Leadership Forum: Where Have All the Sailors Gone?

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Second Honorable Mention:

Vincent Astor Memorial Leadership Essay Contest

Where Have All the Sailors Gone?

By Ensign Ronald D. Fricker, Jr., U. S. Navy

Retention rates in the Navy are down. The Washington Post (27 Au­gust 1980, p. A12) reports that petty officer reenlistments have dropped from 77% to 53%, leaving a shortage of 20.000 men. Further, Newsweek (27 October 1980, p.52) says “The Navy will soon need 10,000 more petty of­ficers to staff the 50 to 60 new ships that will enter the fleet by 1985.” In the second session of 1980, then-Chief of Naval Operations, Admiral Thomas B. Hayward testified before Congress that the Navy has an “exodus of mid­grade officers and enlisted” men that is “at a point of crisis at the present time.”

Does this sound familiar? It should. This was the plight of our Navy a few years ago. Since then, military per­sonnel have received significant in­creases in pay and incentives, as well as the renewed respect of our country; the horror stories of sailors receiving food stamps have disappeared from the newspapers, along with the stories of ships that could not go to sea be­cause they were pitifully under­manned. So, it seems in these days of increased military awareness, the Navy no longer has a retention problem. Unfortunately, this assumption could not be further from the truth. Because the services have been meeting their recruiting goals, their retention rates have lost significance in the media. However, Newsweek (18 January 1982) reported that the Navy will again be short 20,000 noncommissioned offi­cers this year—the same amount as in 1980! Admiral Hayward stated in his report for this fiscal year that we still have “serious and continuing short­ages of midgrade officers and petty of­ficers.” Further, he said, “It is too early to gauge the long term impact which recent compensation improve­ments will have on retention . . .More needs to be done."'

Certainly, everyone associated with the Navy will agree that more needs to be done. The lack of petty officers.

who are the industrial backbone of the Navy, is crippling to the combat read­iness of the fleet. Therefore, within the last few years, many programs have been initiated—and many more ideas published and argued—to help alle­viate this problem. Yet the problem continues. I believe that there is a sim­ple approach to this complex problem that can be used by anyone in the Navy. It is such a simple idea that it tends to get lost in the complexities of the many approaches.

My proposal can be implemented easily by today’s leadership. I em­phasize the word leadership, for it is good, effective leadership that we must use as our part of the effort to solve the serious problem of retaining enough skilled people to meet our national se­curity requirements.

The major areas of the Navy’s re­tention effort can be categorized into three objectives: (1) improve the “job trimmings’’ for sailors, (2) increase their pay, and (3) upgrade the “quality of life” of sailors.

I have coined the phrase “job trim­mings” to represent the many diverse changes that were introduced during Admiral Elmo Zumwalt’s tour as Chief of Naval Operations, including re­placing the traditional bell-bottomed blues with new uniforms, allowing en­listed men to carry civilian clothes on board ship, changes in grooming stan­dards, and disposing of many of the so-called Mickey Mouse regulations. The purpose of these radical changes was to attract men and women from a civilian population becoming in­creasingly individualistic and antimi­litary.

The second objective, increasing pay, is an ongoing battle for the entire military. In fiscal year 1981, Congress approved an 11.7% pay raise for the Navy. For fiscal year 1982, Congress approved a 10 to 17% pay raise, with the higher percentages appropriated to the noncommissioned officers. These raises are long overdue, but sadly, they still do not bring military pay up to civilian standards. This dis­parity in pay scales has long been a problem for sailors, especially young sailors with families, trying to make ends meet: they often have to moon­light or apply for food stamps. Ob­viously, it is hard to convince a sailor to stay in the Navy if he cannot earn enough money to meet the basic needs of his family. The Navy fully recog­nizes this problem and is constantly working to further improve the pay scale.

The third objective, advancing the quality of life of sailors, includes im­proving working conditions, remod­eling living and berthing spaces, up­grading messing facilities, and providing more and better recrea­tional equipment. The Navy is at­tempting to furnish pleasant—as op­posed to tolerable—surroundings in which sailors may work and live. The basis for this objective is obvious: The favorite complaints of sailors are ship­board food and living conditions.

The Navy places a lot of emphasis upon its quality of life program. Re­cently, All Hands magazine printed an article about the USS John F. Ken­nedy (CV-67) entitled “A Ship That Cares,” describing the Kennedy’s quality of life program, its implemen­tation, and its successful impact upon improving retention. The article ex­plained that the Kennedy was due to enter the yard for an 11-month over­haul. Yard periods are a time of ex­tremely poor retention because of their inconvenience to everyone on board. However, while in the yard the Ken­nedy was given a $1.7 million Naval Sea Systems Command Habitability Improvement Self-Help Project. Most importantly, all the work in the project was done by the crew. The Kennedy’s galleys were also remodeled with the most modern cooking facilities avail­able. Off the ship, athletic teams were organized, equipment acquired, and leagues developed. Facilities were made available for off-ship barracks, which the crew also remodeled; free off-ship laundries were established; and a bus was purchased, refurbished by the crew, and used as a shuttle from the crowded Norfolk parking areas to the ship. Overall quality of life in the yard was improved immensely, along with the Kennedy’s retention rate.

Unfortunately, as the Newsweek excerpt plainly displays, the efforts of all three objectives had little effect upon retention within the entire Navy. Many of the job trimmings instituted by Ad­miral Zumwalt have been revoked or changed today because they proved unproductive or detrimental to the Navy; the new-style uniforms are being replaced by the old “crackerjacks,” and the previous nonconformist ide­ology of the 1970s is being replaced with the time-tested ideas of pride, di- cipline, and professionalism. The in­crease in pay has helped raise the fis­cal year 1981 retention rate for career petty officers. Whether this is a per­manent increase, though, has yet to be ascertained, and, as the cost of liv­ing increases—as it invariably will— the money’s temporary effect will be lost. Further, though the Navy is doing all it can in this area, it is simply not a part of the retention effort that can be directly helped by most officers. Finally, the quality of life improve­ments may be making more sailors comfortable, but they do not seem to be influencing needed personnel to “ship over.” All of these efforts ap­pear advantageous, and they do have an effect, but they have not worked to the degree expected, even though they did on board the Kennedy.

To clarify this apparent contradic­tion, we need to examine the concept of Frederick Herzberg’s “Dual-Fac­tor Theory.” Herzberg said that em­ployee dissatisfaction is not necessar­ily the result of the employee's lack of satisfaction or satisfaction with his job. Rather, separate factors motivate employee satisfaction and dissatisfac­tion. As a result of his research, Herz­berg formed the table presented here as Table 1.

According to the Dual-Factor The­ory, the three objectives of the Navy’s retention effort address factors in the table which are primarily dissatisfiers. This means that the sailors’ dissatis­faction can certainly be decreased. But, it also means that retention cannot be increased with any of the objectives.

A survey was administered to 2,287 naval reservists, questioning them about the items that they were most satisfied with during their active duty tours prior to joining the reserves. Ranked 15th and 14th on a list of 15 items were pay and sea duty, respec­tively. Ranked just above these were recognition, talents and abilities, sta­tus, accomplishments, and supervi­sors. The Navy is trying to improve pay and reduce sea-duty time, but again, these problems are out of the control of most officers. Regarding the other factors, it is important to note that of the five items, accomplish­ments, recognition, and talents and abilities represent the three largest satisfiers in Herzberg’s theory. Fur­ther, it should be obvious that all five items are directly related to the per­sonal growth of the individual.

This theoretical explanation is not consistent with the situation on board the Kennedy, however. The Kennedy

Factors Characterizing 1,753 Events on the Job that Led to Extreme Satisfaction Percentage Frequency

0                  10                 20                 30                 40           50%

All Factors                   All Factors

Contributing to           Contributing to

Job Dissatisfaction Job Satisfaction

80% 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80% Ratio and Percent

I

Security

Status

Relationship with Supervisor

I I

Work Conditions

I

Salary

I

Relationship with Peers

I

Personal Life

I

Relationship with Subordinates

Company Policy and Administration

I

Supervision

Growth

1----- r

Achievement

Responsibility

I I

Advancement

T

T

Reprinted by permission of the Harvard Business Review An exhibit from "One more Time: How Do you Motivate Em­ployees?" by Frederick Herzberg uanuary/February 1957>. Copyright © 1957 by the president and Fellows of

HARVARD COLLEGE: ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Tabic I Factors affecting job attitudes.

Factors Characterizing 1,844 Events on the Job that Led to Extreme Dissatisfaction Percentage Frequency

50%          40                 30                20                  10 apparently made the objectives work, increased satisfaction, and increased her retention rate. A reexamination of the Kennedy article, in light of Herz- berg’s theory, reveals a few previ­ously unseen motivators. The pro­grams gave the sailors a sense of purpose, a task to accomplish for which they were personally needed, a set of goals to strive for, and a sense of worth—all the items the retention sur­vey said were missing and that Herz­berg said were necessary for satisfac­tion. The value of the quality of life program lay not only in its physical worth, but in its effect upon the atti­tudes of the crew. The retention factor unobserved in the Kennedy's, program was the good leadership demonstrated in her leaders’ ability to fulfill the needs of their sailors. All of the satisfaction factors listed are directly affected by the division officer and they can only exist and become positive motivators through the active support of a ship's wardroom. The secret behind the Kennedy's, success is reflected in her motto: “A Ship That Cares.”

Stop and think for a moment. Many instances should come to mind of men who have endured hardships when a necessary job had to be accomplished: a job they were needed for, where they could use their talents and abilities, and experience a sense of achieve­ment and some recognition. Admit­tedly. this sounds like a lot of home­spun philosophizing, but many such instances should come readily to mind. Now, reflect upon the things that are missing from the Navy for today's sailor. His everyday life is usually full of routine and monotony. The adver­tisement always says, “It’s not just a job. it’s an adventure!” But, more often than not, that adventure gets buried under a thousand mundane tasks and becomes just a job. Satisfiers do not come prepackaged with each rate and each ship in the Navy, they must be initiated by leaders. Therein lies the crux of the retention problem, and it composes the greatest challenge to to­morrow’s leadership.

Good leadership is certainly not the complete answer to retention. Reten­tion is a multifaceted problem, and cannot be solved by attacking it from one side only. Retention centers around people, and for a program to work it must, therefore, be dynamic. As such a dynamic program, it must be imple­mented by people at the grass roots level. Further, just because the dis-

satisfaction factors do not increase satisfaction, they must not be ignored. All of the quality of life programs should continue, and even be ex­panded. Monetary compensation must also be increased as much as possible. Because of the efforts Admiral Hay­ward invested in these areas, the Navy is finally seeing a “bottoming out" in the downward trend in retention: for there is an inherent time lag involved between the implementation of the ob­jectives and the realization of their re­sults (a lag of one and one half years for quality of life to three years for pay). This means that we are just now beginning to see the results of fiscal year 1980 programs, and it means that we must continue their expansion if we are to maintain this positive trend into fiscal year 1985.^{[1][2] [3]} (See Figure 1.)

To complement these programs, though, the satisfier side of Herz- berg’s theory must be addressed. The present lack in this area has caused the loss of many sailors. Just a little effort put into the satisfiers could eas­ily move the predicted return to pre­vious retention levels back to perhaps fiscal year 1984. Moreover, it could also raise those retention rates beyond the predicted level. Unlike the dissa- tisfiers which may be administered through Navy-wide policies, the sat­isfiers must be introduced at the in­dividual level; much of the retention program’s success lies with the people in direct leadership positions. As Ad­miral Hayward told Congress:

“ . . . the U. S. Navy has a re­sponsibility toward improving this situation. Money does not solve all the problems. Leadership and mo­tivation and running a Navy right are important obligations . . . (and) we will do our utmost to do that job right.”²

A report done through the Naval Health Research Center at San Diego concluded that:

"... greater emphasis should be placed on leadership training and command management at the divi­sion level in order to increase such elements as leader's facilitation and support, subsystem (department and division) cooperation and harmony, and professional (Navy) espirit de corps. It is expected that such ef­forts would have positive effects on retention . . . (and) . . . may be especially crucial for personnel with less than one year of service.”^[4] The Navy does have a program cur­rently under way emphasizing lead­ership training and command manage­ment:    Leadership. Management

Education, and Training (LMET). The program's students include com­manding officers through leading petty officers—anyone scheduled to fill a leadership billet. Admiral Hayward said of this program:

“I am convinced that the LMET program will result in better lead­ership. which will, in turn, enhance personal motivation and productiv­ity and thereby reduce attrition and improve retention.”^[5] The Navy is expending a lot of time and money to send its leaders through LMET. Unfortunately, such a pro­gram cannot be enough; though nec­essary, it is insufficient. Individual ef­fort and initiative by naval leaders is necessary to achieve success. If one will permit another worn analogy: “You can lead a horse to water, but you cannot make him drink.”

The Navy is a people-oriented ser­vice. T his fact tends to get lost in the plethora of technology that now ex­ists. The Navy must take care of its people; retention and the Navy’s ef­fectiveness depend upon it. We are the Navy's leaders of the 1980s. It is up to us to address this problem. All the leadership programs in existence cannot make us good leaders if we do not care about those we lead. These men are ours; this job is ours; this Navy is ours. Leadership can be our part in helping to solve the retention problem. The retention program for the upcoming decade must be based on good leadership and caring. To paraphrase the Kennedy's motto, the Navy’s theme for the 1980s should be: “The Navy: A Service That Cares.”