EXTRA: Terrorists Attack USN Ship

This html article is produced from an uncorrected text file through optical character recognition. Prior to 1940 articles all text has been corrected, but from 1940 to the present most still remain uncorrected.  Artifacts of the scans are misspellings, out-of-context footnotes and sidebars, and other inconsistencies.  Adjacent to each text file is a PDF of the article, which accurately and fully conveys the content as it appeared in the issue.  The uncorrected text files have been included to enhance the searchability of our content, on our site and in search engines, for our membership, the research community and media organizations. We are working now to provide clean text files for the entire collection.

^aPpr°_Xj_m "|^ate [1]^ast night’s attack, which began at ^Seven te_rif ^e. ^0 p.m. local time, involved at least ^U,lnatned f^^1Sts' ^he attackers approached the as yet Ni_Ce |_a, ^r,^^ate in a small boat disguised as an Italian

offi                                One man rlroccori ae an Italian nnlioo

jj ^owied°^Ur '^{nto two} 8^rouP^s °f two. Displaying _a>_ry ?f the ship, one pair ran to the ship’s

^ K rl_ . ^r*VlI1P DC if 11 'll hilinn imlnnlrjirl I. . ■ llm f'.i 11

,^NAi*LEs t

^acked a i] ^^ne —Late Friday night, terrorists at- "^0U|idin« frigate in Naples Harbor, killing 45 and ^rcP°rts j h* *^CaSt others. With details still sketchy,

P^Rcer, _st^nc”* One man, dressed as an Italian police '^t11p0|'ta_nt^{arted U}P ^lhe ship’s brow, claiming to have an ?^l°p, th_e ^messa8^e for the duty officer. When told to Nket, _sh^niaa P^uhed a silenced pistol from under his *'^Unning °^ot‘ⁿ8 the armed petty officer on watch.

^an Wat^h^⁶ *^>row’ terrorist then shot the offi- i ^e pist₀| f ^{aS wa}tch officer attempted to retrieve >u_s,_v ^{r0ni t}*^le dead petty officer’s holster. Simul- ^ern sent-^{311 accom}Pl'ce on the nearby mole shot the i ? °^ur m ^ ^a high-powered rifle, th^'hal h°^{rC terr}°rists quickly boarded the ship. The ^^eotk„. ?^arder remained on the quarterdeck while ons, the pair killed the surprised sailors. Before leav­ing, the terrorists prevented further entry by setting off a thermite grenade. Moving through nearby com­partments, the pair methodically killed all the ship’s personnel they encountered.

The second pair ran toward the officers’ wardroom, killing the command duty officer as he emerged. Sev­eral officers made a desperate, unsuccessful attempt to bar the door—they were machine gunned by the ter­rorists. Descending to the crew eating area, where the nightly movie had been in progress, the pair opened fire with automatic weapons and hand grenades, caus­ing heavy casualties.

After only four terror-filled minutes on board, the two pairs returned to the quarterdeck. Their depar­ture was covered by sniper fire from the mole. Two minutes later, a delayed action bomb they had left be­hind exploded, inflicting more casualties and covering their retreat.

The frigate had arrived in Naples only three days before, after extended Sixth Fleet operations support­ing U. S. policy in the Mediterranean. . .

Hen thelv ^Stor^ N°, ^not y^eL but frighteningly possi- °f U. $ ^C. ^avy’^s increasingly prominent role as a sym-

•S t ^J *“'-^Icasingiy prominent roie as a sym- icti ^et?^rrn'^nation is combined with the disturbing

tii ^Irecti ; "^,,,uulun is commnea wun tne aisturmnj in N new_s°^nS '^nterr>ational terrorism is taking. This fic ^tlcCOUnt represent*; n *irpnnrin thnt rmilH ivv’11

in .1 ^wWs aer                       ......... .............  ...... o*

>^r'^e near <- °^{unt re}P''esents a scenario that could occur _N M_C|₀ future.

^avy is j_n!?^lat'^c'^> f*^erhaps—but not improbable as the

usingly _{seen as} the representative of U. S.

military resolve worldwide. Most recently, interception of the Achille Laura's hijackers was a dramatic instance of this role. During the international peace-keeping mission in Lebanon, U. S. Navy ships were off the coast daily. The most prominent symbols of the United States in Leb­anon—the Marines—were victims of terrorism. Naval gunfire struck Lebanese targets with impunity, a fact well remembered by the factions involved. In fact, the hijack-

I

Arleigh Burke Essay Contest—Second Honorable Mention

into a de facto state of war between the U. S. Navy an _ international forces of terror. Seen in this context, much more likely that the battles the Navy will fign

ing the next decade will be in the shadowy arena

litai uttauc wm uc in me snauuw^ a**'**- _nf)ftS> because of the vulnerability of unsecured seaf' rather than against Soviet battle groups. While the primary focus must remain on the Soviet threat, efforts are now required to fight the war against ^teI*°_aseS, Terrorism is a threat to the entire Navy. Nava ^ aircraft, submarines, ships, and personnel are a" _and However, one segment of the Navy’s high visibi * unique characteristics make it a prime target- the s force.            offefl'

Surface force units are frequently present in areas

ers of TWA Flight-847 were quoted as being “especially critical of the battleship New Jersey.”

Elsewhere, Libya’s Colonel Muammar Qaddafi chafes over his inability to deter or counter U. S. attacks on his installations or enforce a self-declared sovereignty over the Gulf of Sidra—because of the presence and demon­strated capabilities of the U. S. Navy. Farther east, an­other patron of terrorism, Iran, is partially restrained from disrupting oil routes and adjacent countries by the pres­ence of U. S. battle groups. Closer to home, U. S. war­ships patrol Central American waters to deter communist expansion and aid in the interception of drugs. Throughout the world, port visits by our ships support governments friendly to the United States. While justly proud of its role as a symbol of the United States, this high visibility trans­forms the Navy into a veritable “red flag” for those op­posed to the United States and its interests.

Concurrently, significant changes have occurred in the way terrorists operate. Brian Jenkins, a leading authority on international terrorism, recently described this trend, “Terrorists can no longer achieve the same shock effect or obtain the same publicity with the same tactics they used ten years ago.” He continues: “Staying in the headlines requires acts of greater violence. Government sponsored terrorists have greater resources and capabilities. It [gov­ernment sponsorship] puts more resources in the hands of

the terrorists; money, sophisticated munitions, i^n[e gence, and technical expertise.”¹           _f.

Further compounding the terrorist threat is the ^ern^ gence of the “suicide” terrorists. Fanatics, willing even eager to lose their lives for their cause, have sho they will undertake difficult and risky missions if th^e tential results are spectacular enough. Many targets o thought secure must now be considered vulnerable- ^ These developments, combined with the almost declared intentions of any number of groups to “reta¹ against the United States, add up to a dangerous eq^{ua 1} Though no formal declaration of war exists, this trans

it i^s dur- of terr°^r' ism

ble targets. In fact, the “compactness

them similar to airliners in that terrorists can in a’L deal of damage on a large concentration of P^er^_u|11t>ef⁰ equipment located in a small area. The large

Established rules warship may be approached in

g_0v ^{ieat area} is closely monitored

^th_ese^rn_h^how dose a U. S. warship ma, _ „,_T_____________

battl_e ^.threat areas. If necessary, the ship can man . Nations in two minutes or less. Frequently, accom

>n_L,

beJj*^S absent. A liberty port is considered a relatively

Way

--------------------------------------        * ‘          •                                       poll 1J VU1101UV10U U IVIUIUOI

to _en ^{n env}’^r°nment. While in port, the prevailing desire is hervvfn, ^{3 We}H-deserved rest without the pressures of un-

tine

subtl                            ^sect'^on spends its time asleep. It is

-a natural human relaxation occurs when an

Pred;

^f0|

^ates the

current threats. It was designed to counter a

_c ^{ace s}^jP^{s ar}*d their greater frequency of port calls in- _Shi ^{Se l}^^e'^r exposure. For terrorists seeking attention, a Flakes ^an excellent target.

shin ^{6n de}P^loy^ed’ ^a ship is either under way or in port. A to _c ^{Under wa}y> while still vulnerable, is better prepared careifoi      ^{a terror}ist threat. A fully alert watch team

high th ^trac^^{s ad} contacts. Any approaching contact in a fire at area is Hncplv mnnitnrpH Rst^hlishprl mips

‘ⁿg ships are available for support.

PorT ^dl^^erent situation exists on board when the ship is . • The habitual “alertness” permeating a ship under

p_an ^3y °P^erations. Up to two-thirds of the ship’s com- “    he ashore. (This does not mean the in-port rou-

_l;°^as’^sts only of “hitting” the beach, nor does this his b ^Ua* ^stands down from an environment demanding hour_s ¹ P^etT°^rmance in his area of professionalism 24 pj_nc,^{a da}y for weeks or months at a time.) peri_m / ^CUrrent doctrine, a ship’s security is essentially a ti°ns ? ^def^ense with a point defense around key loca- ^en an alarm is raised. The underlying concept

theskf ^ln® ^conventional military objectives—to disable struct^ °^{r Stea}* ^weaP^ons- Unfortunately, such a defensive tiv_e is ^{6 ls} P°^orly suited to handle an enemy whose objec- dev_ei₀^SlrnPly ^t0 kdl or a sophisticated threat with a well- bo^ f^e<: Plan for executing a coordinated attack. Ship- depth -r!^enses do not have the necessary coverage or forces H f ^ta^^{e t0}° l°ⁿS ^t0 respond. While security Prote_Cf ^{C end} key locations, the rest of the crew has little ^fensc'f¹ Should the perimeter be “cracked” before the ^catast_r ^.^{rce reac}l^les stowed weapons, the results can be ^cente_r ^)rilC’ ^as 'ⁿ the fictional news account. Defenses lion _is^{0n a} ^^ew key locations. (On small ships, the situa- ^resour_c ^0rse-) For a terrorist with adequate funds and ^lhe i₀ ^s’ Staining details of a ship’s general layout and Thi_s^{a 10n} °f the key areas would not be difficult. ^to the _t^aitlCle advocates a comprehensive, total approach °gniti₀ ^rror*^st Problem. Strategically, this requires a rec- lagness*¹.⁰^ gravity of the threat combined with a wili­ng f_ro ° ^Cornrnit the resources to find a solution. Flow- bans]^ ¹¹¹. this initial decision, the tactical response ^ship _c[_ej. ^lr,to an in-depth, thorough program of individual ^ate_as. ^ense- Tactical responses are envisioned in three . the f | ^aniZation, physical security, and training. ^l'0n_s owing proposals present only a few of the direc- ^alf'he-^{C 3} P^ro8^ram could take. One constant prevails: ®d solutions are unacceptable. Defenses must be ^ed with wartime vigor.

O_r

^°ctr^ⁱf^2<M'^ow-' Formulate an overall counter-terrorist ^SPccif_lc ,^0r shipboard defense. Such a doctrine must be ’^and tailored to defending against terrorist attack—

not just a supplement to current security procedures. Under the guidance of this doctrine, each ship develops her own antiterrorist doctrine, tailored to fit her unique characteristics. Changes to the defensive structure, de­tailed in the physical security section, will come from this doctrine. Together, these two doctrines become the vehi­cle to implement the remainder of this program.

The following proposal uses a frigate-size ship as the example. (Physical size is also a factor. Small ships have fewer resources and personnel for security. Thus the dan­ger increases as the ship’s size decreases. Small crew size provides little defensive depth.)

Physical Security: The first and primary defense under normal circumstances is the ship’s perimeter defense. Key to the perimeter is the quarterdeck. The quarterdeck con­trols access and coordinates all security functions, includ­ing the vital activation of the secondary defensive teams. At present, the quarterdeck is very vulnerable. Ceremonial concerns now carry more weight than security. We must recognize the quarterdeck’s most important function— security—and plan accordingly.

These recommendations should be implemented:

• Arm the watch appropriately. Provide the petty officer of the watch (POOW) an effective weapon, something along the lines of a Heckler & Koch MP5—slung at the neck, ready for instant use.
• Arm the officer of the deck (OOD) with more than a long glass. A small automatic pistol is appropriate in view of the OOD’s other duties. It is less effective than an MP5, but at least the OOD is not trying to share a single weapon with the POOW.

Overreaction? Ridiculous? Consider how effective a lone .45-caliber pistol is against a submachine gun—even assuming that the pistol can be drawn from the holster in time. The quarterdeck looks like an armed camp. Right! If you noticed it, so will potential attackers. Maybe they will be deterred, at least temporarily.

• Provide other security improvements to the quarter­deck. Many ships have a quarterdeck enclosure of some kind. Standardize these with a lightweight, removable (for under way) enclosure made of Kevlar panels to provide protection.
• Improve the OOD’s ability to observe his environment. Install closed-circuit television cameras on opposing bridge wings (low-light television would be even better). Place a monitor on the quarterdeck for the OOD. He should be able to control the camera through its full arc.
• Continue to post bow and stem sentries, but arm them with weapons more effective than cumbersome, obsoles­cent semiautomatic M-14s. Small automatic weapons are more useful. In addition, as they are removed from the “formal” quarterdeck, the sentries should wear Kevlar bullet-proof vests. While in dangerous ports or during other periods of high threat, have the quarterdeck watch also wear Kevlar vests. Equip the roving watch similarly.
• Add one additional watch station—the bridge. A dark­ened bridge, manned by an armed petty officer, provides an excellent view of the area around the ship, especially those portions out of the OOD’s sight. The bridge watch

CDO, ass>J

their duties, small automatic pistols are approp^r*^^te'_ef_S’ ► Link the television screens in the wardroom and c ^ mess into the bridge-mounted surveillance cameras-^ ^ channel tied into each camera allows key personne .p, serve and immediately be aware of any situation de

can monitor the approach of boat traffic, both visually and by radar. Alongside a pier, the bridge watch can observe approaching vehicles and personnel. The bridge watch also has the advantage of covering the forward segment of the ship which is invisible from the quarterdeck. Commu­nications can be maintained from the bridge with nearby ships and law and military forces ashore. Most important, the bridge watch station is a backup control facility, to activate the ship’s security forces. Neutralizing two such control sites would be a much more difficult task for po­tential attackers.

• Supply the quarterdeck, bridge, rover, boats, and com­mand duty officers (CDOs) with a two-way communica­tion capability. Relying on telephones to transmit critical wamings/orders is time consuming, awkward, and an in­vitation to disaster. Lightweight radio communication sets provide an easy and effective link between key members of the duty section.
• Increase the number of internal weapons storage loca­tions. At a minimum, there must be two well-separated defense team weapons lockers. To further strengthen de­fensive depth, place small weapons lockers in the ward­room, chiefs’ mess, and chiefs’ berthing, as well. These lockers, each holding three to four MP5-type weapons, would complicate the attackers’ attempt to neutralize a ship’s defense, while increasing the defenders’ response time. (Lockers should be built to acceptable specifications

for weapons security.) All officers and chief petty °* in the duty section should carry keys to these lockers- ^ duty section turnover will include an inventory ⁰ ^ weapons, ammunition, and keys. (Ammunition ^c ^_e. kept in sealed, but easy-to-open, transparent bags.

stepping the need to count each bullet.)

► Arm the key members of the duty section tant CDO, and duty department heads. Again, becau

ing in the ship’s vicinity.                          _? g_af_ety

Are these proposals responsible and necessary- _stj|| is an obvious concern. Even if increased, access w* ₀ffj- only be among the “khaki”—officers and chief P^ettJ_ready cers who, in the normal course of their duties, ^a j₀„s exercise considerable responsibility. They make dec ^ daily which potentially affect the life or death of ^s° ^ all of their shipmates. Few could not be worthy ^a _sg increased trust. For the remainder of the ship s forces, access remains essentially unchanged. _cesSjty Both concerns merge when considering the ^n<^_evVof for such measures. Perhaps a better question is: In ^v^_reS? the threat, can we afford not to implement these

Countering a terrorist assault requires aforcefu ’ _n for diate response. The axiom, “There is only one re ³                                                                   ^

military failure—too late,” is never truer. Terrori^^y successful because they strike quickly and ^sa _sec- against an unsuspecting foe. For the defenders, ev ^_stS ond of the initial few minutes is crucial. Until the _tj₀tiS gain control, they are vulnerable. Delays and _              ^ at-

during the transition period, when the terrorists tempting to establish control, permit the defender

haJ ^*,^S ^^0rces t° defeat the attack. All of these proposals ^ha^'^h'^{s as} their goal.

be_r ?^rov'ⁿ8 the quality of arms and increasing the num- j_n„ ° ^armed personnel would both work toward disrupt- i_niti_aj ^e*^eat'ⁿ8 the terrorists’ initial assault. Even if these help | ^a,^rnie^ defenders do not defeat the attack, they can _asse f ^ay the terrorists until the defense teams are able to _{re( Q} ^e- Vulnerability is reduced. This defense does not teamT °ⁿ^ ^a ^^ew individuals for access to weapons. Both I_{n t} ^eaders and khaki can quickly lay hands on weapons. atterp¹¹¹’ ^{& terror}‘^st faces a much more difficult job— hons ^^tln® ^{t0 neu}tralize multiple weapons storage loca- c_ase ^ant* ^many more armed defenders. Even in a worst te_airis^SCenar'°> with the perimeter breached and some a_Cces ^arnhushed, there are still defenders with arms or ru_n them. The possibility of terrorists gaining free and c ^tae *^{s re}duced. Any attempt to hold the ship ^rew hostage also becomes less likely.

Tr • ■

^e°niD^^m!ⁿ8^:^ None of this can be accomplished without a qui_ri ^{6 ens}ive training program. It will be painful, re- PeopiJ^{5 SU}^^slantial commitments of money, resources, and C°_nsr^e- (Women must receive the same training. While c°_m^^ss does not allow women to be “full-fledged” An ^antS’ /^ew terrorists respect such niceties.)

If onlv^SSent'^a^ ^^{rst ste}P'^s adequate small-arms training, tinted °^{ne measure} proposed in this article is imple- tfaj_nj ’ ¹¹ should be the institution of a “real” weapons 'nsuffj .^pro§^rarn. Current small-arms training is woefully the f_eej^lent- At best, a watchstander is familiarized with fecenti ^UtK' ^no*^se °f his weapon. All Hands magazine trainj_n, ^pu^hshed a “glowing” article on the small-arms aft_er °f ³ surface force unit. Watchstanders qualified ^Sccuri(^lrin^ ^ ^round^s from their .45-caliber pistol.² Few healjjjg ^exP^erts would consider this adequate training for exp_erty^uh terrorists who likely have extensive weapons Th_e M

^Srdall__a ^3V^ ^needs to develop a realistic and thorough ^eyes i_s^rms training program. Shooting at paper bull’s- ^neither realistic nor thorough. Blend variety and

realism into intermediate and advanced training. Use a range with “pop-up” targets similar to those employed by police departments. Construct the range so it resembles a ship. Instructors can teach the tricks of shipboard fighting, such as the problem of ricochets in a narrow passageway. Such a program will require monumental effort. An entire fleet of sailors must be trained. But consider the alterna­tive: continued deployments of crews barely able to de­fend themselves and their ships against attack.

The training program should be implemented following these guidelines:

• Introduce personnel to small arms in boot camp or ini­tial officer training
• Improve small arms proficiency training through ad­vanced individual weapons training during overhaul
• Use refresher training (RefTra) to begin basic team training and to further mold the teams into an effective defensive organization
• Use preparation for overseas movement time for final refinement and skill building

In the interim, implementation must be on a crash basis. All ships scheduled to deploy must receive a period of intense weapons and antiterrorist training before leaving home port. Fly special teams to the ships stationed over­seas. Require ships to complete antiterrorist training be­fore making any further port calls. If available, use the facilities of U. S. bases or friendly countries. If none is available, “drop the hook” and conduct training at an­chor. Draconian? Yes, but the gravity of the danger is such that these interruptions to gain additional security are worth the disruptions to the ship’s operating schedule.

Ships further down the deployment pipeline will train during RefTra, which will become the core training pe­riod. The entire ship’s company is exercised. Defensive teams pit their skills against RefTra instructors, trained to simulate terrorists. Equally important, the remainder of the crew learns how to react. Crew members not involved are taught to retreat quickly to selected compartments which can be secured against attack. All those on board are exposed to the “no rules” environment of the terrorist.

Once the ship completes RefTra, make counter-terror­ism drills a regular part of the cycle of in-port fire and emergency drills. Include a counter-terrorist scenario as a part of all fleet exercises. Similarly, incorporate these drills into weekly squadron in-port training.

Concurrently, implement a rigorous force-wide infor­mation security program. Preventing a potential attacker from obtaining any information about his target must be a high priority.

On deployments, as a part of the “in-chop” process, provide current security briefs on visited areas. Include all hands, with modifications to conform to security require­ments. Commanding officers, executive officers, opera-

Current small arms training does not measure up well. The Navy needs to develop a realistic, comprehensive training program to reduce ships’ vulnerability to attacks by terrorists, who are likely to have weapons expertise. Sentries need to be armed with something better than the cumbersome obsolescent M-14, shown here.

tions officers, and the security coordinator should receive a top-secret brief. Officers and chiefs should receive a secret brief. An unclassified brief, prepared from available open-source material, should be given to the remainder of the crew. Such briefings serve to increase awareness of the threat and develop the needed sense of urgency. Most importantly, these briefings provide understandable expla­nations of why this security program is necessary.

Throughout the deployment, continue to provide up­dated information and briefs. Exercise the security forces frequently. Arrange additional training ashore using the facilities of U. S. allies. Joint exercises with local forces can introduce valuable, different perspectives. Have in­spection teams visit the ship to provide periodic audits of

ship security.

By no means should these proposals be considered tn definitive solution. They merely present some directions enhanced antiterrorism defense can take on board surta^ce force ships. But the common thread must be a sincer^e commitment to these defenses.

Some of these suggestions may appear radical. They ^a ^ intended to be. The Navy faces a very real threat in ^a unconventional arena. Traditional responses will no Ion? suffice. So far, the Navy has been lucky—but how l°ⁿ® will that luck last? The forces of terrorism have ma abundantly clear that they are engaged in a war against United States. Our surface forces must be prepared to >g in this war.

Be Aware and Beware

By Chief Master-at-Arms Larry W. Latina, U. S. Navy, and Chief Master-at-Arms Bradford C. Pratt, U. S. Navy

From 1970 through 1984. there were approximately 22.171 terrorist- related incidents, with 3,032 of these aimed at U. S. targets. Of the 3,032 attacks. 535 of the targets were military. The number of terror­ist operations continues to increase. The United States and its military find themselves increasingly the tar­gets of hostage taking, assassina­tion, bombing, kidnapping, hijack­ing, skyjacking, and other forms of violent assaults by terrorist groups.

This dramatic increase in terrorist activities directed at U. S. military facilities prompted the Chief of Naval Operations to take actions to increase security for naval installa­tions and personnel. The Naval Se­curity and Investigative Command (NSIC), formerly the Naval Investi­gative Service, was tasked with the project and proposed the establish­ment of a well-trained, professional naval security force. The Navy Se­curity Guard Course located at Lakehurst. New Jersey, is a result of the NSIC proposal.

During the first half of 1985, construction of facilities for the school began, and the first school stall selection process was com­pleted. Military members of the staff are selected from experienced specialists within their respective ratings. Civilian staff members are selected from the most professional applicants in the law enforcement community. This strict selection process affords the highest quality of training the Navy law enforce­ment and security profession can provide.

On 7 October 1985, the Navy Security Guard School, headed by Lieutenant (junior grade) Thomas W. Clement, opened its doors. The four-week course trains Navy and Department of Defense civilian per­sonnel assigned to security duties at various naval installations through­out the world in the fundamentals of physical security. A combination of hard work, dedication, superb mana­gerial skills, and top-notch profes­sionalism enabled this school to be on line within 18 months, instead of the normal three to four years al­lowed for a new school develop­ment phase.

The immense task of instructing the topic of terrorism is assigned to the security matters section. Each instructor is responsible for teaching a weekly six-hour block on terror­ism. as well as other law enforce- ment/security related topics. The instructors provide their students with the most up-to-date training in the field of countering terrorism, relating real world scenarios and countermeasures. The course offers the definition of terrorism as "the calculated use of violence to attain

political, religious, or tucuiyp- j_n- goals by instilling fear or ^us"- timidation or coercion.     .

Learning to recognize eci ' _nt| signs of danger and being ^c° ^ ^ aware of your environment c ^ the most effective tools for _s ing terrorism. American ^clV' _rV and, to a greater extent, ¹¹¹¹ _|i£)Ugh; personnel are conspicuous ^c _uC(; however, there are wuys ^,0 _ib|c- your profile. When at all P^ .^nil

attempt to blend into your ^s _eria

ings and avoid showing ⁰ _efji- wealth. (In many countries. ,,_r hers of the U. S. armed se _ry considered wealthy.) Avo' ^

cars with special/persona ^|Z _of

cense plates, or country. ^ra special qualifications dcea s ^ insignias. Use unmarked P^a ^ p spaces and vary where y⁰¹¹^ _{n v(},ui not place your family namc home. (On many military

the ^^6Se P^roP^osa'^{s are} tailored for the surface forces. But underlying concepts can be applied to many other ₍₎j. ^{s w}hhin the Navy. Considerable resources and sums for!'^10tlCy ^{are rcc}l^ui^re^ to implement these proposals. Un­safely, undeclared war is as expensive as “formal” Pe    ^must change. The easygoing, “It can’t hap-

^and ,^re” uttitude can easily prove fatal. During the 1960s soi      *^^e I^sraeli^{s were} forced to make similar re­

in ^{fCe cornrn}'tments and attitude changes. Today, as an _Sta;^ca-_gly favorite target of extremist groups, the United _eit, ^{es an(}l its Navy must adjust. The adjustment can come for ^{r as a reac}tion to a series of painful attacks or in the thr P^reventive defensive measures. Either way, the ^{eat mus}t be countered.

'Brian Michael Jenkins, “The U. S. Response to Terrorism: A Policy Dilemma,” Armed Forces Journal International, April 1985, p. 39.

"Kenneth Klein, “Small Arms Training,” All Hands, March 1985, p. 33.

Lieutenant Commander Staszak graduated from Boston University in 1976 and received his commission in 1977. His first assignment after attending Surface Warfare Officers School was in the USS Glover fFF- 1098) as the combat information center/electronic warfare officer. In January 1983, he assumed duties as the executive officer of the USS Constitution (ex-IX-21). He left active duty in September 1984. In 1986, he received an MBA from Boston University. Currently, he works for M/A-COM Microwave Associates. Still in the Naval Reserve, he drills with the Fleet Intelligence Rapid Support Team 0291 at NAS South Wey­mouth. He has had two professional notes published in the Proceedings: “A New Role (Soviet Stand-in) for the Naval Reserve” (October 1984) and “. . . And Never the Twain Shall Meet” (September 1985).

^{1 ls} common to see the com- ,_s^ln8 officer’s name on his '^{e or} Peking space.) Avoid pub- _ie ^:u'd establishing daily routines _|)(j^C ,^ls more than one way to go from work, vary your routes I^,0nally. Also, vary the time ^Cave from and return to your k°^r h°me. Studies have shown I ^ ^simPly avoiding routines,

8 Just about everything you ^c uces your chances of being jhed by 65%.

® likelihood of actually being )\v °^sta8^e is slim; however, the ^lng suggestions will minimize ^lunatic effects:

sdr^U'ⁿⁱ’ ^ant' *^1ave faith in _lVy ’ y°^ur’country, and God.

• Stay alert for the possibility of escape. Ensure that the odds are greatly in your favor, otherwise do not attempt it.
• Attempt to establish a rapport with your abductors.
• Attempt to make note of every­thing that goes on around you.
• Anticipate isolation or other meth ods to break you down.
• Set up a schedule of physical and mental exercise, then follow it.
• Comply with all instructions as well as you can.
• Eat whatever you are given.
• Maintain your self-respect and dignity.
• Daydream as much as possible during your waking hours.
• Sleep as much as possible.
• Be courteous at all times; it spreads quickly.
• Do not volunteer to do anything.
• Do not worry about the members of your family; they will be taken care of by the government.
• Do not refuse to have your pic­ture taken by your captors.
• Do not develop false expecta­tions. (Do not start thinking that you will be rescued by a particular time.)
• Do not demand, but do not be afraid to ask for, anything (i.e., more food, books, paper, medical attention, etc.).
• Do not antagonize or criticize your abductors.
• Do not display either cowardice or bravado.
• Do not refuse any favors.

Studies have shown that the

longer you are held captive, the greater your chances are of surviv­ing. During 1985, however, some terrorist groups killed their hos- tage(s) up to 16 hours into the hos­tage situation. If the terrorists' goals are to kill Americans, they may well kill.

Even though terrorism has be­come an increasing problem throughout the world, many of us believe we are immune. But, the threat is there, so be aware and beware!

Small arms training and hand-to- hand combat are parts of the Navy Security Guard Course, designed to train personnel in the fundamentals of physical security. This course is a form of positive action to counter the recent increase in terrorist attacks.