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Admiral H. Kent Hewitt is best known for commanding large numbers of ships during World War II, but he had already displayed a great deal of ability and courage nearly 30 years earlier when he first had command of one ship.
In June 1916, following a tour of duty as a mathematics instructor at the Naval Academy, Lieutenant Hewitt became commanding officer of the small surveying ship Eagle, a converted yacht. The ship was then at New York City, where she was spending ten days for leave and recreation before proceeding to the Portsmouth, New Hampshire, Navy Yard for her regular summer overhaul. She would then return to the Caribbean for surveying duty after the hurricane season.
The Eagle displaced 434 tons and was 155 feet, 6 inches long. Built of Norway iron, she had teak decks and comfortable living quarters. Her shallow draft and the crew’s living conditions made her a good vessel for in-shore surveying. She was powered by a single coal-burning Scotch boiler which produced a top speed of about 12 knots. She carried two 6-pound rifles on her fantail, two Colt machine guns, and a half dozen each of rifles and .45 caliber automatic pistols.
On 5 July, the new captain took the USS Eagle to sea for the first time. She reached Portsmouth Navy Yard on schedule and began her overhaul. Four months later, the little ship got under way for her surveying duties. Because of the ship’s limited range, it was necessary to stop in Charleston, South Carolina, for coal.
When the Eagle departed Charleston for Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, on 7 November, she put her slender bow into a wind that was blowing half a gale. Her course for the Crooked Island Passage put her in the trough of the seas. As the waves built up, her captain began to be a bit worried about her. More than once, she rolled her lee rail clear under water and refused to return to an even keel until she was turned into the wind. It became necessary to tack, taking the waves first on the port bow, then on the port quarter.
The weather was cold, wet, and generally miserable, but after the first few hours, Hewitt no longer had fear for his ship. On the second day, however, further trouble developed. The feed-water heater sprang a leak and had to be bypassed. This increased the coal consumption considerably, and, together with the increased distance covered because of the necessary tacking, made it evident that the coal would not be sufficient to take the Eagle to Guantanamo.
On 11 November, the wind increased to a full gale. Heavy seas forced Hewitt to reduce speed still further and to increase his course changes. It was now evident that he could not reach Guantanamo, or even the nearer Nipe Bay. However, the sailing directions informed him that a small supply of coal was sometimes to be found at Matthew Town, on Great Inagua Island. On the afternoon of the 12th, the Eagle anchored at Matthew Town where Hewitt, to his great relief, found a supply of coal. Coaling began the next morning. The fuel was brought out in small rowboats and loaded aboard by female labor. Staging was rigged over the side; half of the women climbed onto it. The other half remained in the boats, loaded the coal in baskets, and passed it up to the women on the staging; they, in turn, passed it up to the grinning crew. When the Eagle departed Matthew Town on the 13th, the easterly gale had died down, and no further difficulty was experienced in reaching Guantanamo.
Lieutenant Hewitt’s orders left a great deal to his initiative. The Eagle was independent of the Atlantic Fleet, operating directly under the Hydrographic Office. Her captain had specifications for the surveys to be made, but the order in which they were to be taken was left up to him. He was authorized to proceed to various liberty ports at his own discretion.
On 16 November, Lieutenant Hewitt departed Guantanamo for Haiti, where he began a survey of the north coast near Port-de-Paix. After completing that task and refueling at Guantanamo, the ship undertook
Command of the 8th Fleet was the capstone of a career that carried Kent Hewitt from plebe to pedestal. Later this month, the Naval War College will dedicate Hewitt Hall to his memory. Perhaps his own most treasured memory began in 1916 when, following a tour at the Naval Academy, below, he assumed command of the USS Eagle and, with firmness, good humor, and ingenuity, he projected U. S. sea power into the cane fields of Cuba.
an investigation of Samana Bay, on the northeast coast of Santo Domingo, to determine its suitability as a fleet base. The Eagle's next duty was an extensive survey of the coast of Haiti. During this period, the Eagle returned to base about every two weeks to take on coal and supplies.
In February 1917, a revolution broke out in Cuba, and the surveying work was put aside. On the 25 th of that month, Hewitt received orders to report for duty to the Commander-in-Chief, Atlantic Fleet. The Eagle was ordered to proceed to the north coast of Cuba to protect American life and property, first investigating the situation at Nuevitas. Hewitt later wrote: "The Eagle had an armament of two antiquated six pounders. ... In addition she had two equally antiquated machine guns. . . . For small arms we had six .45 caliber automatic pistols and a box of twelve Springfield rifles. By dint of special pleas around the fleet and at the naval station I managed to acquire six more pistols and twenty four more rifles, which gave us enough to equip a landing force of thirty six men, with a few pistols left over for those staying on board.”1
The Eagle arrived at Nuevitas on 27 February and was at once called upon by the Spanish and Danish consuls. They informed Hewitt that the local government had disappeared, and that a band of revolutionists had raided the town and burned the railroad station and a sugar warehouse. Kent decided to accompany the diplomats ashore at once to see the situation first hand. He decided to take Lieutenant (junior grade) Jack Lee, his exec. He left orders with Ensign Julius Delepino to get the landing force ready and to send it ashore without further orders if firing was heard.
There were no particular U. S. interests in Nuevitas itself, but in view of the Monroe Doctrine and the national policy' of preventing interference by outside powers in the affairs of the Americas, Hewitt concluded that it was his duty to extend protection to the lives and property of Europeans as well as of U. S. nationals.
Hewitt and Lee wore dress whites, and each had a .45 caliber automatic pistol at his waist. When the boat reached the dock, Hewitt could smell the unpleasant odor of burning that hovered over the tropical morning. The consuls had a model T Ford waiting at the dock, and the party used it to tour the town. Hewitt found that conditions had not been exaggerated. Smoke hovered over ruins, windows were broken, and debris was blowing in the streets.
Nuevitas was on a neck of land with only one road leading into it. With the idea of determining how best to defend the town against future raids, Hewitt had the consuls drive out the road to look over the terrain. The Ford clattered up a slight rise in the road and ground to a stop. Hewitt found himself looking over the windshield at a group of 15-20 horsemen blocking the road.
The men were dressed in ragged clothes with a variety of headgear. Each was draped with bandoliers of ammunition, had a rifle slung over his back, and carried a machete at his saddle bow. The heavy, razor-sharp machetes could cut a man in half at a stroke. The two groups stood staring at each other. Then the leader of the troops dismounted and came toward the car. At that Hewitt and Lee and the Spanish consul likewise dismounted and met the rebel leader in the dust of the road. He was bearded and looked rather weary.
His first move was to present Hewitt with his commission, a folded piece of notebook paper upon which was written in pencil that Citizen Gonzales was appointed a captain in the Constitutional Army.2 It was
signed by General Caballero. Hewitt saluted the captain and acknowledged the commission. He then said that the United States was taking no side whatever in the unfortunate state of affairs in Cuba, that the United States regarded all the Cuban people as friends, and further that his only orders were to protect the lives and property of U. S. citizens and those of friendly nations.
Captain Gonzales seemed much relieved at this; he returned Hewitt’s salute and informed him that his men had been fighting for many days, and that they all had families in Nuevitas. They had been unable to see these families for a long time and were very anxious to visit them. Therefore, could he and his men have the American officer’s permission to enter town?
Though he strongly doubted the reason given for the visit, Lieutenant Hewitt could see no legal justification for denying entry of Cuban citizens into a Cuban town, so long as no interference with his mission was involved. He replied that he saw no objection, provided order was maintained. He also wondered to himself what two officers armed only with ,45s could have done to enforce a negative reply. But the conference wasn’t over. Captain Gonzales next said that he had orders to obtain certain supplies of saddlery and blankets from the customs house. Would that be all right?
Hewitt was learning one of the basic lessons of negotiation: a concession frequently leads to a new request. He replied that so long as only Cuban property was involved he had no right to interfere. He would check the manifests at the customs house and inform Captain Gonzales of the ownership of the materials. Next the rebel officer said that he had orders to obtain additional supplies from the stores. "No objection,” Hewitt replied, "as long as the supplies are paid for.”
Captain Gonzales said that he would give "vales” or IOUs issued by the Constitutional Army. Hewitt replied that he would not object, provided that the merchants agreed to accept the "vales.”
Captain Gonzales saluted again, remounted, and led his troops into the town at a gallop. Hewitt and Lee followed them in the Ford, going at once to the customs house. Hewitt then sent his exec back to the ship with orders to get the landing force ashore as quickly as possible. Hewitt and the consuls located the manifests in the customs house and found that the saddles and blankets were property of U. S. citizens. Hewitt was therefore faced with the necessity of telling the armed rebels that they could not have them. When he came out onto the main street, he saw the mounted men in a circle outside one of the principal stores. He pushed his way into the armed and mounted ring, which grudgingly let him through. Inside, Captain Gonzales and the storekeeper were arguing over a large pile of articles on the counter.
Captain Gonzales looked up, saw Hewitt, and swiftly drew his gun. Hewitt, with "no hope of winning a gun duel” nevertheless reached for his .45, but to his immense relief the rebel officer reversed his revolver and shucked the cartridges out onto the counter. Hewitt later found that he gained quite a reputation around Nuevitas from this incident because people there were under the mistaken impression that Hewitt said he wouldn’t talk to the captain unless the latter unloaded his weapons.
Hewitt then told the rebel officer that he wanted to see that all was in order and the contributions voluntary. Gonzales looked angry, but when Hewitt asked the storekeeper whether he was willing to accept the rebel "vales,” the man looked at the lone American naval officer and then at the ring of armed rebels around his door, and declared that he was. Gonzales smiled. The rebels came in and carried the purchases away. Hewitt then told the captain that he would go with him to any other stores he wanted to visit.
Gonzales glared at Hewitt and stalked outside, the naval officer following him. As Gonzales mounted, he gave an order to his men in rapid Spanish. At that moment Hewitt was greatly relieved to see the bayonets of the landing force of 24 sailors coming up the main street. The rebels galloped off down the main street, uttering shrill whoops, and so rode out of the town.
Knowing that there were large rebel forces in the area. Lieutenant Hewitt proceeded to take measures for defense of the town. He set up headquarters in the customs house and built breastworks with bags of sugar. He ordered the kedge anchor taken out and dropped, then warped the Eagle around so that her two 6-pounders would bear on the access road. Well out on that road, he established a picket of armed sailors provided with a Very pistol and a supply of flares to warn the ship of the coming of any armed party.
At the first possible moment, Hewitt reported the situation and his action by radio to the fleet commander-in-chief. It was only at night and under good conditions that his transmitter could reach Guantanamo. After two quiet days, a detachment of regular Cuban troops rolled in by train and took over the defense of the town. Hewitt happily withdrew his forces. He felt some uneasiness as he looked back over his first experience in a combined naval-diplomatic capacity; he had landed armed troops in a friendly country, assumed control over a Cuban town, and issued orders to Cuban citizens. But no shots had been fired and no one injured on any side of the dispute.
Some time later, he received a copy of a letter from Admiral Henry T. Mayo, Commander-in-Chief, Atlantic Fleet, to the Chief of Naval Operations. After briefly detailing Hewitt’s actions at Nuevitas, the letter’s final paragraph read:
"The Commander in Chief considers that the Commanding Officer of the USS Eagle acted with commendable promptness and good judgement, and that an appreciation of his initiative, decision, and good judgement should be entered upon his record.”3
The Eagle was next ordered to Nipe Bay to investigate the situation there. She arrived on 3 March to find comparative quiet in the town, but there was much revolutionary activity inland. A large United Fruit Company sugar mill, together with its attendant sugar plantations was at Preston, on the south shore of the bay, near the entrance. In the mountains south of Preston and connected with it by private railroad were the open iron mines of the Spanish-American Iron Company. The shipping port of the United Fruit Company’s Banes sugar mill was located in another smaller bay to the west. Mayari, a town a few miles inland, was the reputed headquarters of rebel forces in the vicinity. There had been threats of raids on the various U. S. activities, and some cane fields were burned.
Hewitt realized that he had a very small force at his disposal to protect so many places, but he set about making the most of what he had. He sent Lieutenant Lee with 18 men from Antilla to Banes by the sugar railroad and took the Eagle alongside the dock at Preston. He sent Ensign Robert Paddock up to the iron mines with another 18 men. Hewitt himself proceeded to guard the sugar mill at Preston with the ship and her remaining personnel. The Eagle was now short of officers and men, and Hewitt made Leo Samuels, a civilian hydrographer, his special aide.
In later years, Hewitt recalled:
"Feeling that the establishment of friendly relations with the revolutionary commander in the vicinity might be of help, I arranged a conference with him at Mayari—the birthplace of Fidel Castro. I went to Mayari on horseback, accompanied by Leo Samuels and guided by a company guard from the Preston Mill. I was received with due honor by a mounted guard in the same sort of nondescript attire I had previously encountered in Nuevitas. The General politely led me into his headquarters, a one-room shack furnished with a broken down chair and two old iron beds without mattresses. I sat on one of these beds, on the bare springs, and the General sat on the other. In the doorway, with a rifle across his knees, sat what I assumed to be the corporal of the guard, for he wore a corporal’s chevrons pinned to his ragged civilian shirt sleeves by huge safety pins. During the discussion, if the Corporal disagreed with the General or had other ideas to advance, he apparently felt free ro say what he pleased, and did so.
"I carefully explained to the General that the United States had nothing but the most friendly feelings for the Cuban people, that we considered the establishment of a government satisfactory to them
—
was entirely their own affair, and that my only purpose was to safeguard the lives and legitimate interests of United States citizens. The General replied that friendship between our peoples had been firmly cemented in ’98 by the blood shed by them in a common cause, and that the only thing the Liberates wished from our government was that we take steps to ensure a free and fair Cuban presidential election. He solemnly promised to respect American property. With this we shook hands and I departed.”4
After this Hewitt took the Eagle into nearby Banes Bay to visit the detachment of the landing force there and to see the situation at first hand. He wrote:
"The town of Banes and the sugar mill were some distance from the dock and were reached by a private sugar railroad. With the ship safely alongside the dock, I went up to town on a railroad autombile—-a model T Ford whose wheels had been replaced by narrow gauge railroad wheels. In Banes we were warmly greeted by the local manager and the other leading United Fruit Company officials. I had taken with me our civilian hydrographer, Mr. Leo Samuels, who was as handy as any officer in the ship.”5
In Banes, Hewitt sought out the general of the Cuban rebel forces that occupied the Cuban part of the
When the Cuban rebels burned the nearby cane fields or villages, Lieutenant Hewitt could quickly deploy his cavalry, infantry, or artillery from their Manati sugar mill base. Or be could simply assemble his troops periodically to show the flag and the Navy’s determination to defend it.
town. Again he carefully explained the neutrality of the United States, asking only that the lives and property of Americans and Europeans be protected. The conference seemed to go off well. Afterward Hewitt and Samuels had dinner with the manager of the sugar mill. In the early evening, they started back for the ship in the railway automobile. They were stopped just outside of Banes by an armed force of rebel troops who explained that they had orders to let no one pass. Hewitt demanded passage and explained his position, but the men would not listen. They became threatening, and there was nothing for the two Americans to do but return to Banes.
A bluejacket sentry was standing guard over the entrance to the mill. Hewitt sent him to alert Lieutenant Lee and have him turn out the 18 men of his force. If it came to a fight, the odds would be slim, for there were several hundred rebel troops in the town. Hewitt ignored this fact, and after sending the sentry on his way, stalked with Samuels down the street and into the headquarters of the rebel general. Of this encounter Samuels says:
"The skipper took very prompt action always; he did so this time. He was young, you know, and very concise, and he was very determined in his decisions when he had taken them. As a young man he had an excellent physique, taller than most and very fine and impressive looking. He brushed right past the sentry at the general’s headquarters, strode up to the table where the general sat with his aides, and demanded to know by what authority his men had stopped an American naval officer in the discharge of his duty. The general was surprised, then seemed almost apologetic, but he spoke of the necessities of war. The skipper was stjll mad. He said, 'General, I demand an apology from you now, and I demand an assurance
that there will be no more interference with me or my officers or men. I am now going to return to my ship, and I will shoot my way through your troops if I have to.’
"The general apologized then, and said it was all a mistake; he would send one of his officers with us to see there was no more trouble. The skipper thanked him politely, accepted the escort, and shook hands with him again. After that we had no more trouble.
"I already admired the skipper very much; after that I also realized that he had the force of character and determination to equal his diplomacy, affability, and extreme competence in his profession. I knew then that he would go far. His decisions were always perfectly suitable to the situation. The situations in Cuba were sometimes quite complex, because we were a very small band. Yet the Cubans had great respect for us, because the skipper was so determined, yet so fair and always polite—except that time when they tried to keep him from going back to his ship.”6
By the middle of March, the Nipe-Banes area was in good shape, and the Eagle was ordered to Manati. The charts of the bay upon which this town was located were 1830 Spanish ones, and in approaching the town through the narrow channel, the Eagle went aground on soft mud. With Lieutenant Lee getting the landing party ready to go ashore, in view of a broadcast received from an unidentified merchant ship that the rebels were attacking the town and mill, Hewitt had Leo Samuels acting as navigator. Samuels says the skipper just turned to him, shook his head, and smiled, saying, "You’re a hell of a navigator, Sammy, running the ship aground on your first try.” Though Hewitt could joke at that moment, his memoirs reveal that he was actually torn with anxiety thinking that his naval career had reached a dead end after running aground in the daytime in fair weather. He reported the incident in full that night, after the incoming tide and a kedge anchor had gotten them afloat without damage. It was with great relief that he later received the laconic acknowledgement that his report had been received and filed by the Chief of Naval Operations, no action recommended.
While the ship was still aground (she was in no immediate danger), Hewitt sent off the landing force. No sooner had it disappeared up the bay than the assistant manager of the sugar mill came out in a launch. It appeared that the report had been wildly exaggerated; there was no attack, even though company stores had been raided and cane fields burned.
The landing party reached the sugar mill and company town just before dark, and they were received with enthusiasm by the resident U. S. citizens. With the ship safe at the dock and the sugar mill still in some danger, Kent joined Lee at the mill with his unofficial aide, Samuels, and remained there during most of the period of operations at Manati.
With the progress of the war in Europe and the growing likelihood that the United States would soon be in it, safeguarding the sugar supply had become of great importance, and the Eagle's captain had been so advised. Now he was worried. The country around Manati was in a state of unrest, and many rebel bands were being pushed in toward the town by the government forces. Each successive encounter with the rebels found them more truculent and demanding. They had been cut off from the rest of Cuba, and their only possible source of supplies was Manati. Hewitt could foresee trouble, but he fervently hoped that affairs would not come to a battle. He decided that the best way to avoid real trouble was to be obviously ready for it. Since the mill and the town were three miles from the dock, the Eagle could not assist directly.
The rebels were burning cane fields and threatening small nearby villages. Hewitt found that the company had some horses; he discovered eight bluejackets who could ride, and was delighted to find that one of his coxswains had served a hitch with the U. S. Cavalry. Hewitt mounted the nine sailors and rated the coxswain as sergeant. The sergeant intrigued the people of Manati by trick feats of horsemanship, such as picking up his sailor hat from the ground at full gallop. A couple of horses were left over, and Kent appropriated a spirited one for himself. He had always enjoyed riding, and the mount would allow him to cover his defense areas quickly and easily.
Thirty bluejackets armed with rifles and bayonets were his "foot.” The sergeant and his men were the "horse.” Now he needed artillery. A model T Ford was provided for his use; Paymaster Beck replaced the windshield with boiler plate and mounted one of the machine guns in the car. The other machine gun was placed in a railroad automobile, also provided with boiler plate armor. Hewitt now had horse, foot, and artillery; his army had long before caught part of his gaiety, toughness, and readiness. The force made a great impression on the Cubans and Americans at the mill-
The cavalry was used to establish mounted patrols and to give support to the model T "artillery,” which several times dashed out into the cane fields to protect workers fighting cane fires that had been set. Hewitt galloped along with them on most occasions, having the time of his life, with Samuels close behind him. The response to the set fires became so prompt that this type of sabotage was soon abandoned.
Leo Samuels, who occupied quarters with Hewitt during this period, says:
"I got a very excellent idea of Hewitt’s character and of the type of officer he was during this close association. I came to know his ready resourcefulness, his cheerful acceptance of things as they were, and his complete ingenuity and readiness to try new things. After several weeks, one especially belligerent rebel leader threatened to attach the town. The skipper decided to move the Eagle's two six- pounders ashore and mount them in the mill’s mir- ador, or watch tower. The mill loaned us riggers to assist our seamen. We took the guns to pieces, loaded them on the sugar railroad and brought them up to the mill. The riggers swayed the pieces up to the top of the tower, where Hewitt had had 12 by 12 mahogany sleepers placed to form a gun platform. When they were ready the skipper had a target built at a crossroads outside of town, with sheets stretched over a wooden framework. We opened fire from the tower and put several shells through the targets. There was considerable consternation in the town and mill, especially when the corrugated iron sheets around the tower started to fall. The framework stood firm, however, and all was well. We did that several times during the next couple of days, and then we got a message from the rebel general asking us please not to fire those guns any more. They were making his men nervous.”7
Effectively guarded by the Eagle and her versatile crew and captain, Manati became a quiet area, without injury to any individual whatever. Hewitt improved his acquaintance with the local Americans and made many friends among the Cubans ashore. Then on 6 April, 1917, the United States entered World War I.
This changed things for Hewitt. Hitherto perfectly content with his tour as skipper of the Eagle, he at once perceived where the weight of the U. S. Navy would be most heavily felt—in the destroyers escorting troops and supplies to Europe. As an experienced destroyer officer, he at once started trying to find ways to get ordered to one of the tin cans. But for the moment the Eagle kept him busy enough. He wrote:
"We promptly restored our armament to the ship and painted war color over our white and spar color, with grey paint obtained from the mill. Two weeks later we became part of the newly established Car- ribbean Patrol Detachment, under Rear Admiral E. A. Andersen. ... We landed a marine detachment at Preston to guard the iron mines and the sugar mill, and another marine guard at Manati. We then departed with the good ship for our new duty.
The new duty was to be varied—both in the Eagle and the USS Dorothea, a somewhat larger surveying
vessel taken over by Hewitt and his crew—including antisubmarine work, battleship escort and, most importantly, instructing and training the small Cuban Navy. Hewitt became, in effect, the unofficial admiral of that navy, conducting lectures and training exercises in his rapidly improving Spanish. He continued to try to obtain command of a destroyer in the Atlantic on escort duty. Eventually he succeeded.
In a way, the transformation of the white and spar colored yacht into the dull grey man-of-war symbolized a new stage in the life of H. Kent Hewitt. The yachting cruise was over; so, with the passing of his 30th birthday, were the golden years of youth, the period of being a young and promising officer. Still young at 30, of course, still jovial and imperturbable, still ready to face any circumstance with good humor and ingenuity, Hewitt yet found before him a more somber and serious turn of life. Partially it was the war, partially the changing views of a man entering the years of maturity. The gay and dashing young officer personally leading his "cavalry” into the cane fields to rout the rebels, the happy youth, never faded completely away in H. Kent Hewitt. But from this time on, they would be more surely hidden beneath the quietness of a man carrying increasingly great burdens.
Lieutenant Commander Clagett graduated from the U. S. Naval Academy in 1940. He served in the USS Uxington (CV-2) until February 1941 and then in various PT boat squadrons in the Atlantic and Pacific. He was severely wounded during the Japanese evacuation of Guadalcanal. After extensive hospitalization and a year at the Naval Academy Postgraduate School in communications, he was ordered to the USS Fargo (CL-106) as communication officer. He was retired from the Navy in 1946 as the result of the wounds he had received during World War II. He entered the U. S. Foreign Service in 1946 and served for three years as Third Secretary and Vice Consul at the U. S. Embassy in Oslo, Norway. He left the Foreign Service in 1949, entered Yale University Graduate School, and received a Ph.D. in American studies in 1954. Since 1955, he has been a member of the faculty of Middlebury College, Middle- bury Vermont. He has published 14 books and many short stories and articles. Among his publications are two novels, The Slot and Surprise Attack, and non-fiction books which include The U.S. Naty in Action and these Hallowed Grounds.
1 Admiral H. Kent Hewitt, USN, unpublished memoirs, p. 70. This source referred to hereafter as Memoirs.
2Hewitt’s unpublished memoirs refer to the individual as "Gonzales.” The same man is named "Fernandez" in Admiral Hewitt s oral reminiscences, published by Columbia University in 1962.
aQuoted in Hewitt, Memoirs, p. 75.
4Hewitt, Memoirs, pp. 77-78.
5Ibid.p. 796 Author’s interview with Leo Samuels.
7Ibid.