his preoccupation with cer- a*n journalistic frills, Lewin’s work is a detailed account of Churchill’s activi- ries during the entire war. By his refer- ^nces to the prime minister’s early life, ewin reveals himself to be a student Churchill. An outstanding selection °f several less publicized photographs of Churchill appears in Churchill as War- °rd. Thompson’s work, however, does n°r indicate the same depth of underhanding about the subject. After a brief *°graphical sketch, the account proCeeds to Churchill’s alleged persecution one of his field commanders, General Claude Auchinleck. Generalissimo Church- ‘U abruptly en'ds in 1943 with the reader pondering how Britain would ever be Vlctorious with Churchill at the helm. <t, Thompson maintains that Churchill
'rrtruded menacingly into the entire bu '
h;s sai
to consider that Germany’s invasion of Russia and Japan’s attack on American and British forces in the Pacific prevented Churchill from concentrating all his energies on the North African theater and from handling the Auchinleck affair with patience.
Thompson, and to a lesser extent Lewin, consider Churchill to be the architect of the sinking of the Prince of Wales and Repulse by Japanese aircraft in December 1941. Churchill ordered the two warships to Singapore to create a fleet-in-being menace to the Japanese. Thompson blames Churchill for deliberately dispatching the two ships without ait cover to waters where the Rising Sun controlled the skies. Interestingly enough, Lewin questions the competence and forehandedness of Admiral Sir Dudley Pound, the First Sea Lord, and Admiral Sir Tom Phillips, officer in tactical command of the two warships.*
A continuous theme in both Churchill as Warlord and Generalissimo Churchill is that the prime minister’s understanding of warfare dated back to the Victorian battles in which he participated. On the contrary, it was his experiences as First Lord of the Admiralty and as a battalion commander on the western front during World War I which influenced much of his thinking. Churchill was one of the few British statesmen who understood the importance of sea power. In addition, his close association with developments such as naval air power and the tank helps to refute the argument that he still thought of war in terms of lances and Maxim guns. If Lewin and Thompson deem Churchill ignorant in the art of war, it is even more inconceivable that a Neville Chamberlain, an Edward Halifax, or an Anthony Eden could have guided Britain to victory. As Maxwell Schoenfeld astutely noted in The War Ministry of Winston Churchill, "Both Lincoln and Churchill have not lacked their military critics; the reputations of both seem likely to endure.”
The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages: A.D. 500-1600
Rear Admiral Samuel Eliot Morison, U. S. Naval Reserve (Retired). New York: Oxford University Press, 1971. Illus. 712 pages. $15.00.
The European Discovery of America: The Southern Voyages: A.D. 1492-1616
Rear Admiral Samuel Eliot Morison, U. S. Naval Reserve (Retired). New York: Oxford University Press, 1974. Illus. 758 pages. $17.50. (Member’s price: $14.00— $28.00 for both volumes).
Reviewed by Captain Oliver D. Finnigan, Jr., U. S. Navy (Retired)
('Captain Finnigan is a graduate of the Naval Academy with the Class of 1955, of the Naval Postgraduate School (Aerology), the Naval War College, and the Harvard Business School Advanced Management Program. His last sea command was Mine Flotilla One in the Western Pacific. Subsequently, he was an Assistant Chief of Naval Personnel, naval attache to Canada and retired from active duty after serving as commanding officer, Naval Station, Newport, Rhode Island.)
Rear Admiral Samuel Eliot Morison needs no introduction to members of the naval service. His monumental 15-volume History of U. S. Naval Operations in World War II can be found in nearly every naval library, afloat or ashore. A longtime professor of history at Harvard University, Dr. Morison has written over two dozen works of American political and maritime history. At
Rear Adm. Samuel Eliot Morison
90 U. S. Naval Institute Proceedings, February 1975
87, he is the dean of American historians. He is, moreover, an experienced sailor, navigator, and something of an explorer in his own right. All of these qualities are reflected in The European Discovery of America.
These two volumes encompass the whole vast, fascinating story of the discovery of the New World, from preColumbian legends to the discovery of Cape Horn in the closing days of the 16th century. Both books are profusely illustrated with reproductions of early maps and drawings, as well as present- day photographs of significant areas. Many of the modern pictures were made by Morison himself or his companions as they flew over the sites. Both volumes are copiously supplied with extensive bibliographies and useful, readable notes.
The early chapters of The Northern Voyages are devoted to some of the legendary expeditions. With tongue in cheek, Morison tells of the miraculous maritime adventures of St. Brendan and his Irish compatriots. He accords the Norse claims greater credibility, agreeing that Leif Ericsson very probably did spend a winter in northern Newfoundland early in the 11th century. There is an interesting chapter on early shipbuilding, armament, navigational equipment, and the rugged routine of the sailors of the day. Then, starting with John Cabot’s two voyages (1497-1498), the author takes us on one adventure after another across the Atlantic. In chronological order we sail with Verraz- zano, Gomez, Ayllon, Cartier, Gilbert, Frobisher, Davis, Grenville and many other lesser-known explorers. The first volume ends with speculations as to the fate of the "lost” second Virginia colony of 1587.
The second volume, The Southern Voyages, was released on Columbus Day
1974. Appropriately too, for the first quarter of this volume is largely devoted to the four voyages of Christopher Columbus, from 1492 to 1504. It was during Columbus’ third voyage that Europeans first set foot on the mainland of either of the Americas—the Paria Peninsula, Venezuela, Sunday, 5 August 1498. Columbus is obviously one of Morison’s favorites, but other voyagers share the limelight in the exploration of the Spanish Main: Ojeda, de la Cosa,
Nino, the Guerra brothers, de Bastidas and Vasco Nunez de Balboa, discoverer of the Pacific.
The discovery of Brazil in the early 16th century introduces Pinzon, Velez de Mendoza, and Cabral. There follow5 a chapter on another Brazilian voyages Amerigo Vespucci. Morison dismisses the man for whom the New World was named as a charlatan, albeit charming-
A half-dozen chapters are devoted to a second of Morison’s heroes, Ferdinand Magellan. More gripping than fiction is the tale of Magellan’s voyage across the North and South Atlantic, the discovery and transit of the strait that bears his name, the intense suffering of the Pacific crossing, and the tragedy of Magellan’s death in the Philippines.
The last word(s) on service life . . .
NAVAL OFFICER'S UNIFORM GUIDE
By |. B. Castano. This illustrated reference handbook is the comprehensive guide to all aspects of the male and woman officers' wardrobes. Covers all uniform articles and contains a wealth of hard-to-find details on insignia, badges and name tags, ribbons and attachments as well as tips on the care and maintenance of the uniform.
1975. 144 pages. Illustrated. Appendix. Index. List price: (cloth) $9.95 Member's price: (cloth) $7.95 List price: (paper) $6.00 Member's price: (paper) $4.80
SERVICE ETIQUETTE
By Captain Brooks ). Harral and Oretha D. Swartz. The classic guide to correct social usage on official and unofficial occasions. Covers flag etiquette, correspondence, weddings, military funerals, and customs of each Service. A must for every military family.
1969. Second edition, third printing. 444 pages. Charts and diagrams. Bibliography. Index. List price: $10.50 Member's price: $8.40
WELCOME ABOARD
By Jean Ebbert. The latest version of the classic informal guide for the naval officer's wife. Covers official and technical language, moving, new duty stations, the Navy home, and a host of other useful information in a wise and witty style. Lots of fun to read.
1974. Seventh edition. 288 pages. Appendix. Index. List price: $10.00 Member's price: $8.00
Add 50c to each order for postage and handling.
(Please use hook order form in Books of Interest to the Professional section)
In the chapter on Bermuda, Florida, and the Gulf of Mexico, we encounter Juan Bermudez, Ponce de Leon, Narvaez, de Soto, and the remarkable Cabeza de Vaca. The latter reappears two chapters later in the account of the conquest of the River Plate. Many other, lesser known explorers are introduced before the chapters on the third of the book s major heroes, Sir Francis Drake. Again,
fiction must take a back seat as Morison describes Drake’s voyage of circumnavigation, his buccaneering, and his explosion of the coast of California.
The final chapters describe the voyages of Sarmiento de Gamboa, Thomas Cavendish, and Schouten and Le Maire.
he latter two were the Dutch discoverers of Cape Horn in the year 1616. So
ends the second of the two volumes. Th
ne story of every important voyage r°m Europe to America has been told authoritatively and with wit and charm.
CIA and the Cult of lntelligence
Rhetor Marchetti and John D. Marks.
^ew York: Knopf, 1974. 398 pp. $8.95.
Without Cloak or Dagger
^hles Copeland. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1974. 351 pp. $8.95.
Reviewed by Commander Robert E. uhlitz, U. S. Navy (Retired)
(Commander Bublitz’ 15 years in intelligence Rinded duty in such places as Manila, zghdad, and Bavaria. During duty in whington, he was an ONI collection desk freer and, later, head of the naval attache Astern. An intelligence specialist and graduate °J the Naval Intelligence PG School, he ret,red from active duty in 1968 and is now ''hristant to the President and Secretary to the anagement Committee of the Chase Manhattan Bank.)
Reading these two books in succes- Sl°h brings to mind the old tale of the ,, ree blind men who met an elephant, ^hy, fi’s like a snake,” said the one grabbed the trunk. "You’re really find, it’s like a wall,” said the second, tabbing his hand on the elephant’s side, ^credibly bad deduction, it’s clear to than an elephant is like a tree,” said e third, resting his hand on the elephant’s leg. And off they went, each C°tnfortable with his own perception of ne beast, each perception valid, and each secure in his belief that the others Sltnply didn’t understand elephants.
If Marchetti and Marks (CIA/Cult) efieve that the U. S. Central Intelligence Agency is all snake—wiggly, wily, eadly, and fascinating—then Miles °peland (Without Cloak or Dagger) elearly feels that the CIA is a wall. He
sees it as a bulwark behind which the nation rests securely, knowing that the ramparts are manned by clear-eyed, clean-minded, high-spirited praetorians who insure that wars, coups, and other nastiness take place in a comfortably remote place where the shouts and screams won’t disturb the happy, healthy (albeit somewhat flabby) American people who really don’t understand the problem anyway. Each book approaches the subject with its bias hanging out for all to see and suffers from the myopia thereby induced. Each, however, is worthy reading for the student of what Admiral Sam Frankel called "the world’s second oldest profession.”
The ethics of the second oldest profession aren’t much different from those of the oldest, but the profession can be practiced in many ways. In these days of Masters and Johnson, who is to say whether the surrogate sexual partner is more—or less—therapist than whore? Copeland comes down heavily for the CIA as therapist. Marchetti and Marks see the agency as whore. I find myself somewhat between the two extremes, and the current Rockefeller panel may well reach a fourth conclusion.
CIA/Cult is a bad book, with some good mixed in here and there. It is a polemic against the CIA and intelligence operations in general. It uses inflammatory language. Nearly everything is labeled "spying:” observing, electronic intelligence, communications intelligence, satellites, security investigations, audio surveillance, and of course, espionage. It plays fast and loose with classified material (great chunks of the book were deleted after a successful court action by the CIA; some of the deleted material was later reinstated after a successful appeal by the authors). In general, CIA/Cult urges that intelligence should be purely an academic, analytical pursuit. The authors, who have some credentials as intelligence analysts, are not very clear on where their white- gloved, ivory-towered analysts are going to get the material to analyze, nor do they mention the disadvantages of collecting information by following the news media when other major powers continue to collect in every way they can. Knowledge is power, and power without knowledge rapidly erodes. But then, Marchetti and Marks do not seem to perceive the world as threatened by anything other than a thoroughly unscrupulous CIA.
The good in CIA/Cult is its emphasis of the dangers inherent in an operational secret service and the need for a careful system of checks and balances to control such an organization. The authors’ views, however, are rendered suspect by the obvious intrusion of their personal feelings, which seem to range from petulance to paranoia.
Without Cloak or Dagger makes a lot better reading than Cl A/Cult, if only because Copeland is irrepressibly mischievous. His high spirits come through in the tales he tells and the games he plays, one of which is to maintain the fiction that the average CIA operator is a real Jack Armstrong type, acutely aware of the threats to the flag, willing to resort to nefarious means when the nation’s security requires it, and enjoying it all the way. (By the way, he’s not totally wrong in that view—most CIA employees are well above average in dedication to duty, honor, and patriotism.) However, Copeland paints his boys much larger than life and sees no mean or petty spirit among them.
Perhaps unintentionally, Without Cloak or Dagger also stresses some of the dangers inherent in having a skilled, professional, operational secret service. It is more than just a little chilling to read about espionage operations targeted against other parts of the U. S. government and the fabrication of intelligence reports. Some of the descriptions of intelligence operations and training, incidentally, are outstanding. The bad in this book is pretty straightforward. It is a polemic in support of the CIA and refuses to acknowledge any error ever, or any doubt about the propriety of its acts, even when Copeland discusses "termination with extreme prejudice,” a well-known euphemism for disposal of an agent by killing.
Well, there it is. Snake? Wall? Evil, wily, fascinating? Clean, high-principled, honorable? There’s little prospect of reconciling the Marchetti-Marks perception of snake with the Copeland perception of the wall, which is too bad, in a way, because if they would only sit down and reason with me, I know I could bring them to understand why the CIA is so much like a tree. . . .
Books of Interest to the Professional
Compiled by Robert A. Lambert, Associate Editor
NAVAL AFFAIRS
American Gunboat Diplomacy
Kenneth J. Hagan. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1973. 262 pp. Illus. $11.50.
The author’s focus is on the post-Civil War period when, despite the weakness of the Navy, the flag followed commerce to the distant parts of the globe. There is considerable detail concerning the Navy’s poor condition, the country’s economic and political status, and growing entanglement in foreign affairs. All these elements are pulled together in a steady march toward Mahan, his teaching of sea power, and the modernization of the Navy.
The American Navy, 1865-1918
Myron J. Smith, Jr. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow, 1974. 372 pp. $12.50.
The entries in this bibliography include materials published between 1865 and early 1973—books, scholarly papers, magazine articles, government documents, and theses. Full bibliographic citations are included, and a few items are annotated.
Fighting Ships and Prisons
Paul W. Bamford. Minneapolis: The University of Minnesota Press, 1973. 380 pp. Illus. $16.50.
This work assays France’s galley corps during the age of Louis XIV.
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The Frigate Essex Papers Philip Chadwick Foster Smith. Salem, Mass.: Peabody Museum of Salem, 1974. 334 pp. Illus. $25.00.
This is a narrative history of the frigate’s construction in 1798 and 1799 in Salem, where the merchants of the town had raised a subscription to finance the construction. A final chapter summarizes the Essex’ career from the time she left the harbor until she was broken up in 1837. Also included are detailed appendixes reproducing dimensions, inventories of equipment, construction bills, and four sheets of plans.
Her Netherlands Majesty’s Ship De Ruyter
F. C. van Oosten. Culver City, Calif.: Profile, 1974. 24 pp. Illus. $2.75 (paper).
The largest ship in the Dutch Navy before World War II, she eventually went to the bottom of the Java Sea. The ill-conceived battle in which she met her end against the Japanese is covered as part of this booklet. Warship Profile 40.
U-Boats Under the Swastika
J. P. Mailman Showell. New York: Arco, 1974. 167 pp. Illus. $8.50.
This illustrated history of the German Navy’s submarine arm moves from its inception to the end of World War II. Included are administrative details, technical data, diagrams for different types of boats, and the history of submarines captured by the Allies. The author tells of radar’s importance in the defeat of the U-boat.
United States Destroyers
Louis Davison. Pensacola, Fla.: Louis Davison, 1974. 24 pp. Illus. $3.00 (paper).
Previously published in 1968, this second edition has retained the plans and drawings of the original while adding more photographic coverage and textual research in an effort to list all destroyers in the Navy since 1888, including the early MTBs. Another in the Waterline Shipbuilders’ Planbook Series.
MARITIME AFFAIRS
Diaries from the Days of Sail
R. C. Bell, Editor. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1974. 160 pp. Illus. $10.00.
The personal accounts of three young Eng' lishmen with seagoing experience in the mid-19th century are presented. From an American point of view, the most interesting of these is the diary of C. H. Clark who was actually on a Grand Tour and chose to visit the United States and Canada. A fine selection of contemporary illustrations has been added to the diaries.
A Handbook of Small Boat Cruising
Fox Green. New York: Quadrangle, 1974. 224 pp. Illus. $7.95.
This comprehensive aid should be especially useful to those who make short voyages m small craft.
S Marine Navigation 1: Piloting
Lieutenant Richard R. Hobbs, U. S. Navy. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1974.
312 pp. Illus. $10.00 ($8.00).
In this text from the Fundamentals of Naval Science Series, the prime emphasis is placed on the basic knowledge required for successful piloting. Wherever possible, the author describes practical aspects drawn fro no actual experience. He covers such topics as the piloting team, the nautical chart, publications, visual and electronic aids, tides, currents, and anchoring.
Sails in the Wind
Hans Jurgen Hansen. New York: Viking, 1974112 pp. Illus. $16.95.
This album of photographs captures the many and varied facets of sailing—the beauty and color of sails, the sea, the tranquility of cruising, and the excitement of a race.
Self-Steering for Sailing Craft
John S. Letcher, Jr. Camden, Me.: International Marine, 1974. 262 pp. Illus. $12.50.
The author presents a guide to the tech-
°p.es as well—are explained. Included with s text is a booklet, Notes on Surveying ■72a// Craft in North America by Robert E.
^allstrom.
niclues and technology of self-steering and 1 survey of the types of equipment available,
as well as details on their mechanical operation.
S°u’West in Wanderer IV
pric Hiscock. New York: Oxford University «ss, 1973 224 pp Illus $150a
Th‘
ls account describes the first half of a 8 obal circumnavigation that takes the au- or and his wife from England to New ealand via the Panama Canal and a year’s on the West Coast of the United States. e book is illustrated with several dozen ^olot photos from the voyage of the yacht nderer IV.
Sta« To Win
®r‘t Twiname. New York: Norton, 1974. 231 pP- Ulus. $12.50.
'J’L
e author presents a guide to successful Sa'lboat racing. He contends that the helms- 111211 and crew, more than the boat itself, Ph f^e main variables in winning a race.
otographic sequences cover tactical situa- !l0ns> and diagrams illustrate a guide to racitlg rules.
Purveying Small Craft
n ^icolson. Camden, Me.: International anne, 1974. 224 pp. Illus. $9.95.
e art and methodology of estimating the ysical condition of used boats—and new
MILITARY AFFAIRS
Badges and Insignia of the British Armed Services
W. E. May, W. Y. Carman and John Tanner. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1974. 367 pp. Illus. $50.00.
This large-scale volume is really three references under one cover. The authors, in turn, cover the Royal Navy, the Army, and the Flying Services—showing insignias designating rank, trade, branch or skill at arms. In addition, the section on the Army includes information on regimental devices.
Civil-Military Relations
Charles L. Cochran, Editor. New York: The Free Press, 1974. 366 pp. $10.95.
Fourteen scholarly essays were written especially for this volume by past and present members of the Naval Academy’s political science faculty. They examine the role of the military in society, particularly in the post- Vietnam War United States.
A Matter of Honour
Philip Mason. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1974. 580 pp. Illus. $12.95.
This is an outline history of the Indian Army from 1746 until 1947, the year when British rule ended. It is as much a social study as a military history. Following the destruction of the old Indian Army in the mutiny of 1857, a new one was formed, and it became one of the main pillars of the British Army. In World War II it comprised some 2‘/2 million men.
The Memoirs of Henry Heth
Colonel James L. Morrison, U. S. Army (Ret.), Editor. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press,
1974. 303 pp. Illus. $13.95.
Not so famous as some of his Confederate Army contemporaries, Major General Heth was, nonetheless, often at the center of action during the Civil War. These memoirs review his military career and deal with postwar business ventures in which he suffered more reverses than successes. A balanced introduction by Professor Morrison helps pull together the discontinuities of the memoirs and provides an assessment of the general’s abilities.
Progress and Purpose
Kenneth J. Clifford. Washington, D.C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1973. 156 pp.
Illus. $1.75 (paper).
Divided into decades since 1900, this monograph describes the problems and development of Marine Corps doctrine, tactics, and techniques of amphibious warfare over the past 70 years. Although not a major portion of the study, the author does note at the beginning of each phase the national economic and political factors affecting the military establishment.
The Revolutionary Transformation of the Art of War
Forrest Carlisle Pogue. Washington, D.C.: American Institute for Policy Research, 1974.
21 pp. $1.00 (paper).
In a paper delivered at West Point in May 1974, this noted historian quickly reviews the American War for Independence and
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94 U. S. Naval Institute Proceedings, February 1975
finds in it many specific examples by which the Continental European methods of warfare were altered, showing how these affected the French Revolution and all wars since.
Ribbons and Medals
Captain H. Taprell Dorling, Royal Navy. New York: Doubleday, 1974. 359 pp. Illus. $14.95.
The latest edition of this standard reference has been revised to include many of the nations which, during the past 15 years, have acquired independence and have instituted their own series of orders, decorations, and medals. Captain Dorling died in 1963; this new edition is edited by Francis Mason. It is illustrated with numerous photos, both color and black and white.
U. S. Army Engineers: 1965-1970
Major General Robert R. Ploger, U. S. Army. Washington, D.C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1974. 240 pp. Illus. $2.55 (paper).
Written by the Army’s 1965-67 command engineer in South Vietnam, this monograph is intended as a broad summary of the engineers’ activities and achievements, rather than a definitive history. Their projects included such things as jungle clearing and the construction of airfields, roads, bridges, and base camps.
GENERAL
The Devil’s Triangle
Richard Winer. New York: Bantam, 1974. 222 pp. Illus. $1.50 (paper).
Well-known tales of mysterious disappearances within an area of the Caribbean (also known as the Bermuda Triangle) are retold; natural events are put forth as reasonable explanations for cases in which ships and planes vanished, seemingly without a trace. Included among the missing were the U. S. Navy colliers Cyclops, Nereus, and Proteus and a flight of Navy TBMs.
Diving Companions
Jacques-Yves Cousteau and Philippe Diole. New York: Doubleday, 1974. 304 pp. Illus. $10.95.
The main theme of this volume is the training of sea lions in an attempt to make them diving partners. There are close-up observations of the elephant seal and the walrus. The commentary and the pictures of these droll animals make it difficult not to feel anthropomorphic about them.
Fame and the Founding Fathers
Douglass Adair. New York: Norton, 1974. 315 pp. $14.95.
A series of essays on the leaders of America’s Revolution seeks to determine the inner personalities of these men and to determine the reciprocal effects of their personalities on events and events upon them. Many of the men are as familiar as Hamilton and Jefferson, but there are some whom only Revolutionary period scholars will recognize.
Handbook of Leadership
Ralph M. Stogdill. New York: The Free Press, 1974. 613 pp. $19.95.
Since 1966 the author has abstracted more than 3,000 books and articles and summarized his findings in this single source which is also a literature digest organized into seven areas: leadership theory, leader personality and behavior, leadership stability and change, emergence of the leadership role, leadership and social power, leader-follower interactions, and leadership and group performance. There is a 150-page bibliography.
Legends of the Earth
Dorothy B. Vitaliano. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1973. 305 pp. Illus. $12.50.
Mythology and folklore are combined with the science of geology to find reasonable explanations for the legends that have grown up around natural phenomena, usually great catastrophes, and naturally occurring lan^ formations.
The Private Pilot's Dictionary and Handbook
Kirk Polking. New York: Arco, 1974. 190 pp- Illus. $3.95 (paper).
Commonly used terms, operational procedures, visual flight rules, and instrument flight rules are contained in this reference-
Retention of Flying Skills and Refresher Training Requirements
Robert H. Wright. Alexandria, Va.: Human Resources Research Organization, 1973. 70 pp- Illus. $3.00 (paper).-
The effects of non-flying and proficiency flying are studied uith the finding that proficiency flying as it has been typically performed is not effective in maintaining flying skills at a high level. Far better >s regular and frequent synthetic training in flight-training devices.
The Whale Problem: A Status Report
William E. Schevill, Editor. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1974. 419 pp. Illus. $12.50.
Papers presented at the International Conference on the Biology of Whales held m 1971 consider the biology, natural history, and current status of these giants that may be on the verge of extinction. One chapter presents the views of those interested m protecting the whale.
RE-ISSUES
Militarism, U.S.A.
James A. Donovan. New York: Scribners,
(1970) 1974. 265 pp. Illus. $2.95 (paper).
Yachts Under Sail
Alfred F. Loomis. Tuckahoe, New York:
John de Graff, (1933) 1974. Unpaged. Illus. $10.00.
_______________________________________________ Money Well Spent
During the Korean War, a British destroyer, her ship’s company at action stations, was closing the enemy coast on a bombardment mission. Tension was running high inasmuch as the shore batteries were well hidden and nerves became increasingly taut as the range decreased. Suddenly two water spouts straddled the ship and immediately the destroyer’s 4.5-inch guns blasted away-
The calm voice of the captain immediately came over the PA system: "Cease firing until you’ve acquired a target, Guns. Every time you waste one of those bricks it costs the King £65!
A cockney voice from the rear of the bridge piped up, "You just keep on shooting, sir- 1’11 pay for it”.
Captain J. M. Thornton
(The Naval Institute will pay $23.00 for each anecdote published in the Proceedings.)