Events of the past year in Crimea, East Asia, and elsewhere have forced nations to reexamine their defense commitments and preparedness. Many major navies may be underinvested in high-end warfighting capabilities as a result of strategies that often emphasized low-threat environments. Maritime law enforcement, humanitarian assistance, and coastal security will remain important for fleets of all sizes, but larger militaries have now been reminded that they must also be prepared for high-threat contingencies if called into action.
This review of the world’s navies presents a snapshot of activities and developments during the past year. It is arranged by region, with nations discussed alphabetically under each subheading.
Australia/Asia
Australia’s amphibious fleet gained an enormous new asset last November as the first Canberra-class large-deck amphibious-assault ship was commissioned into service. Displacing more than 27,000 tons when fully loaded, the 757-foot warship can carry a dozen helicopters and more than 1,000 combat troops. A second unit, HMAS Adelaide, is expected to enter service in 2016. In 2014 Australia also began receiving the first of 12 LCM-1E landing craft and decommissioned the last remaining Balikpapan-class landing craft from service.
The Air Warfare Destroyer program continues to suffer delays and cost overruns with three 7,000-ton Hobart-class destroyers now due to enter service between 2016 and 2019. Upgrades to the ANZAC-class frigates are well under way as new radars and weapons are being added to all eight ships of the class through 2017. Australia plans to acquire new replenishment ships in the future and has a long-term requirement to replace the ANZAC class with eight modern frigates from the 2020s. Australia plans to acquire up to a dozen long-range diesel submarines to replace the Collins class from the mid-2020s. Defense leaders had been hoping to build the submarines domestically, but are also looking to both Europe and Japan where the Soryu-class submarines remain a leading contender.
Australia has 24 MH-60R naval helicopters on order and plans to procure 8 P-8A Poseidon maritime-patrol aircraft beginning in 2017. New long-range Triton unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are also planned for long-range intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance missions beginning in 2017.
Azerbaijan is making an effort to enhance its border security and meet threats to its energy resources in the Caspian Sea. A new shipyard facility under construction near Baku has produced 88-foot patrol boats and will also contribute to upgrades of its small fleet of border guard and patrol craft.
Bangladesh has been expanding its coast guard. A total of 25 Defiant-class 38-foot boats and 21 Defender-class 25-foot boats will have been delivered from the United States by the end of 2015. Bangladesh has also received combatants and small craft from the United Kingdom, China, and South Korea. New domestically built UAVs for maritime surveillance and training are also entering service. Bangladesh hopes to acquire submarines in the future and reportedly expects to procure two Ming-class units from China around 2019.
Brunei took part in its first Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) exercise in 2014, sending a duo of offshore-patrol vessels to sail in the international naval drills off the coast of Hawaii. The country has a requirement for new maritime-patrol aircraft and is expected to acquire several CN-235s in the near future.
China is perfecting its anti-access/area-denial capabilities while also establishing a more robust fleet aimed at blue-water operations. China remains active in counterpiracy operations off the coast of Africa and is enhancing its ability to project power farther into the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Chinese submarines, warships, and aircraft are operating far from their home waters more frequently, and in 2014 a Chinese Song-class submarine made a foreign port call for the first time ever, stopping in Sri Lanka while a Chinese destroyer and frigate helped strengthen ties with Iran during a visit to Bandar Abbas. This past summer several modern PLAN warships attended the RIMPAC naval exercises hosted by the United States, as a non-participating Chinese intelligence-collection ship also watched and monitored the exercises from afar.
Chinese naval and military technology is closing the gap with Western capabilities, as its scientists work to copy and design advanced systems that are entering service on board increasingly capable warships. Space surveillance is also expanding with the launch of new satellites thought to have an ocean-surveillance capability.
Analysts now believe that China plans for a force of around four full-sized aircraft carriers, including the active 59,000-ton (full load) Liaoning, which entered service in late 2012, and a second carrier expected for delivery around 2020. New carrier-based aircraft are concomitantly under development.
By early 2014 three of the new Jin-class nuclear-powered ballistic-missile submarines are thought to have entered Chinese service, with two additional units likely planned. These SSBNs are being fitted to launch the new 4,000-nautical-mile range JL-2 ballistic missiles. New nuclear-powered attack submarines of the Shang class are under construction, and once these SSNs are completed production is expected to shift to the follow-on Type 095s. New conventional diesel submarines are also being designed and continue to join the fleet. A modified, extended-hull variant of the Type 041 Yuan class was reportedly launched in 2014.
The first new Luyang III (Type 052D) guided-missile destroyer, featuring enhanced radar and other improvements, entered service in 2014. A new Type 055 DDG is also said to be planned for the future. China has been fitting new towed-array sonar systems onto some of its Type 054A guided-missile destroyers and Type 056 corvettes, the 17th of which conducted trials this past summer. In November 2014 China also launched its first specialized antisubmarine variant of the Type 056.
China’s amphibious fleet has not been left behind in the buildup, and a fourth Type 071 amphibious-assault ship is thought to be under construction while a new class of large-deck helicopter-carrying amphibious-assault ship, dubbed the Type 081, is thought to be planned for the future.
China’s coast guard forces are awaiting delivery of two large 10,000-ton cutters, and a number of other 4,000- and 5,000-ton vessels are entering service. Other technology, such as wing-in ground-effect vehicles that fly just above the surface of the water, are also under development for missions such as coastal patrol and search-and-rescue operations.
India’s military has been falling behind its competitors and hopes to reverse this trend. Marking a significant departure from the past, the United States has now replaced Russia as the primary supplier of defense equipment to India’s armed forces. Though cooperation with Russia continues on several major projects, including the Brahmos antiship missile and the expansion of India’s SSBN program, India hopes to someday become a major arms exporter itself.
On 23 August 2014 India commissioned its first of four 3,100-ton Kamorta-class (Project 28) antisubmarine-warfare corvettes into service. The 358-foot ship was built domestically and can also be used for exclusive-economic-zone (EEZ) patrol, fisheries protection, and search-and-rescue duties. All of India’s Project 15 destroyers are built domestically, and the first 6,000-ton Kolkata-class (Project 15A) DDG was commissioned last summer, with two additional units planned for service by 2016. Four modified Project 15B destroyers are also planned for service beginning in 2017 and continuing through the 2020s. A plan to acquire eight mine-countermeasures ships from South Korea has run into problems, and India is now considering building its own MCM vessels domestically for delivery from the early 2020s.
India’s locally designed and built nuclear-powered ballistic-missile submarine, the 6,000-ton INS Arihant, was delivered in 2014 and is expected to commission in 2015. Two more SSBNs are reportedly under construction, and additional units are planned. The first of six diesel-powered Scorpène-class units are not expected to begin entering service until late in 2016 with all six boats to be delivered by 2022. The Project 75I submarine program, which is now running behind schedule and over budget, calls for delivery of six additional submarines in the 2020s, at least some of which are to be built domestically to an air independent propulsion–capable design. Early in 2014 one of India’s Russian-built Kilo-class submarines suffered a deadly fire, and this came less than a year after another Kilo boat sunk pierside following refurbishment in Russia.
A total of 45 MiG-29KUB fighters are being ordered for operation from India’s 45,000-ton aircraft carrier Vikramaditya, which entered service in 2013, and the new carrier Vikrant, a 40,000-ton vessel being built domestically and expected in service around 2018. In December India announced its intention to order 16 Sikorsky S-70B Seahawk maritime helicopters. India also has a requirement for as many as 100 naval-utility helicopters and is nearing a deal to order 15 US-2i seaplanes from Japan. Delays continue to plague the naval variant of the Light Combat Aircraft program, which remains important for India’s aviation capabilities and industrial-base preservation.
India’s coast guard has grown significantly since plans were announced to triple its size following the 2008 Mumbai terrorist attack. Dozens of new fast interceptor boats, hovercraft, patrol boats, and maritime-patrol aircraft continue to enter service. Scores of new coast guard stations have been built with new radars contributing to enhanced maritime domain awareness as the coast guard and local police work to improve coordination and response to maritime incidents.
Indonesia’s strategic location and large coastline make intelligence and surveillance an important priority in the fight against maritime piracy and crime. The country seeks to enhance its domestic warship design-and-construction productivity and is increasing its naval presence to ensure protection of disputed territory. Shortfalls include a lack of modern antisubmarine-warfare capabilities as well as command, control, and communications problems that hinder naval operations. Regardless of technology, however, there are simply not enough vessels to effectively patrol Indonesia’s waters. Acquisition priorities include offshore-patrol vessels, new warships, and patrol aircraft such as the N-219 aircraft being ordered for maritime operations.
Indonesia plans to modernize the radars and sensors on some existing frigates, and the fleet took delivery of its third and final British-built 1,500-ton F-2000 guided-missile corvette, also known as the Bung Tomo class, this past September. Indonesia recently received three domestically produced KRC-60M missile patrol boats and by 2024 plans to develop and build as many as 20 new 200-foot, high-speed, stealthy composite missile boats. Indonesia has ordered three German-designed Type 209 submarines for delivery from 2017. The first two submarines will be built in South Korea while the third unit is to be built domestically with foreign assistance. Indonesia hopes to acquire as many as ten additional submarines by 2024.
Japan’s perception of itself and its responsibilities are changing rapidly as the result of an increasingly assertive China. This past year Japan’s self-defense forces received government approval to undertake collective defense of its allies under specific circumstances. This major reinterpretation of Japan’s constitution comes in line with increasing defense budgets, a strengthening of its domestic defense industry, and enhanced cooperation with allies and neighbors. Japan plans to deploy new coastal-defense antiship missiles on Kyushu Island by 2017 and is examining their possible deployment farther south, closer to contested territory.
Japan has been expanding its fleet of Aegis ballistic-missile and air-defense destroyers and has expressed interest in the Aegis Ashore program for land-based missile defense. The Maritime Self-Defense Force is planning to increase the size of its destroyer and frigate fleet to 54 ships and its submarine fleet to 22 boats. The last of four new Akizuki-class destroyers entered service in 2014, while an improved Akizuki class is now planned for delivery beginning in 2017. Construction of additional Soryu-class submarines is also ongoing.
This past October sea trials began on Japan’s new 24,000-ton, 925-foot helicopter-carrying warship Izumo. Expected in service during 2015, the Izumo and a sister ship now under construction will be able to carry more than a dozen helicopters and 400 troops. Japan is also acquiring new SH-60 Seahawks for naval operations and MC-101 helicopters for mine countermeasures, while additional P-1 maritime-patrol aircraft are planned for service, as are 17 MV-22 Osprey tilt-rotor aircraft.
Kazakhstan hopes to strengthen its forces in the Caspian Sea and could purchase as many as nine foreign-designed guided-missile patrol boats or corvettes. The country also has two 165-ton mine-countermeasures craft under construction in Russia, which are expected in service by 2017. Kazakhstan recently launched its third 240-ton missile boat and is likely to build more. The country is expanding it shipbuilding capability and plans for a new shipyard near Aktau.
Malaysia’s maritime forces were involved in several major search-and-rescue operations this past year, including for Asia Air flight QZ850, which went down in December, and the still-missing Malaysia Airlines Flight 370, lost in March 2014. The country’s naval assets are stretched thin, especially off eastern Malaysia where forces are working to counter piracy and foreign claims on contested territory.
New auxiliary logistics and support ships are an important priority for the future as are patrol ships and corvettes, which are sought to replace or supplement older fast-attack craft and warships, some of which are being retired while others receive life extensions and upgrades. This past summer Malaysia ordered six 2,500-ton Gowind corvettes from France for delivery beginning in 2019. Malaysia is also looking to expand its rotary-wing fleet and hopes to acquire a mix of new antisubmarine-warfare and maritime training helicopters in the future.
Myanmar is undergoing a naval modernization and expanding the reach of its maritime assets. In early 2014 it held an 11-vessel live-fire exercise. Its maritime forces are in the market for a wide array of new ships, and the country is working with China to build additional 348-foot Aung Zeya–class frigates and new guided-missile patrol craft. The first of a new class of stealthy 69-foot torpedo boats entered service in 2014, and media reports indicate plans to establish a submarine capability in the near future. Acquisition of a large amphibious-assault/transport-dock vessel is also planned, and Myanmar’s air force is looking to acquire new maritime-patrol aircraft.
New Zealand’s ANZAC-class frigates are being modernized under a plan that will improve engineering and HVAC systems as well as upgrade combat systems and introduce the new short-range Sea Ceptor surface-to-air missile into service between 2016 and 2018. Aviation plans include the acquisition of ten new SH-2G Super Seasprite helicopters beginning in 2015 to replace older ones currently in service. Purchase of a third 1,600-ton offshore-patrol vessel is also under consideration.
North Korea continues to occasionally threaten a possible fourth nuclear test and this past year fired more ballistic missiles into the Sea of Japan. North Korean artillery also fired into disputed South Korean waters, provoking an artillery barrage of its own from the South. There appears to have been little in the way of modernization for North Korea’s outdated navy, which places heavy emphasis on submarines and small boats. In mid-2014 North Korean dictator Kim Jong-un made a high-profile tour of an aging Romeo-class submarine, which put to sea briefly for the event.
Pakistan hopes to expand its submarine capability and is looking to China as a likely future supplier. On 6 September the Pakistani frigate Zulfiqar came under terrorist attack at a naval base in Karachi in what appears to have been a failed attempt to capture the warship as she was readying for an international deployment. This incident highlights the many challenges faced by a country at the center of the international fight against terrorism.
The Philippines is enhancing its ability to monitor maritime traffic and is working with the United States to expand a network of coastal maritime radars. On 28 April 2014 the country signed an Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement allowing the Philippines to host U.S. military forces on a rotational basis. In summer 2014 U.S. CARAT exercises off the Philippines included extensive training and activities in the South China Sea and featured the first-ever landing of a Philippine naval helicopter on a U.S. Navy warship, as a newly delivered AW109 conducted qualifications on the destroyer USS John S. McCain (DDG-56). The Philippine navy, which is sorely outclassed by many of its neighbors, also requires new aircraft and vessels for long-range patrol duties and will need to look at higher-capability warships, such as guided-missile frigates, if it hopes bring its all-gun navy into the missile age. The Philippines also hopes to purchase new amphibious assets, including two 7,000-ton amphibious transport ships, each able to move some 500 troops to assist with strategic lift and humanitarian-response efforts.
The Seychelles received two 200-ton patrol boats this past year. One was donated by China and the other from India to assist with security and counter-piracy operations.
Singapore plans for a force of eight new 1,200-ton flexible littoral-mission vessels, which will be reconfigurable for different operations. Delivery of the class is expected to begin in 2016 for eventual replacement of the Fearless-class guided-missile patrol craft. Singapore is also looking to begin replacing its Victory-class corvettes during the 2020s. Naval leaders have started looking at next-generation tank-landing ships and fast new utility landing craft to replace the current amphibious ships now in service. The submarine force is awaiting two new air-independent-propulsion Type 218SG submarines from Germany with deliveries set to begin in 2020; additional submarines may be purchased in the future.
South Korea is investing heavily in air- and missile-defense capabilities, which are strengthened by the acquisition of new Aegis DDGs to supplement the older KDX-series destroyers now in service. By early 2015 the first three Incheon-class frigates were active and a fourth unit was expected for delivery in 2016. More than 20 Incheon-class frigates may eventually be built in modified variants to replace older Ulsan-class frigates and Pohang-class corvettes. Four domestically built Type 214 submarines have entered service by early 2015, and once this class of nine subs is delivered South Korea will begin transitioning to a new 3,000-ton submarine program known as KSS-III, which is expected to enter service beginning in the mid-2020s. South Korea continues to expand its amphibious capabilities and plans to have a second 656-foot, 19,000-ton (full load) Dokdo-class large-deck amphibious-assault ship in service around 2018. A new class of 7,000-ton landing ships has also begun to enter service with four of the LSTs planned.
Sri Lanka received two 125-foot Bay-class patrol boats from Australia this past year. The ex–Hervey Bay was renamed the Omaya and sister ship ex–Corio Bay was rechristened the Oshadi.
Taiwan held amphibious landing exercises this past spring on disputed Taiping Island and is expanding the harbor there. The first of Taiwan’s new 500-ton guided-missile patrol boats built under the Hsun Hai project was commissioned in December 2014, and at least a dozen of the stealthy, heavily armed ships are expected to enter service. The Taiwanese fleet also hopes to acquire additional second-hand Oliver Hazard Perry–class frigates from the United States and to procure a new class of 700-ton mine-countermeasures ships from Italy beginning around 2020. The Taiwanese government is reexamining plans to build submarines domestically with reports recommending construction of four 1,500-ton submarines that could begin entering service in 2025, although skeptics consider this unlikely. Deliveries continue on 12 P-3C Orion maritime-patrol aircraft for Taiwan, and all are expected in service by 2016.
Thailand’s military coup in May 2014 strained ties with the United States, limiting U.S. military aid, training, and support. Thailand has ordered a new 3,700-ton frigate from South Korea, which is expected in service during 2017. A second frigate is also planned for the future. The Thai navy remains hopeful that a submarine capability will eventually be established; it reportedly has stood up a submarine squadron and is expanding its naval base at Sattahip in anticipation of a future order.
Turkmenistan has ordered a total of ten 400-ton patrol craft from Turkey since 2010, and at least some of these are reportedly being fitted with antiship and surface-to-air missiles. A new naval base and naval academy are under construction at Türkmenbashy on the Caspian Sea.
Vietnam has four 2,000-ton SIGMA 9814 missile corvettes on order from the Netherlands, some of which are expected to be built domestically with Dutch assistance to help strengthen its shipbuilding capabilities. Two additional Gepard-class frigates are on order from Russia, while Vietnam also plans to acquire new patrol vessels from India. India is considered a likely source for future submarine training as Vietnam continues to establish a fledgling sub force with delivery of new Kilo-class submarines under way from Russia. The Vietnamese coast guard has ordered new 295-foot Damen DN 2000 helicopter-carrying patrol ships and is in the market for new patrol aircraft and shipboard helicopters as well. The country was forced to take a firm stand in spring 2014 when a Chinese oil-drilling and exploration rig moved into hotly contested waters, and Vietnamese maritime forces were involved in collisions and other confrontations with Chinese vessels until the rig withdrew earlier than planned. In late 2014 the United States agreed to permit the export of maritime security–related items that will assist Vietnam with EEZ patrols and coastal security.
Europe
Belgium recently received its first 448-ton patrol and support ship, and a second unit is scheduled for delivery in 2015. The two ships, named the Castor and Pollux, are known as “ready duty ships” in Belgian service and will be used for EEZ-patrol duties, coastal security, and law enforcement activities.
Denmark has approved funding and announced a contract to build a third unit of the 1,750-ton Knud Rasmussen–class Arctic patrol ship, which is slated for delivery in 2017. The 236-foot Knud Rasmussen–class vessels are built with strengthened hulls and will help bolster Denmark’s Arctic capabilities.
Finland is restructuring and reorganizing its navy for increased efficiency and is in the process of upgrading many of its warships. Modernization has been completed on the Rauma (Helsinki II–class) guided-missile patrol craft, and beginning around 2017 the Hamina-class guided-missile patrol craft are to receive refits. The Hämeenmaa-class minelaying ships will be enhanced with improved ASW equipment, and all three of the new Katanpää-class mine-countermeasures ships are expected to be in service by the end of 2015. Deliveries have begun on the new U-700–class troop-landing craft, all 12 of which are to be in service by 2016, while some of the smaller and older landing craft are expected to receive upgrades. The acquisition of new multipurpose support ships are planned for the future to replace some of the current support ships nearing retirement age.
France’s military forces remain active in the fight against extremism and terrorism both at home and abroad as its navy has helped project power overseas. Amphibious forces will be strengthened by the recent order for three 213-foot multi-mission ships expected to replace the remaining Champlain-class medium landing vessels by 2016. The Aquitaine-class frigate program is progressing well. Eight of the new ships are planned, the third of which is due in service during 2015 with three more scheduled for delivery by 2020. In order to keep its frigate fleet well balanced, at least some of the older La Fayette class are to be upgraded with new sonar and improved ASW equipment. Work continues on the new Suffren (Barracuda)-class nuclear-powered attack submarines and the first of these SSNs is due in service by 2019 with all six subs expected by 2028. France’s nuclear ballistic-missile submarine fleet is also being upgraded, and new 5,500-mile range M51 submarine-launched ballistic missiles are replacing the older 3,000-mile range M45s. The new French F21 heavyweight torpedo is also due to begin entering service on board the French submarine fleet starting in 2016.
The French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle is expected to undergo her nuclear refueling in 2016, during which time she will be unavailable for deployment. French naval aviation forces will be retiring their fleet of Super Étendard strike aircraft in 2016 and have begun receiving upgraded Rafale M fighters fitted with active electronically scanned array radar. Some 27 NH90 maritime helicopters are currently on order, and several Atlantique 2 maritime-patrol aircraft are to be upgraded for future service.
Germany received its sixth and final Type 212A air-independent-propulsion submarine in 2014, and the first of four planned Baden-Württemberg (Type 125) frigates was launched last March for delivery in 2016. Germany has ordered 18 new Sea Lion variants of the NH90 NATO Frigate Helicopter, which are due to begin entering service in 2017. Germany has also announced plans to modernize its fleet of 8 P-3C Orion maritime-patrol aircraft in the near future.
Greece would like to order new frigates, but financial challenges hamper procurement efforts. A number of upgrades are planned to ensure current warships remain serviceable, including updates to the four MEKO 200 frigates and engineering enhancements for the ex-Dutch Kortenaer frigates (known as the Elli class in Greece). Several new Super Vita–class patrol boats are expected for delivery by 2016, and Greece hopes to re-engine its S-70 helicopters and bring its non-operational P-3B Orion patrol aircraft back into service.
In 2015 the Type 209 submarine Okeanos will be returned to service following her upgrade as the only Hellenic unit of her class to receive air-independent propulsion under the Neptune II program. This year Greece’s fourth and final Type 214 submarine will also be delivered from Germany following years of political and economic wrangling. Although additional submarine modernizations and acquisitions may be desired, they remain unlikely in the current fiscal environment.
Ireland received its first new 1,900-ton offshore-patrol vessel in spring 2014. Named the Samuel Beckett, she will be joined by a sister in 2015 to replace the Emer-class vessels in service.
Italy’s third Type 212A submarine was launched in October 2014 and will enter service in 2015, followed by the fourth and final unit in 2016. Ten Carlo Bergamini–class frigates are expected in service by the early 2020s. The third unit was delivered in early 2014, while a fourth unit is due for delivery in 2015. Italy’s naval aviation forces are planning to acquire 15 F-35B short-takeoff/vertical-landing (STOVL) aircraft for use from the aircraft carrier Cavour, although delivery dates have not yet been announced.
The Netherlands is boosting its defense spending after more than two consecutive decades of cuts. In 2014 the 28,500-ton, 671-foot joint support ship Karel Doorman joined the fleet as the largest vessel ever built for naval service with the Netherlands. Although not yet officially commissioned at the time, the ship was deployed to West Africa in the fall where she assisted with Ebola relief efforts. All four of the Netherlands’ Walrus-class submarines are being upgraded to extend service through the 2020s, and discussions have already begun for a follow-on submarine program that will eventually take their place.
Norway has decided that instead of upgrading its 6 Ula-class (Type 210) submarines it will instead look to acquire newly built replacement boats for service in the 2020s. The country is looking to modernize its auxiliary and support fleet and hopes to add new coast guard vessels for expanded service in the Arctic regions. A new 413-foot intelligence-collection ship, the Marjata, is being built to replace the current vessel, also named Marjata, around 2016. A 26,000-ton logistics-support vessel, built in South Korea to a British design, is under construction and is expected in Norwegian service by 2017.
Poland’s current plans call for acquiring new submarines around 2020 to replace the Type 207 and Kilo-class boats that are to be retired between 2017 and 2023. Poland’s navy also hopes to acquire new maritime-patrol aircraft and helicopters during the next decade, and the long-delayed MEKO A-100–class vessel is now expected to be delivered during 2016. To enhance its coastal-defense antiship capabilities, the country has ordered a second battery of Naval Strike Missiles from Norway. In the long term, Poland would like to expand its fleet to include new corvettes and offshore-patrol ships, mine-countermeasures vessels, as well as logistics-support and sealift vessels.
Portugal has purchased four retired Flyvefisken-class (Stanflex 300) multifunctional boats from Denmark. The 177-foot, 450-ton (full load) ships were designed to perform ASW, antiship, patrol, minesweeping/minelaying, survey, research, or auxiliary missions. The four vessels are currently undergoing modernization for delivery in 2016.
Romania hopes to modernize its two ex-British Boxer-class frigates with new sensors and combat systems, although funding remains a challenge. Romania would also like to ensure its single Kilo-class submarine can be properly maintained and seeks to acquire new mine-countermeasures ships and corvettes in the future.
Russia’s activities in Ukraine this past year have sent shock waves through the international community. The Russian military is working to replace its aging equipment and modernize its forces, but Western sanctions and the falling price of oil have dealt a double blow to its plans and economy. As Russia increasingly isolates itself from the West it is marching toward closer cooperation with China, and in June 2014 Sino-Russian naval assets conducted their first-ever joint exercises in the East China Sea. Russia also seeks to expand its Arctic capabilities and has activated a new Arctic-centered joint strategic command, which includes the Northern Fleet. The former Ukrainian naval base at Crimea, now in Russian hands, is being expanded, and additional Russian warships will be heading to the Black Sea. Six new Admiral Grigorovich–class frigates and six new Kilo-class submarines are expected to join Russia’s Black Sea Fleet as the vessels are commissioned through 2020. Russia is also expanding its Caspian presence with naval exercises and plans for delivery of new Buyan-class corvettes there.
The first of Russia’s new Sergei Gorshkov–class guided-missile frigates began sea trials last November, and the navy has decided to purchase a second domestically produced 6,000-ton Ivan Gren–class tank-landing ship now that delivery of two far larger (21,000-ton) Mistral-class amphibious-assault ships from France has stalled. The first of the Ivan Gren class is being built in Kaliningrad and is expected to enter service in 2015.
During 2014 construction began on the fifth of an expected 8 Borey-class (Project 955) nuclear-powered ballistic-missile submarines planned for service by 2020. The first of Russia’s Severodvinsk-class (Project 885) SSNs entered service this past year following extensive sea trials, and the keels were laid down for the fourth and fifth submarines of the class.
A long-awaited aircraft carrier pilot-training facility is due to open in 2015 at Yeysk on the Sea of Azov to help train Russian pilots for service on the carrier Kuznetsov. Russia’s first modernized Il-38N May patrol aircraft entered service in 2014 as long-range air operations and maritime patrols have risen dramatically in recent years. New transport and combat aircraft, including SU-30 and MiG-29K fighters, are also on order for the navy.
Spain is working to design the next-generation Type 110 guided-missile frigates to replace its Oliver Hazard Perry–class ships starting in the 2020s. The navy has ordered two additional 2,400-ton, 308-foot Meteoro-class patrol ships and hopes to keep a dozen EAV-8B II+ modernized Harrier jets in service, despite retirement of its aircraft carrier Principe de Asturias in 2013. Major flaws were uncovered in Spain’s planned S-80 submarine design several years ago, and the boats had to be lengthened as a result. Current plans now call for the first S-80 to enter service in 2018, while the fourth and final submarine is not expected for delivery until 2021 or later.
Sweden hunted unsuccessfully this past October for what officials believe may have been a foreign submarine operating in its waters. The country is rebuilding its domestic submarine design-and-construction capability and expects that all three Gotland-class submarines will undergo midlife upgrades in the near future. A new class of up to thee submarines is expected to enter service in the 2020s, allowing Sweden to maintain its submarine-force levels as the older Västergötland class nears retirement. Sweden is also planning to upgrade its two Göteborg-class guided-missile patrol craft with new antiship missiles and other enhancements for service through the 2020s. One of the primary challenges facing Swedish maritime forces remains a shortage of personnel, often making naval operations, and especially extended deployments, difficult to manage.
Turkey has long planned to acquire a large-deck amphibious-assault ship, and in early 2014 the government selected the domestic Sedef shipyard to construct the vessel, which will be closely based on Spain’s 27,000-ton Juan Carlos I–class design and is expected in service by 2018. Two 7,000-ton tank-landing ships are also under construction for delivery by 2017, and new LCM and LCAC landing craft are also planned for service from the new amphibious ships. New 400-ton Tuzla-class patrol craft are also entering service, and the 16th and final unit is due for delivery in 2015. Additional corvettes are planned as part of the MILGEM program, which now includes plans for a batch of lengthened and up-armed units of the class. Three new submarine-rescue ships are entering service in 2015, and Turkey has been receiving a large number of modern patrol boats and craft for coast guard and patrol-type duties. A new class of modern TF-2000 guided-missile frigates is on the drawing board for construction at a Turkish shipyard with deliveries expected to begin in the early 2020s. Turkey plans to build six German-designed submarines, but there have been reports that the program has run into contract issues, meaning that deliveries, which were expected to begin in 2017, may be delayed.
Ukraine’s maritime forces were devastated by the Russian seizure of Crimea, which had been home to the majority of Ukraine’s fleet. Many reports estimate that approximately 80 percent of Ukrainian warships and naval-support vessels were seized by Russian forces and 12,000 out of roughly 15,000 Ukrainian naval personnel who were based in Crimea defected to Russia or resigned from Ukrainian service. Some of these vessels may have since been returned, but details remain difficult to confirm. During the autumn of 2014 the Ukrainian border guard’s 40-ton Zhuk-class patrol boat BG-119 was sunk by coastal artillery fired from separatist rebels. During the far more peaceful days of early 2014, Ukraine’s Krivak III-class frigate Hetman Sahaydachniy took part in counterpiracy operations with the European Union and NATO. Long-range plans, which had included efforts to acquire a new light frigate and riverine vessels, are likely on hold as leaders assess losses and consider their country’s maritime future.
The United Kingdom remains united, having survived September’s “no” vote on Scottish independence. On 28 August 2014 the Royal Navy decommissioned the aircraft carrier HMS Illustrious. The 20,000-ton ship was the final survivor of three British Invincible-class vertical short-takeoff-and-landing carriers. Although the assault-ship role is now being taken up by HMS Ocean, the Invincible class won’t truly be replaced until the two 65,000-ton full-sized aircraft carriers Queen Elizabeth and Prince of Wales enter service in 2017 and 2020 respectively with their planned fleet of F-35B STOVL strike fighters expected to operate from the ships beginning in 2020.
In order to begin replacing its current Type 23 frigates, the U.K. plans to build 13 new Type 26 Global Combat Ships, with delivery expected to begin in 2022. British shipbuilders have also begun work on three new offshore-patrol vessels that are based on the River class and are expected in service by 2018.
Females began serving on board Royal Navy submarines last year with operations on a Vanguard-class ballistic-missile boat. A final decision on whether to proceed with the future SSBN replacement program is expected in 2016, although if the U.K. intends to keep a survivable nuclear deterrent, a new class of Trident SLBM–armed submarines would likely begin entering service around 2028 to replace the Vanguard class.
The first upgraded Merlin HM.2 naval helicopters became operational this past year, with several dozen more being modernized from HM.1 standard. Although most Sea King helicopters are due to retire in 2016, some of the early-warning variants will remain in service until they are replaced by a new AEW variant of the Merlin. New Wildcat shipboard helicopters are entering service this year to replace the Lynx, which is due to retire in 2016. Lack of a long-range maritime-patrol aircraft continues to hamper naval operations, and the search for a Nimrod replacement remains a high priority.
Middle East/Africa
Algeria’s large new 8,800-ton dock landing ship the Kalaat Beni-Abbes was built in Italy and delivered in September 2014. The modified San Giusto–class vessel can transport more than 400 troops and is equipped with a 60-bed hospital and a large helicopter-landing deck. Two MEKO A200–class frigates are on order from Germany, with delivery of the first ship planned for 2016. Super Lynx naval helicopters will be delivered for operations from the frigates, a third of which may be planned for the future. Algeria is also expanding its submarine fleet and has reportedly ordered two more Kilo-class submarines, with delivery expected by 2018.
Angola has been coordinating with a number of foreign navies including Russia, Brazil, and Portugal to enhance training. Seven new 440-ton offshore-patrol vessels are on order, with four to be built in Brazil and three more to be built locally with foreign assistance.
Bahrain is home to the U.S. Navy’s 5th Fleet, and the United Kingdom is now also building a permanent naval facility there as well. The island nation is increasing cooperation with Western navies and may acquire new guided-missile corvettes during the next few years.
Cameroon’s maritime forces consist largely of French and American patrol boats, but they received two patrol ships from China in 2014 and are looking increasingly to China as a military supplier.
Chad is seeking to enhance its riverine capabilities and is receiving new craft for the purpose, including three 19-foot aluminum boats from the United States.
Egypt’s naval forces are planning ahead in spite of the continuing political turmoil. Two new German-built Type 209 submarines are on order for Egypt, with unconfirmed reports indicating that delivery of the first unit is expected in 2016; two additional subs may be ordered in the future. Two U.S.-built Ambassador Mk III–class guided-missile patrol boats were in service and two more under construction by late 2014. Additional 115-foot patrol boats are also on order from the United States with deliveries beginning in 2015, while delivery of four new 92-foot patrol boats was completed in 2014. Egypt has ordered four new 2,500-ton variants of the Gowind-class corvette from French shipbuilder DCNS with an option to acquire two additional units at a later date. The first of these new corvettes is expected to begin entering naval service in 2017.
Equatorial Guinea is undergoing a major naval buildup and ever larger ships are entering service to assist with security in the Gulf of Guinea. A new 350-foot flagship of more than 2,000 tons displacement has been delivered, and the vessel carries a helicopter-landing deck and a 3-inch gun. Experts remain concerned, however, that training remains inadequate and naval craft are not meeting operational requirements for counterpiracy or EEZ patrol duties.
Gabon is set to receive the retired 179-foot French patrol ship La Tapageuse in 2015, and a 190-foot offshore-patrol ship is under construction in France for delivery in 2016.
Ghana hopes to acquire new maritime-patrol aircraft to help with security of offshore oil- and gas-production facilities. The small West African country seeks to increase its coastal-surveillance and monitoring capabilities and is also in the process of acquiring small boats and establishing a new special-operations force for naval and counterterrorism missions.
Iran has been conducting trials on a second Mowj (Jamaran)-class frigate this past year and has continued weapons development, including antiship missile enhancements. The country remains focused on the Persian Gulf but is also working to expand its footprint in the Caspian Sea. The new Fateh-class submarines are larger than previous domestically built boats, and once active they are expected to operate in both the Persian Gulf and Caspian Sea.
Iraq remains threatened by chaos and militancy from terrorist groups and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, but its small navy hopes to make progress. Plans to turn over the two 680-ton Assad-class corvettes previously held under embargo in Italy were thought to have been canceled, but recent media reports indicate that the two warships will be modernized and returned to Iraq sometime in the future. Improvements are also being made to the base at Umm Qasr.
Israel’s navy works to prevent smuggled weapons from reaching militants within its borders, and in early 2014 warships seized a vessel in the Red Sea with Syrian rockets headed to insurgents in the Gaza strip. The Lahav (Sa’ar V)-class corvettes are being fitted with new phased-array radars and may receive new Barak-2 surface-to-air missiles in the future. At least some of the older Hetz (Sa’ar 4.5)-class guided-missile patrol boats may also receive new radar enhancements. The INS Tanin, the first of three modified Dolphin-class submarines, was delivered from Germany this past September. The Tanin and her two planned sisters have a 37-foot plug housing an air-independent-propulsion system for extended underwater operations. A similar system may eventually be backfitted into the three older units of the class.
Ivory Coast has plans to expand its fleet of small patrol boats, and in 2014 naval forces there received the first of 30 new rigid-hull inflatable boats ranging in length from 30 to 108 feet. At least ten additional patrol boats are planned for the future to provide security in a wide variety of missions ranging from coastal patrol and law enforcement to riverine operations.
Libya’s maritime forces are hoping to help stabilize the nation amid near-total chaos, and their ships have attempted to play a role in preventing the export of oil from militia-controlled regions of the country.
Mauritania hopes to expand its maritime forces to provide better protection of its EEZ. Two 197-foot patrol vessels are being built, and larger ships are planned. Establishment of a small three-company marine corps is also reportedly in the works.
The Mauritius coast guard has retired its 1,500-ton patrol ship Vigilant, and a new 1,300-ton offshore-patrol vessel named the Barracuda has been built in India as her replacement. Additional offshore vessels may be planned as well.
Morocco’s new Aquitaine-class (FREMM) frigate Mohammed VI was delivered from France in January 2014. The vessel, which was laid down in 2010 and launched in 2011, displaces some 6,000 tons and is 466 feet long.
Niger is working to expand its riverine capability and is to receive at least three 19-foot aluminum boats from the United States.
Nigeria received two 1,700-ton P-18N offshore-patrol vessels in 2014. Based on the Chinese Type 056 corvette, the 312-foot warships Centenary and Unity were built in China and fitted out at a Nigerian shipyard. The retired U.S. Coast Guard cutter Gallatin (formerly WHEC-721) was transferred to Nigeria last May and renamed the Okpabana, joining the Thunder (the ex-USCGC Chase, WHEC 718) which was transferred in 2011. Nigeria’s navy is also looking to expand its maritime aviation fleet and is reportedly in the market for naval helicopters.
In 2014 Oman received its third and final Al Shamik–class missile corvette built in the United Kingdom under Project Khareef. The 325-foot warships are each armed with a 3-inch gun plus surface-to-air and antiship missiles, and displace some 2,600 tons.
Sao Tome and Principe is enhancing its training and cooperation with Brazil and has received a new LAR-E fast-attack craft. The 25-foot vessel has a top speed of 40 knots and a range of 300 nautical miles, and is able to transport more than 1,000 pounds of cargo or troops.
Saudi Arabia remains concerned about Iran’s growing submarine capabilities and is reportedly in the market for new maritime-patrol aircraft such as the P-8 Poseidon. Acquisition of new surface combatants is also being considered.
South Africa’s procurement plans include Project Brio, calling for construction of up to four domestically produced 2,000-ton offshore-patrol ships to begin entering service by 2018. Plans for three smaller inshore-patrol vessels of less than 1,000 tons are also in the works. In the fall of 2014 the submarine Manthatisi completed an extensive multi-year refit and has been returned to service.
Togo has taken delivery of its third 25-foot Defender-class boat from the United States. The country also recently received two larger 108-foot patrol boats from France.
Tunisia is due to receive its 12th patrol boat from Italy this year. Deliveries began in 2012 on the six 89-foot boats for the navy and six larger 115-foot craft for the national guard.
The United Arab Emirates launched its sixth and final 780-ton, 234-foot Baynunah-class corvette early in 2014 at Abu Dhabi Shipbuilding. The UAE also plans to acquire two new 246-foot patrol ships in the future, built in cooperation with the Dutch shipbuilding firm Damen.
Americas
Argentina’s modernization plans include a desire to upgrade its four MEKO 360–class destroyers and at least some of its MEKO-140–class frigates plus roughly ten Super Étendard strike aircraft. The Antarctic support ship and icebreaker Almirante Irizar suffered a serious fire in 2007 and is expected to be returned to service by 2016. A new class of 264-foot offshore-patrol ships had been expected to enter service in the near future, but budget cuts have delayed the program, which could eventually be canceled. In mid-2014 the TR-1700–class submarine San Juan completed an extensive and long-delayed refit and was returned to service.
Brazil has major plans for a naval buildup, but budget realities may limit the shipbuilding wish list. By the 2030s Brazil desires a new 40,000-ton aircraft carrier, two nuclear-powered attack submarines, ten new diesel submarines, many new large amphibious ships, frigates, replenishment ships, offshore-patrol vessels, mine-countermeasures ships, riverine craft, and scores of new patrol craft and boats. Shorter-term projects, however, are far more modest and include four Scorpène-class diesel submarines, which are due to begin entering service in 2017. In July Brazil signed a contract to upgrade its fleet of Mk-21A Super Lynx shipboard helicopters between 2015 and 2019. Brazil’s maritime-patrol capability was recently enhanced as the last of nine modernized P-3AM Orions was delivered in the first half of 2014. The country’s aging aircraft carrier São Paulo was due to retire midway through the next decade, but delays in the carrier replacement program mean that the navy may now modernize the 50-plus year-old vessel to extend her life until 2039. Brazil also expects to build a nuclear attack submarine and hopes to see its first SSN in service by 2023.
Canada’s contract to build five Artic offshore-patrol ships was announced in January 2015, and deliveries are set to begin in 2018 and complete in 2022. This past December the rebuilt submarine HMCS Chicoutimi completed sea trials and was handed over to the navy more than a decade after suffering a deadly fire. Since that time her three sisters have also been refitted, modernized, and returned to service.
The Canadian frigate force is undergoing an extensive modernization as the 12-ship Halifax class receives new sensors and weapon upgrades including Evolved Sea Sparrow surface-to-air missiles. The modernization program began in 2010 and is due to run through 2018. Two of the three Iroquois-class destroyers are expected to be retired in the near future, and the government also plans to retire the two replenishment ships HMCS Preserver and Protecteur, the latter of which suffered a serious engine-room fire in February 2014. Construction of two new Queenston-class joint support ships is set to begin in 2016 to replace the aging replenishment ships, and a new class of destroyers is planned for the future.
Chile has been focused on enhancing its amphibious capabilities while modernizing its fleet of surface warships. The third 265-foot OPV-80–class offshore-patrol vessel joined the fleet this past year, and Chile expects to acquire a new class of frigates roughly a decade from now. The navy also hopes to receive another secondhand dock landing ship from France. Acquisition of a new icebreaker is also under consideration as retirement nears for the ex-Canadian vessel now carrying out the mission. In summer 2014 two Chilean capital warships suffered an at-sea collision when the Type 23 (Duke-class) frigate Almirante Carlos Condell and the Scorpène-class submarine Carrera collided, causing structural damage to the frigate and sail damage to the Carrera.
Colombia took delivery of the retired Donghae-class corvette Anyang from South Korea last year and renamed her the Nariño. The Colombian navy hopes to build a new class of frigates domestically starting in the early 2020s to replace the four ships of the FS-1500 class (also known as the Almirante Padilla class), which completed modernization this past year. The FS-1500 upgrades included installation of new radars, sensors, and defensive systems. Colombia’s second OPV-80–class offshore-patrol vessel was commissioned last March, and at least three additional units are planned for service by 2019. New dock landing ships are likely to enter service soon, and Colombia is also acquiring several new coastal-patrol boats and riverine craft. Looking even further into the future, Colombia hopes to acquire a new class of submarines beginning around 2025, while its naval aviation forces hope to receive new ASW helicopters and CN235 maritime-patrol aircraft by around 2030.
Ecuador is working to shift its maritime priorities to include a higher emphasis on law enforcement and coast guard–type operations. Two new Damen-designed 165-foot Stan Patrol offshore-patrol vessels were ordered this past year to be built at local shipyards.
Guatemala has two new coastal-patrol boats on order from Spain that are due for delivery by the end of 2016. The country is also planning to establish a new marine infantry unit for riverine service to assist with counter-drug operations. Despite several improvements over the past few years, there remains a shortage of sufficient maritime-aviation assets and ISR-collection capabilities.
Mexico has been expanding its coastal-patrol and port-security capability and has been boosting its surveillance and intelligence assets. Current plans call for the acquisition of two new frigates by the end of the decade. Additional Stan Patrol 4207–class patrol ships have been ordered, and inshore patrol operations will be boosted by the addition of more Polaris II–class fast-patrol boats. Mexico also plans to acquire new auxiliaries with research ships, supply vessels, tugboats, and ferries all on the wish list. Naval aviation capabilities are undergoing an overhaul, and four CN-235 maritime-patrol aircraft are to be delivered through 2015, while new AS565 Panther helicopters are planned for shipboard operations, and new T-6C+ Texan aircraft are expected for training, close-air support, and maritime-interdiction operations.
Peru purchased the retired Dutch replenishment ship Amsterdam in 2014 and has renamed her the Tacna. The 544-foot vessel is capable of carrying more than 10,000 tons of cargo, including some 8,000 tons of ship and aviation fuel. Two large 10,000-ton amphibious-transport dock ships are being built for Peru with the first expected for delivery in 2016. Late in 2014, Peru acquired several SH-2G maritime helicopters from New Zealand; they are being upgraded prior to delivery by the end of 2015. Current plans also call for most of the Lupo-class frigates to be upgraded.
The United States’ aircraft carriers remain at the forefront of naval presence, and work on the new Gerald Ford class is well under way. The first of the class is due to enter service in 2016, followed by the second, the John F. Kennedy, and a third unit, to be named Enterprise, in the next decade. The new carriers will operate with smaller crews than their predecessors but will be able to generate more aircraft sorties. All ten Nimitz-class ships remain in service with the USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72) currently undergoing her refueling and complex overhaul, which is due to be completed in 2016.
Congress has prevented retirement of any additional Ticonderoga-class cruisers for the time being, and at least some cruisers are expected to undergo phased modernizations, the first of which was completed in 2009. The namesake of the Navy’s three new stealthy Zumwalt-class destroyers is expected to commission in 2016, and all three will be based in the Pacific. In late 2014, the keel was laid on two of the Navy’s newest Arleigh Burke–class Flight IIA destroyers, the Ralph Johnson (DDG-114) and Rafael Peralta (DDG-115). Additional destroyers are planned for service before construction shifts to the proposed Flight III variants, the first of which is to be funded in the next few years. The Destroyer Modernization Plan is currently under way, with all of the Burke-class DDGs due to receive hull, mechanical, and engineering upgrades and varying levels of combat-system modernization. By December 2014 the Navy had outfitted 33 Aegis warships for ballistic-missile defense, including 5 cruisers and 28 destroyers, with 16 of these assigned to the Pacific and 17 to the Atlantic. These numbers will continue to grow as additional warships are updated to employ SM-3 anti-ballistic missiles. Beginning in 2015 full-rate production is to begin on the new SM-6 surface-to-air missile, which can be carried on board cruisers and destroyers to supplement the older SM-2s for a wide range of air- and missile-defense capabilities.
In 2014 the U.S. Navy decommissioned six frigates, and all remaining Oliver Hazard Perry–class units will be retired by the end of 2015. Early in 2015, Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus announced dramatic changes to the Littoral Combat Ship program, including plans to up-arm and up-armor future Freedom- and Independence-class LCSs and to reclassify the vessels as frigates. A total of 52 ships are still planned for the entire program.
In October 2014 the Navy commissioned the first 45,000-ton America-class large-deck amphibious-assault ship; sister Tripoli is expected to commission in 2018. Unlike the earlier Wasp and Tarawa classes, these two ships are optimized for aviation operations and do not have a well deck for landing craft. The USNS John Glenn (MLP-2), the second Montford Point–class mobile landing platform, was delivered in March 2014. In April 2014 the ninth San Antonio–class dock landing ship, the USS Somerset (LPD-25), was commissioned, and this past October the tenth ship was launched and is due to enter service in 2016.
Last fall the U.S. Navy retired two of its oldest mine-countermeasures vessels, leaving just 11 of the aging Avenger class in service. The first of the Navy’s new 85-foot Mk VI patrol boats was delivered in mid-2014 and will begin operations with the Coastal Riverine Force in the first half of 2015. The Navy received two new joint high-speed vessels in 2014, with two more expected in 2015 to support intra-theater military cargo- and personnel-lift duties.
In 2014 the Los Angeles–class submarines La Jolla (SSN-701), Norfolk (SSN-755), and Miami (SSN-755) were all either decommissioned or taken off the active roster while only one submarine, the USS North Dakota (SSN-784), 11th of a planned 30 Virginia-class boats, was commissioned. The Navy is planning for a replacement to the Ohio-class SSBNs and expects construction to begin on these new submarines around 2021; the first of the class could be operational around 2031.
More than 515 F/A-18E/F Super Hornet aircraft had been delivered by the end of 2014 with a total of 563 planned. The last EA-6B Prowler jamming aircraft is due to retire in late 2015, and more than 114 out of an expected fleet of 138 E/A-18G Growlers are now in service. Current plans call for the Navy to acquire 260 F-35C variants of the Joint Strike Fighter for operations from aircraft carriers, while the Marine Corps will receive 80 F-35C carrier variants and 340 F-35B STOVL models for employment from large-deck amphibious-assault ships or unprepared forward-operating locations. Initial operational capability (IOC) for the F-35B is scheduled for late 2015, while IOC of the F-35C is expected by the end of 2018. Twenty-one P-8A Poseidon maritime-patrol aircraft were delivered by December 2014, and a total of 117 are planned to replace the venerable P-3C Orion. The Navy’s new E-2D Advanced Hawkeye airborne early-warning aircraft achieved IOC this past October.
More than 75 percent of the planned 251 MH-60R Seahawk shipboard helicopters have now been delivered for ASW and other naval missions, and the last of 275 MH-60S multi-mission helicopters is expected to enter service by the end of 2015. The U.S. Marine Corps hopes to acquire 360 MV-22 tiltrotor aircraft, and more than 250 are now in inventory. The last of 103 UH-1Y utility helicopters was delivered to the Marine Corps this past year, while 189 AH-1Z Viper helicopters are eventually planned for service. The Marines’ new CH-53K heavy-lift helicopter is expected to make its first flight in 2015, with IOC now scheduled for 2019.
The U.S. Coast Guard has been making full use of its newest vessels and aircraft purchased under Project Deepwater. The USCGC Hamilton (WMSL-753) entered service in December as the fourth of eight planned Bertholf-class 418-foot national-security cutters. Older Hamilton-class high-endurance cutters continue to retire, with the USCGC Gallatin (WHEC-721) recently transferred to Nigeria while sister Rush (WHEC-723) was retired in early 2015. The Coast Guard commissioned its 11th 154-foot fast-response cutter in January 2015, and a 12th cutter of the class will commission this March. Design work is also under way on a new class of 25 offshore-patrol cutters. Planning for a new heavy icebreaker has begun, and the project has national implications due to the growing importance of Arctic operations.
Venezuela had largely abandoned grandiose maritime expansion plans even before the falling price of oil devastated its economy. There are still a number of smaller acquisition programs in the works, however, including an order for six Stan Patrol 4207 vessels and six larger Stan Axe 5009 craft. Up to eight new 600-ton Damen Stan Lander 5612 transport craft are also planned to supplement four that recently joined the fleet. Venezuela retired two of its six Lupo-class frigates in the first half of 2014, and a third unit may follow in the near future. Eight Z-9C naval helicopters are also on order from China, with delivery expected by late 2015.