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Warship Compendiums
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This has been an uncommonly good year for biographies, personal histories, and accounts of World War II. And, yet, the book that takes the honors this year as the most Notable does not come from this group but father concerns itself with Naval Policy Be- tujeen the Wars, Stephen Roskill’s volume covering the years 1919 to 1929. t Last year saw many fine reference works deluded in the Warship Compendiums sec- h°n, and while this year’s selections are wel- c°me additions to any good collection, they Prove, on comparison, somewhat dissap- P°inting.
its uniqueness, disappointing, nonetheless, is United .tates Battleships (Monitor Book Company, pIP-95), compiled and edited by Alan F. ater. As a source book on the 59 battleships nat have served this country, the individual |lQgraphies are valuable, and the fine intro- action by Rear Admiral Louis Parks, U. S.
hi:
a Plus feature. The writing style, however, can only described as sophomoric. For those
°Itor’s Note: This is the Proceedings’ 19th annual „ley of significant naval books of the current year. No l* u made to cover fiction or books appearing in foreign j^ftuages. Ilrilish book prices are usually stated in shillings, I uukh in the Professional Reading section they are trans- ^ed to dollars. Most of the books may be purchased through p C. £ Naval Institute at a discount to members. Assistant thffeSSOr Lambert is Head of the Acquisitions Department of j, U. S. Naval Academy Library and compiler of the f°CEEDINGS’ monthly Professional Reading column.
posed to historical narrative, the shortcomings are even more apparent. Physical data is poorly presented, being included in the narrative rather than set apart in table form; schematics and silhouettes are not provided; and, alterations or modifications mentioned in the biographies are poorly described. It would have been desirable to have had more pictures of each ship that held the same name, while, instead, a single photograph of usually the last vessel of that name is shown, without a date. Inasmuch as the biographies are listed alphabetically, there should have been an index by hull number. While this volume fills a gap that long needed closing, it is, most regrettably, not the reference work it could have been.
H. T. Lenton’s splendid little production, Navies oj the Second World War—American Battleships, Carriers and Cruisers (London: Macdonald, 15 shillings), very nearly fills the role as a supplement to the battleships book. This is because Lenton’s book includes the known specifications and characteristics of the ships in tabled format in hull number sequence. In a similar format, and by the same author, is Navies oj the Second World War —Royal Netherlands Navy (London: Macdonald, 15 shillings). This pocket-size volume covers the entire force of warships and auxiliaries in the Dutch Home and East Indies Fleets. As with the previous entry, there are included the details for those ships that were authorized or under construction but never completed.
Closing out this section of our discussion is the well-done little volume Italian Warships oj World War II (London: Ian Allan, 30 shillings). The editor, Aldo Fraccaroli, has listed all the fighting ships of the Italian Navy; also included are the ships which never became operational and those ships from other countries, which served under the Italian flag or were under repairs for such purpose.
Annuals and Reviews
Over the years, one begins to look upon this group as predictable acquaintances. So, it is with some anticipation that changes, additions, and improvements are sought.
Though now in its 70th year, Jane's Fighting Ships 1967-68 (McGraw-Hill, $45.00) constantly strives for improvement, and this edition is no exception. While a slightly larger type face may be considered by some as only a minor improvement, a major refinement has been made in chapter format—one which has strengthened the volume as a reference tool. Appearing in the preamble to each national chapter is a table enumerating the ships in each class, making possible a quick appraisal of fleet strength without having to turn pages to make a ship count. A chapter has been added covering naval aircraft and missiles. For this 70th anniversary edition, a special chapter entitled “A Century of Warship Development” offers a selection of some of the most interesting designs recorded in the successive editions—designs that best reflect advances in naval architecture and weaponry. As always, Jane's editorial has some very interesting observations. This year’s comments are focused on the use of aircraft carriers in limited war situations, as well as a very guarded prediction that Russia will build her first, true carrier.
Jane's Surface Skimmer Systems (McGraw- Hill, $9.95) is new in the Jane's series and concerns itself with describing and illustrating every new commercial and military air cushion vehicle, whether amphibious, seagoing, or tracked. With more and more of these vehicles leaving the experimental and novelty stage and coming into everyday use, there has been a great need for a survey work in this rapidly developing field. This latest addition is a “state-of-the-art” report and is most welcome on that account. Naturally thin (only 136 pages), in this first effort, more comprehensive editions should prove to be the rule in the future.
Because of the dominance of Jane's and obvious advantage enjoyed by similar English-language publications, there has been a tendency to ignore other comparable references. The 1968 edition of Flottes de Combat (Paris: Editions Maritimes et D’Outre-Mefi 75 French francs) has made a fine attempt at effecting some limited shift in the reliance placed on such works in English. Following a foreword in English and French, the latest ship data is presented in an improved format, supported by many new photographs and plans. Quite naturally, in the section °n France, the first French ballistic, nuclear- powered submarine is presented in addition to a generous coverage of French naval aviation. This is the format Henri Le Masson follows for the navies of the world. A “Conversion Factors and Tables” chart is in each issue to help the reader translate measurements to American terms. An addendum places special emphasis on surface ships to be built by Great Britain within the next ten years; the section on the U. S. Navy describes the boats being used for inshore and river operations in Vietnam. This edition lS a fine improvement over those of previous years. It will be interesting to note for the next few years whether the improvement continues or stops with this one effort.
Even though the following two compda' tions are many years apart in publication experience and tradition, a reader can ap' proach Brassey's and the Naval Review with a feeling of confidence. These two works woulo greatly enlarge any reader’s awareness by providing some very educated guesses as to future events in the military world—f°re- casts that are accurately balanced again®1 the ever-present political and economic realities. While Brassey's Annual: The Am]e Forces Yearbook 1967 (Praeger, $16.50) strikes a balance between analysis and recapitm lation and does survey the future, the NaV° Review 1968 (U. S. Naval Institute, $12.5^’ members, $10.00), in three parts with 1 essays, has definitely altered its philosophy’ Though previously, it did its best at accurate!) gauging the future, this year is given over t0 analyzing the problems found in the imnic diate past. This is not to say that the ind1vidual essays are any less well-considered than 'n previous years—they are still thought provoking in their own right—but the zest of looking ahead is gone. The nearest attempt at predicting future trends is a digested version of the Department of Defense Program for the period 1968 through 1972, and that hardly counts.
War of 1812
Two of the most famous frigates to serve 'n the Navy during the War of 1812 were the Constitution and the Chesapeake; the former still afloat in Boston Harbor, the latter climaxed her career on 1 June 1813 when she sailed °ut of Boston harbor to battle the British frigate Shannon, and set in motion a lasting historical controversy.
Reprinted from the Pennsylvania Magazine °f History and Biography, the Journal Kept on board the Frigate Constitution, 1812 (Lincoln, Mass.: William D. Sawtell, SI.00) by Surgeon Amos A. Evans, U. S. Navy, is a fascinating Piece of naval Americana, which retells some of the ship’s famous actions from the Viewpoint of a very interested participant. In Che Chesapeake—A Biography of a Ship (Chesapeake, Va.: Norfolk County Historical Association, $1.00), the ill-fated frigate is remembered in a slim volume that takes the ship, from the day of her launching at Gosport Shipyard, through the war with France and *he Tripolitan Wars, and beyond the battle With the Shannon, to her unglamorous end—• being broken-up for building timbers for houses in Portsmouth, England. From her beginning, the Chesapeake was a luckless ship '''hen it came to the men who served in her. Only the words of her mortally wounded captain, “Don’t give up the ship,” saved her from complete shame.
Both volumes are paperbacks and well tvorth their nominal cost.
Pre-World War I to Pre-World War II
In The Landing at Veracruz: 1914 (U. S. ^aval Institute, $8.50), author Jack Sweet- r'ian does much to recapture the atmosphere °f this international incident that so troubled the world a few months before events of even Sreater import underlined this concern. Had 't not been for the tragedy of World War I, this armed intervention by the United States into the domestic affairs of a Latin American country would not have been relegated so quickly to historical insignificance in this country. This is a view which, it might be added, is not shared completely in Mexico. The author’s father was a Navy signalman who took part in the landing.
On the last day of May 1916, little more than two years after the forgotten Veracruz incident, the main fleets of Great Britain and Imperial Germany finally met in battle. Jutland: An Eyewitness Account of a Great Battle (John Day, $4.50), edited by Stuart Legg, brings together personal letters, ships’ logs and observations by the officers and men on both sides of this most controversial sea battle that saw the German Fleet defeat, in a tactical sense, a larger British Fleet. But, the Germans lost strategically in that Britain retained command of the seas and the Germans never ventured another battle. While this compilation requires more explanatory comment by the editor than he needed in his last work of this type, Trafalgar, Jutland is certainly a splendid companion to that earlier volume.
Quickly read in a few hours, Charles Minor Blackford’s pleasant memoir, Torpedoboat Sailor (U. S. Naval Institute, $7.50), recalls his experiences as a teenage enlisted man in the World War I era Navy when he served in torpedoboat destroyers, the predecessors of today’s multipurpose destroyers.
As the old saying goes, “the more things change; the more they remain the same.” And so it was at the conclusion of World War I, as the once-firm Allies, after defeating the Hun, returned to their ante-bellum routine of mutual suspicion. Captain Stephen Roskill brings into sharp focus those areas of disagreement that beset Britain and the United States from 1919 through 1929. Even with its naturally heavy British orientation, this is a remarkable document as it sweeps back and forth between the Allied antagonists. It would be an easy matter to find fault with certain details or with the apportionment of detailed treatment as the author attempts to establish backgrounds for the important controversies of that day inside both the Royal Navy and the U. S. Navy, but this book, even if it were not the first of a two-volume study, would be entirely capable of standing on its own merits.
Naval Policy between the Wars (Collins, 70 shillings) must be judged as a most important contribution to the understanding of naval history and the most important naval book published in 1968.
As the world moved inexorably toward another global conflict, the United States had retreated politically into an isolationist shell in matters of international politics; and, domestically was trying to shake off the paralyzing effects of an economic depression. While the American public in 1937 was not completely unaware of the war clouds gathering at various trouble spots around the globe, neutralism was the predominent sentiment.
The Panay Incident: Prelude to War (Purdue University Studies, $4.75) by Manny T. Koginos is not so much interested with the actual sinking of the Panay—only one chapter deals with the bombing-—as with the events preceding the attack and the issues which immediately followed. Domestic reactions toward the incident are studied in detail, with the conclusion that the Panay was the vital ingredient needed to pass the Vinson-Trammed Naval Bill in May 1938—the largest peacetime naval appropriation passed until that time. This act was equally important in moving the United States from neutralism to a more realistic regard for the events which lay around the corner at Pearl Harbor.
World War II
The early days of World War II were dark indeed for the anti-Axis Allies. France was defeated; all of central and eastern Europe had been absorbed into the new German empire; northern Europe was occupied, and Great Britain, virtually alone, carried on the struggle. Driven from the Continent with the fall of France, the British Army constantly looked for ways to reassert itself as a power to be heeded. In two separate, yet interrelated volumes, the technological difficulties in deploying a military force on the fringes of Fortress Europe are analyzed by J. L. Moulton in A Study oj Warfare in Three Dimensions (Ohio University Press, $6.50) and by Joseph H. Devins, Jr., in The Vaagso Raid (Chilton, $4.50). The Norwegian campaign was undertaken during the same period that saw the British Expeditionary Force pushed into Dunkirk. But in the North, the British were attempting a counteroffensive in which they combined, and fully employed for the first time, sea, air, and land elements of modern warfare. Written by a man uniquely qualified by his experiences as Britain’s former chief of amphibious warfare, the account describes the poor co-ordination of these three elements, which resulted in the land forces fumbling without clear directives, unsupported from the air, without proper weapons, and thrown against extreme weather conditions as well as a determined enemy. As a part of the analysis of this campaign, the book draws some in* teresting comparisons between British faults in Norway and a later American victory m Guadalcanal. After the debacles of Dunkirk and Norway in the spring of 1940, the British very badly needed to demonstrate to the Germans and to themselves that an offensive spirit still flourished. Returning to Norway late in December 1941, British and Norwegian commandos carried out a daring raid against a prepared, defensive position, and, m so doing, gained valuable experience in in* terservice co-operation needed for success m amphibious operations, correcting many the mistakes so apparent in their earlier Norwegian campaign. At the same time, they unwittingly convinced Hitler that any European invasion would come from the North rather than from directly across the English Channel.
By 1942, the United States was well int° its Pacific Theater operations, and was taking the long road back across that Ocean with a landing on Guadalcanal in August. The Guadalcanal campaign became a bloody stalemate with both sides using the sea to bring in men and material in order to break the deadlock. As a result, a number of cruiser- destroyer actions occurred in the waters immediately adjacent to the island. In D" Battle of Cage Esperance (Crowell, $5.95)) Charles Cook has meticulously sorted out the chronology of one of the most confusing sea battles of the war. Described from bot Japanese and American viewpoints, the author has managed to gather together an impressive amount of facts. Though this is * book that cannot be read quickly, the author s journalistic style keeps the facts from getting any more confused than the original battle-
Another pair of separately published bn1
r'ugs a wealth of personal experience to this °rt and is able to offer interesting dis-
related books are by two equally well-known authors, Captain John M. Waters, Jr., U. S. Coast Guard, and Vice-Admiral B. B. Schofield, Royal Navy, with Lieutenant Com- niander L. F. Martyn, Royal Navy. Captain Waters has provided a vivid account of the eritical months of the Battle of the Atlantic in his Bloody Winter (Van Nostrand, $6.95). He uses previously unpublished archives of the German U-boat Command and recol- iections of German submariners to provide a Welcome balance to what could have been a very one-sided tale. Schofield and Martyn fiave written an interesting story, in which they were both personally involved, of The fescue Ships (Blackwood, 30 shillings). Start- *hg with six nearly unaltered British coastal Passenger ships, the Rescue Service grew into an efficient organization which made an important contribution to the winning of the battle of the Atlantic. Both volumes make Editions to the history of World War II convoying.
A Different Kind of War (Doubleday, $7.95) bV the late Vice Admiral Milton E. Miles, H. S. Navy, is an autobiographical account °f the “Rice Paddy Navy” of the U. S. Naval Hroup, China. Starting as a Commander "fith a staff of two, the author eventually beetle a rear admiral, commanding 1,800 ^en. His story carries through from the organization and operation of his unusual ^r°up into the post-operation days after the ™ar was over. Very critical of the U. S. jWniy staff system and equally critical of ^reaucratic governmental procedures, this, Undoubtedly, will be a controversial book because it is not just an interesting and per- s°nal history of a previously little-reported ,ar effort, but because it is also a scathing U^ictment of the U. S. postwar policy in
Hhina.
i<5till another kind of war is recorded in j°°n 39 (Atheneum, $7.50) by Donald Mc- achlan. In a real sense, this volume acts as U historical filler-piece for many of the opera- !l°nal studies of World War II. It shows the Ujner-workings of the British Admiralty’s
''aval Intelligence Division. The author 0:'
eff,
CUssions of the principles, philosophy, and application of military intelligence, as well
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The Flying Cloud painting by Mr. Warren Sheppard which appeared on the cover of the April 196k Proceedings is now available in full-color as large- size print (26,X22") suitable for framing. List Price $5.00 each. Member’s price $Jf.OO.
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of
of the first naval aviators, these memoirs
1882-
as providing assessments of the many fascinating personalities involved with this particular group.
Korean War
MacArthur’s landing at Inchon is viewed by two closely entwined books that are completely different in approach: Victory at High Tide (Lippincott, $8.95) by Robert Debs Heinl, Jr., and Walter Sheldon’s Hell Or High Water (Macmillan, $7.95). In order to avoid an American Dunkirk at the Pusan perimeter during the early, dark months of the Korean War, General MacArthur decided to get behind the North Korean Army as quickly as possible. MacArthur’s amphibious invasion at Inchon overcame both natural and manmade obstacles to break the back of the enemy forces. Sheldon’s book is a rather straightforward chronicling of the events, with only some analysis of the personalities involved. Heinl’s version closely examines the step-by-step planning and the execution of the landing itself, while providing interesting commentary on the inter-service clashes which occurred during the first years of the Armed Forces unification, and the effects of these clashes on the planning of the Inchon landing.
Personal Histories
A first-class sailor and a well-read author, Alan Villiers recounts the amazing feats of navigation and exploration performed by one of the world’s great seamen in the biog' raphy of Captain James Cook (Scribners, $7.50)- Well told, this is an exciting sea story that, because of the book’s excellent appendixes, is also a fine reference on the art of sailing m the 18 th century.
Though separated in time from Captain Cook, Vice-Admiral Richard Bell Davies represents the same fine tradition of the Royal Navy that Cook helped mold. As one a Sailor in the Air (Peter Davies, 42 shillings) draw a unique picture of the hazards of the aeroplane in its earliest years and the devil' may-care spirit of the men who flew them- Later in his career, the author was involved in carrier design, having helped in projects on the first arresting-gear and flight-deck barrier. During his long and distinguished career Admiral Davies earned the Victon3 Cross, in 1915, and in 1941 accepted a lower rank in order to gain a ship command.
While it is obviously not rare to have two books complement one another, either by accident or design, it is most unusual to have three works evidence this relationship. Three fine pieces have appeared in the field of U- $• Navy biography: each of which was pub' lished somewhat independently, each coul stand on its own, together they form a most interesting trilogy as their common subjects- The books involve the Rodgers and PerO families, who were bound to the Navy and to each other.
Commodore John Rodgers, 1773-1838 (U* ’
Naval Institute, $10.00), by Charles b ’ Paullin, published in 1910, logically forms 3 duo with newly published volume by Robe E. Johnson, Rear Admiral John Rodgers, 18' . 1882 (U. S. Naval Institute, $10.00). Here is the story of a father-and-son team that WaS completely identified with the Navy from t father’s commissioning in 1798 to the sort death, while still on active duty in
These biographies give us an unusual glimpse of the Navy and its inner workings as it grew from a position of relative impotence following the Revolution, through the individual ship actions of the War of 1812, into the innovative and powerful force it was in the Civil War, and on into its decline following that period.
The third point of this triangle is held by the indefatigable Samuel Eliot Morison with his outstanding “Old Bruin": Commodore
Matthew Calbraith Perry (Little, Brown, $12.50). Although there have been other biographies of Matthew Perry, this work is, undoubtedly, the one which will best re-establish a historical perspective for Oliver Perry’s younger brother. This is a first-rate account of the many-faceted career of a master seaman, an outstanding naval officer, and a shrewd diplomat, who climaxed that career by opening Japan to the outside world. In fact, nearly half of the book is a deft tracing of Perry’s Negotiations with Japan in 1853 and 1854.
Though all three authors try to be fair in presenting their subjects, Paullin and Johnson deserve better marks than Morison. The most obvious example is the handling of the Ringgold affair, an 1853 version of the present- hay Arnheiter imbroglio, in which John Rodg ers II and Matthew Perry were intimately involved. Johnson meets the problem head on; Morison never mentions it. But such criticism of the Morison work must be regarded as relatively minor in considering the total effort, either as individual pieces or Parts of a larger whole.
After describing three truly monumental Pieces of scholarship, it seems a little incongruous to mention a small, paperback version
a memoir originally published in England a century ago. Taking the nom de guerre
Captain Roberts,” Augustus Charles Ho- hart Hampden took leave from the Royal Navy to command a Civil War blockade rUnner in the years 1863-1864. He made 12 sUccessful trips through the Union blockade and acquired a fortune doing it. He tells of his experiences in Never Caught (The Blockade Runner Museum, no price given).
The Rescuer (Harper & Row, $5.95) by f*eter Maas is a semi-autobiography of the late Vice Admiral Charles B. Momsen, U. S. ^avy. He was constantly battling against the conventional wisdom of Navy bureaucracy in order to carry forward his work in underwater technology, and managed to save the crew of a nearly-doomed submarine. By far, the best parts of the book deal with the loss of the USS Squalus in 1939 and, because of its content, rather than for its writing style, is a useful companion to Admiral Lockwood’s submarine stories.
Edited and translated by Daniel Horn, War, Mutiny and Revolution in the German Navy (Rutgers University Press, $10.00) is the diary of Seaman Richard Stumpf of the German Navy, which is significant, fascinating, and a unique historical document that intimately describes the day-to-day life, and the eventual deterioration, of the Kaiser’s fleet.
Just as satisfying, for providing a rare view of a neglected area of maritime interest, is another diary edited by Robert H. Burgess. Coasting Captain, the Journal oj Captain Leonard S. Tawes (The Mariners Museum, $8.50) is a superlative document that fills a gap left empty by historians. It describes in very human terms the business of sailing schooners in the Atlantic coastwise trade, which extended from Maine to the southern coasts of South America. A product of Maryland’s Eastern Shore, Tawes began his life at sea in 1868, when he signed on as a cook on a pungy boat, and retired in 1922, after bringing home a four-masted schooner from Nassau. From 1922 until his death in 1932 he wrote his memoirs, which, with only a bit of editorial intrusion, are the basis for this remarkable volume.
General
Starting with the very distant past and working forward in rough chronological order, this section is made up of eight completely different books.
Carefully researched and documented, John Van Duyn Southworth’s The Ancient Fleets (Twayne, $7.50) traces naval warfare as it was fought by galleys beginning about 2600 B.G., and ending with the battles between Japanese and Korean turtle boats, in 1597. A much deeper and wider-ranging work than People, Seas and Ships published in 1966, the book discusses in detail the development of ships, equipment, and tactics, while certain land battles and political affairs are
briefly summarized in order to put the corresponding sea battles in their proper historical perspective.
While it is not uncommon for the history of a famous battle to focus on the personalities of the rival commanders, it is a bit rare for a work, in this instance, The Spanish Armada (Crowell, $6.95) by Michael Lewis, to analyze the influence exerted by the social structures in England and Spain at that time. It compares the strengths and weaknesses of both sides, as well as those of the crews, their living conditions, and their ships.
For over two centuries, the quality of sailing speed was commonly judged by “record passages” between ports or by record “day’s runs,” without account being taken of the differences in sizes of ships, cargoes, weather conditions, quality of commands or, the most important matter, of ship designs. It is this last factor which is analyzed by Howard I. Chapelle in The Search for Speed Under Sail 1700-1855 (Norton, $20.00). In order to arrive at an accurate evaluation of relative design excellence, he examines the application of modern projections and hydrodynamics to the plans of some 103 American- built vessels. According to the coefficients developed in this book, many a modern yachtsman would be surprised to discover that his racing machine rates rather poorly in a comparison against many of the commercial ships listed; current designs mostly show their superiority only in sailing to windward.
Well-told and intelligently detailed, The Far and the Deep (Putnam, $6.95) must be regarded as the most comprehensive history of submarining to date. Starting with the Turtle of Revolutionary War fame, the nearly two centuries of submarining is recorded in action- episode fashion as the author, Commander Edward P. Stafford (an aviator and not a submariner) relates this past history to the powerful nuclear, missile-firing submarines that now cruise the ocean depths.
Sometimes delightfully irreverent in his approach, Leslie Gardiner has charted all the foibles of The British Admiralty (Blackwood, 50 shillings) as it moves ponderously through time. This history of the Royal Navy’s ruling body is a fine change of pace when compared to many organizational histories; it could have been written as stuffily as a bureaucrat s memorandum.
Obviously of little interest to most, owing to subject matter and cost, Marine Paintings and Drawings in the Peabody Museum (The Peabody Museum, $50.00) is a catalog of maritime art that contains over 1,500 illustrations. Unfortunately, because of cost, only some 60 of the paintings are reproduced as col or plates. M. V. Brewington, the former Curator of Maritime History at the Peabody, and his wife Dorothy, have included every marine picture received by the Museum from 1799 to 1 January 1966, representing nearly major marine artists and nearly every type sailing craft and steamship.
Lacking only a bibliography to put itsen into a top-scholar class, Great Britain in the Indian Ocean 1810-1850 (Oxford University Press, $12.00) by G. S. Graham describes the many activities of British naval units in the 35 years following Napoleon’s defeat and relates those activities to the British home situation and Continental politics. .
In Soviet Naval Strategy (U. S. Naval Institute, $9.00), Robert W. Herrick analyzeS intensively the last 50 years of Russia’s concepts of seapower, and her application of it, 111 order to assess her present naval strength and, more importantly, her intentions. The author’s main thesis, which is contrary to muc professional thought and to current events, is that the Soviet Navy is not an offensive weapon but, rather, is still a defensive mecha nisin tied to the Soviet land mass. An arnaz ingly extensive bibiliography serves to supp01"1 his reasoning, both analytical and historica • Perhaps the weakest link in an otherwise fine piece of scholarship is the analyst’s reliance on interpreting an opponent’s “intentions when, perhaps, more weight should l'a' been given to capabilities.
Conclusion
As was noted last year in these pages, there were many good books published about t ground war in Vietnam, but there was a rc grettable lack of information describing 1 naval aspect of the war. Unfortunately * deficiency continues.
★