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Memoirs of Wartime Minister of the Navy
Nikolai Kuznetsov. Vladimir Krivoshchekov, translator. Moscow:
Progress Publishers, 1990. 407 pp. Photos.
Reviewed by Norman Polmar
Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet nion N. G. Kuznetsov is one of the Pjore interesting naval personalities of the Oth century. He had a key role in Soviet Ktator Josef Stalin’s attempts in the late 030s and again in the late 1940s to initi- a*e the construction of an oceangoing Jlavy, and was head of the navy during World War II.
In 1939—at age 34—Kuznetsov was ^Pointed by Stalin to head the Soviet avy; in 1947, Stalin fired him and c arged him with espionage! (During the *ar he had sent a captured German ooustic torpedo to Britain, the wartime y of the Soviet Union.) Subsequently, jS h>s fleet rebuilding program moved nto high gear, Stalin reappointed Kuz- etsov to head the navy in 1953; he was gain fired, this time by Nikita Khrush- « ?v.in late 1955 (to be replaced by otiral S. G. Gorshkov), his book, unfortunately, deals almost Uusively with Kuznetsov’s life and t0 *he Allied victories of 1945. ecent articles in the Soviet press have trj?Vl(kd details of the current trials and ulations of Kuznetsov and his senior •nirals.) Still, it provides a valuable aight into the Soviet Navy from 1919— ab(^n *hc 15-year-old Kuznetsov lied t(, Ut his age by two years in order to join thr ^<lrdlern Dvina Naval Flotilla— Vie°U,gh the Great Patriotic War, the So- Wom term *or the*r participation in eSDe • ^ar Kuznetsovs memoirs are aDClally useful in showing how Stalin cJe[|"nted his officials, made technical tionsS,°ns’ and Sheeted military opera- hire USnetSOV himself was not involved in |jnCtln8 "aval operations, although Sta- r0,e0ten sought his views. Rather, his SecSeemed more akin t0 that of the U.S. opD6tary °f the Navy during the war, as ationSed t0 the U.S. Chief of Naval Oper- brj aS’ Admiral Ernest J. King. Stalin did ha(j Kuznctsov t0 the two meetings he 'th presidents Franklin D. Roose-
velt at Yalta and Harry S Truman at Potsdam, both in 1945. At those meetings, Kuznetsov worked closely with King and, from the former’s perspective, got on well with him.
Admiral Ernest King first met the “incorrigible optimist,” Kuznetsov, in the Crimea on 3 February 1945.
At Yalta, in the Crimea, in February 1945, Roosevelt and British leader Winston Churchill sought Stalin’s help in the Pacific War. Writes Kuznetsov:
“I remember Admiral of the Fleet Ernest King asking me, when the Second World War would end. I humorously replied that I was no Cassandra to make prophesies. In warfare there were many accidental developments. But in the end I remarked that Nazi Germany would lay down arms in the end of 1945 and Japan somewhat later. Admiral King called me an incorrigible optimist.”
Neither admiral knew about the atomic bomb. In Fleet Admiral King, A Naval Record (W. W. Norton & Co., 1952), King was less charitable toward Kuznetsov: “[he] appeared to be a political rather than a seagoing admiral.” When charged that the Soviet Navy was not doing all it could in the Baltic, King recorded that Kuznetsov’s ‘‘answer was not satisfactory, although it appeared that the Russians had attempted to do something of the sort, but had been hampered by ice.” Like most Americans, King had lit-
tie knowledge of the conditions or activities of the Soviet Navy in the war.
Admiral Kuznetsov’s book is slanted to the Soviet perspective and the Soviet Navy. While the Red Army made the decisive contribution in the European War, the Navy was largely a “helpmate” of the army. Still, Kuznetsov’s writings— many of which appeared previously in Russian-language magazine articles—are very useful. The 13-page introduction by the current Soviet Navy Commander in Chief, Admiral of the Fleet V. N. Cher- navin, is also significant. He begins by noting that on 26 July 1988, the"Soviet government reinstated Kuznetsov, who had been demoted by Khrushchev to vice admiral, to his former rank of Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union. What is not said is that a short time later, the aircraft carrier Tbilisi was renamed for Kuznetsov, further honoring a man who had commanded the Soviet Navy for 12 years.
Navies. 1718-1990 was published by the Naval Institute Press this spring. The fifth edition of his The Naval 1 mtitute Guide to the Soviet Navy will be available in late autumn.
Persian Horse
Marc Iverson. New York: Orion Books 1991. 326 pp. $20.00 ($18.00).
Reviewed by Commander Bruce R. Linder, U.S. Navy
We know about the Persian Gulf, or at least we think we do. So much has been written, filmed, videoed, and CNNed on this subject that little remains unsaid From the Stark (FFG-31) to American- llagged tankers, or from the Mother-of- all-Battles to the Highway of Death we collectively have been there—at least as defined by the horizons of Time magazine and cable TV. So, for any novel set in the swirling sands and blast-furnace heat of today’s Gulf, woe be to the aspiring author who strays from reality or who takes too much artistic license with the facts.
Many of the current spate of novels and techno-thrillers, unfortunately, depart from this dictum. For those who have been there and have experienced the
of
schools, government offices, and, m1
os'
reality—and with the return of Desert Storm veterans, this number is at an alltime high—any variance with the facts by a hasty novelist is sure to lower the impact of the product.
Not so with Persian Horse. Marc Iverson is “locked on and tracking” with the tenacity of a Patriot missile. This novel comes as close to prime-time life on a naval frigate in the Gulf as you will ever find. Trust me, this is how it is.
Iverson’s got the geography right, the ship right, the crew right. The real triumph, though, is that he has the “feel” right, the “air” right, and the psyche right. The breadth of his detail is impressive: from recounting the babble of junior officers around the wardroom table to identifying that enigmatic bond between mariners that transcends simple international borders.
Of course, it doesn’t hurt that the author has been to the Gulf himself. It is somehow refreshing, though, that he is able to convert simple remembrances into vivid storytelling with such vigorous flair in this, his first novel.
The Oliver Hazard Perry-class Curts (FFG-38) during actual Desert Storm maneuvers—see “When the Liberation of Kuwait Began,” April 1991
Proceedings, page 51.
Iverson’s powerful and thrill-packed narrative focuses on the captain, officers, and crew of the USS Bulkeley, an Oliver Hazard Perry-class guided-missile frigate on patrol in the southern Persian Gulf. The theme is timely, taking place in the months following Desert Storm. Iran, sensing Iraqi weakness, has renewed its longstanding bilateral conflict that has included low-level naval actions in the Gulf. The Bulkeley's mission is surveillance, presence, and commerce protection. In the eyes of the Iranians, though, she stands as a hated symbol of American meddling.
A deadly team of Iranian marines and Revolutionary Guard irregulars hatch a plan to hijack the Bulkeley to thwart forever U.S. influence in the region. The compelling plot twists and turns as the ideological fervor of the Iranians carries them toward success against the initially surprised but resilient U.S. crew. Iverson’s characters are believable and realistic—right down to Kim Mitchell, a woman journalist on board the ship as part of a Pentagon press pool.
Iverson’s plot races to a deadly conclusion while he astutely balances the technical-scientific side of life on a modem combatant with the age-old elements of a successful suspense thriller. More than once, those Navy “insider” notions of command responsibility, shipmate camaraderie, devotion to the ship, and patriotism give a clear ring of authenticity to the theme.
Those among Iverson’s soon-*o-be- growing cadre of readers who have served on board a guided-missile frigate or have experienced the Gulf in the choking heat of summer may be tempted to tear into his portrayals to find any inaccuracies in his descriptive settings. I dare you. There is nary a one in 320 pages. He’s on target, convincing, and at the top of his field. Persian Horse is a powerful and exciting new novel you will not want to miss.
Commander Linder is a frequent contributor to Proceedings. He commanded the Oliver Hazard Perry- class frigate Elrod (FFG-55) during a recent deployment to the Persian Gulf.
Fire in the Streets: The Battle for Hue, Tet 1968
Eric Hammel. Chicago: Contemporary Books, 1991. 397 pp. Bib. Gloss. Ind. Maps. Photos. $21.95.
Reviewed by Colonel John W. Ripley, U.S. Marine Corps
Mention the Vietnam War to any American, veteran or not, and their mind will conjure scenes of rice paddies, 1 steaming jungles, and the hidden Viet- cong guerrilla. This is all true, of course- What most Americans don’t appreciate, however, is that Vietnam produced some of the most conventional, large-scale fighting of any war in which Americans have taken part. A prime example is found in Eric Hammel’s new book, Fire in the Streets, which startles the reader with the scale and intensity of action required to recapture Hue City during the 1968 Tet Offensive. This was a brutal, continuous fight, and Hammel takes us through each day and each major event i® a systematic battle-study approach.
It is a fascinating account by any descriptive standard; war at its most violent- Tet set a standard of violence that would change the war from that point on t® terms of collateral damage to nonmilitary targets, most especially noncombatants- Both became deliberate targets with t®' families and the execution of govemme®1 officials (more than 2,000 in Hue C$ alone) became commonplace. Hamm1’ uses this as a backdrop to focus on the amazing level of violence to which if1) battle rose as the Vietnamese and U '5' commands removed restrictions on if11 use of all conventional arms. The enemf occupied hospitals, churches, temple
especially, the Hue Citadel—symbol ® the once-imperial splendor of Vietnam
ofe '()cus of national pride, and the palace the last Vietnamese royalty—knowing MCa‘ ddemrna tbe Saigon government ture th then faCC 'n attempting to recaP-
nJVlarine readers will be surprised at the mber of familiar names among the aJ°r participants. They will be proud nen they leam from this story that a bat- ma°H commander- regimental com- hav Cr’ °r comrnanding general they Suia, recent|y served with had distin- paShed himself earlier as a young corner ^ °r hattalion commander in Hue my' *bc nature of the battle required, in strgS ca'ses- direct frontal assaults across raets and into buildings, under close-
plaf6 enemy flre' 11 fel1 t0 the s9uad and
3nd°°n t0 bludgeon their way forward from1 k search each defended building ProcPb°tt0m t0 top’ only to repeat the Und!SSWlth each new street or building, hiad rstandab|y> casualties were severe, tenim 6Ven m°re S0 by continuous at- the f S ,0 recover fallen comrades from •re-swept streets.
tinct1S battle was fought with two dis- dinateCHnterS °f focus’ rather than a coor- Marjn conventional city-wide effort. 2ndas of Ist Battalion, 1st Marines and tllroui,hat*tfli0n’ 5tfl Marines advanced Vfu "d°wntown” Hue south of the the J? Rlver beginning at Route 1 and ham 'ltary Assistance Command, Viet- 0lT1Pound. While this was happen-
ing, the South Vietnamese forces attacked the Citadel, a massive dominant fortress occupied by the enemy on the river’s north bank. The attacks were mutually exclusive, for understandable reasons: the battle areas were physically separate, and forces on either side of the river had all they could handle.
Hammel does such a thorough job of pointing out the glaring deficiencies of leadership on both sides during this period that readers will find themselves asking obvious, yet unanswerable, questions. Why was the back door (Route 1) left open, permitting U.S. Marines from nearby Phu Bai relatively easy, continuous access to the city? Why did the enemy fail to isolate the battlefield, a cardinal principle in this type of warfare? Why did U.S. troops fixate on recapturing the prison—by no means a valued military target—at the price of distorting the battle south of the river? (By contrast, the Le Lai Military Camp, which contained enormous amounts of weapons and eight M41 tanks, among other things, was not even an objective!)
Where was the tactical lift from trucks, helicopters, utility landing craft, and tank landing ships that was so necessary to move reinforcements rapidly to the city? Finally, why weren’t serious efforts made to stem the continuous flow of enemy reinforcements into the city? (Shockingly, two battle-hardened North Vietnamese
Army regiments moved overland entirely from Khe Sanh to reinforce their brethren in Hue City. This must be viewed as a major tactical and strategic blunder, and a failure of basic battlefield intelligence.)
Hammel’s narrative style has pleased readers of his numerous books. It involves enormous research, interviews of participants, personal accounts after the battle, and the occasional sea story. It produces a personal account that bonds the reader to the subject; certainly to the participants. Nevertheless, some who fought in the battle, many of them Vietnamese, never had their stories told, and gaps appear in some parts of the account.
Such is the case during the battle inside the Citadel, when one Marine battalion battled alongside numerous Republic of Vietnam Army (ARVN) battalions. The 1st Battalion, 5th Marines saw a lion’s share of the action there and was nearly bled white while running out of rations, water, provisions, ammunition, and, as the author states, even energy. But not spirit. They stayed in the fight, seriously depleted by casualties, and eventually gained the south wall. Hammel credits the ARVN units with the same level of action, but without the personal interviews, their story rings hollow by comparison. Readers will nonetheless appreciate the major involvements of South Vietnamese forces—including their Marines—in Hue City, which had heretofore been regarded as nearly an exclusive U.S. Marine show.
Hammel reveals the role played by two U.S. Army battalions who attacked south from Camp Evans in an attempt to seal Hue from the outside. Although unsuccessful, these fights on the way were major events, and when Hue City was finally recaptured, the Army was just five kilometers away. Marines will be shocked to leam that, despite continuous medevac and resupply, each of these battalions had to abandon its dead.
The USS Hue City (CG-66) was christened in July 1990. With so few ships named for Vietnamese battles, it is fitting that one should bear the name of one of the fiercest.
NROTr Un.i,ey1lthvComnla,Kii"g officer of lhe NROTC Unit at the Virginia Military Institute He
served two tours of duty in Vietnam: find as a rifle company commander, and later as an adviser to the houth Vietnamese Marines during the 1972 Easter Offensive.
Naval Institute Press
'^\syosyr^aX 'lE^ook.
PEARL HARBOR RECALLED
New Images of the Day of Infamy
Paintings by Tom Freeman Text by Jim Delgado
To commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of the bombing of Pearl Harbor, the noted maritime artist Tom Freeman has created a dramatic series of colorful paintings capturing events that have never before been illustrated. The attack itself almost completely evaded the camera, so, without photographs to guide him, Freeman went directly to the survivors and to Japanese and American documents for information. His thirty-eight paintings present a chronological account of the attack, starting with the Japanese aerial torpedo drills and ending with the lowering of the Arizona’s flag at sunset. A brief description of each painting places the event in context of the overall attack.
100 pages. 38 paintings. Bibliog. Index. #1-251X. $42.95.
SPECIAL 25%-OFF USNI MEMBERS-ONLY PREPUBLICATION PRICE: $32.21 (Now through 31 December 1991)
USNI Members-Only Price After 31 December: $34.36
CHINA CLIPPER
THE MAGNIFICENT MITSCHER
by Theodore Taylor, with a new introduction by Jeffrey Barlow
A biography of the great World War II air admiral Marc Mitscher. It traces Mitscher’s life from cradle to grave in a fluid writing style that is filled with anecdotes from his many friends, including Admirals Nimitz and Halsey. 416 pages. 32 photos. Bibliog. Index. #1-8003. $26.95.
USNI MEMBERS-ONLY PRICE: $21.56
EIGHTY KNOTS TO MACH 2
Forty-five Years in the Cockpit
by Richard Linnekin
Drawing on his talents as a pilot, aeronautical engineer, and storyteller, the author blends authoritative appraisals of some of the navy’s most important aircraft with unforgettable human vignettes to create a highly personal narrative. 404 pages. 58 illus. Index. Notes. #1-5004. $27.95.
USNI MEMBERS-ONLY PRICE:
$22.36
ADMIRAL JOHN H. TOWERS
The Struggle for Naval Air Supremacy by Clark G. Reynolds
Drawing extensively on private papers never before examined, the author paints a revealing picture of the man who provided the crucial planning for the carrier air war that defeated the Japanese fleet in World War II. 576 pages. 64 photos. Map. Bibliog. Index. Notes. #0-0319- $37.95.
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Books of Interest
By Lieutenant Commander Thomas J. Cutler, U.S. Navy (Retired)
The Almanac of Transatlantic Politics 1991-1992
Matthew Cossolotto. New York: Brassey’s (U.S.), 1991. 448 pp. Ind Maps. photos Tables. $32.00 '$28.80) paper.
Current political developments, institutions, Putties, leaders, and even the lyrics to the na- ,lonal anthems of 21 nations in Western Europe and North America are covered in this act-packed book. Included are members of !!}e European Community, the European Free fade Association, and/or the North Atlantic treaty Organization. Chapters on the organisations themselves and on each member nation Provide a wealth of information, including rel- e^ant statistical data and narrative discussions 0 CUrrent trends and problems.
America’s National Battlefield Parks: A ^uide
Q^ePh E. Stephens. Norman, OK: University of klahoma Press, 1990. 351 pp. Illus. Ind. Maps. "Otos. $19.95 ($17.95) paper.
Thirty-eight battlefield parks from New Eng- nd to Guam, ranging historically from the Herican Revolution to World War II (includ- c”g the War of 1812, the Indian wars, and, of fu,u-, the Civil War) are covered in this use- book. One might describe it as a then-and- i ^ hook. It explains—concisely and interest- gy, with easy-to-read maps—what hap- it when the battles actually occurred, and tier S "V0U w^al *° exPcct as you tour the bat- ^,. lchts today (including how to get there, are"** to.see> and what facilities and activities no available). Most important, the then and lifeare skillfully blended to bring history to
in t'attleship Arizona: An Illustrated "■Story
pauj ,
PressSt|lQWe|T Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute NoteJ 91 ■ 480 PP- Append. Bib. Illus. Ind.
^ - Photos. $48.95 ($36.71).
of p'^ Arizona (BB-39) went to the bottom irtg j "arbor on the “day of infamy,” tak- Paltv ^ men w'lh her, the single largest cas- Ifr;iVi,C0Unt 'or a U.S. Navy ship in history. ei-e 'nP upon nearly 100 interviews of former Stin ?,n ant* extens*ve documentary research, his,0r! resurrects this ghost of U.S. naval 194] ' ^eta'hng the events of 7 December NaVva"d vivid|y recreating life in the U.S. «ted ■ Unng the 1920s and l930s- Also cov- ,ttle establishment of the USS Arizona °nal and a discussion of its significance
to U.S. culture. Hundreds of photographs, several line drawings, and extensive appendixes enhance the presentation.
The Black Sea
Richard Setlowe. New York: Ticknor & Fields, 1991. 413 pp. $21.95 ($19.75).
The publisher describes this novel as “one part John LeCarre, one part Tom Clancy, and one part Joseph Conrad.” This tale of Third World intrigue with international dimensions begins in Singapore where, in the dark hours after midnight, a package is delivered to the Raffles Hotel. Inside, the freshly severed head of a Soviet naval officer. . . .
Colors and Markings of Colorful U.S. Navy Skyhawks
Bert Kinzey and Ray Leader. Blue Ridge Summit. PA: Tab Books, 1990. 65 pp. Illus. Photos.
$11.95 ($10.75) paper.
The paint schemes, squadron markings, special insignia, and nose art of the Navy’s A-4 aircraft series are displayed in color and black- and-white photographs. Included are attack, composite, adversary, training, test and evaluation, and special purpose units.
Fishing Vessel Safety: Blueprint for a National Program
National Research Council. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1991. 282 pp. Append. Bib. Figs. Ind. Maps. Photos. Tables. $29.95.
In response to a congressional mandate for the development of new safety requirements in the fishing industry, this study proposes an integrated national safety program that realistically considers industry conditions and stresses cost effectiveness. The roles of the industry itself and of the U.S. Coast Guard are included in this proposal, and relevant elements such as vessel condition, human behavior, weather problems, and the high cost of insurance have been factored in.
The Future of Germany and the Atlantic Alliance
Constantine C. Menges. Washington, DC:
American Enterprise Institute, 1991. 269 pp. Append. Bib. Figs. Ind. Notes. Tables. $24.95 paper.
A former special assistant to the President for national security affairs and a national intelligence officer at the CIA, Dr. Menges synthesizes historical and contemporary factors into a projection of two possible paths that might be followed by a unified Germany in the near future. One path is as a member of the Atlantic Alliance, and the other is as a neutral power. Contending that Germany will dominate the new world order in Eastern Europe, Dr. Menges assesses the prospects for peace, stability, and democracy in that part of the world.
The Gulf, Energy, & Global Security: Political & Economic Issues
Charles F. Doran and Stephen W. Buck, editors. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1991.
244 pp. Bib. Ind. Notes. Tables. $35.00 ($31.50).
This collection of papers by Middle East experts analyzes U.S., Western, and Japanese interests in the Persian Gulf region. Included are such topics as “Iraq in the Year 2000,”
’ ’Arms and the Gulf: The Gulf Regional Arms Race to the Turn of the Century,” and “A New Soviet Role in the Gulf?”
Military Force as an Instrument of U.S. Policy: Intervention in Lebanon, August 1982-February 1984
Ralph A. Hallenbeck. Westport, CT: Praeger.
1991. 248 pp. Bib. Gloss. Ind. Maps. Notes. $47.95 ($43.16).
Contending that American leaders are still not sure what went wrong during the intervention in Lebanon during the early 1980s, Hal- lenback—who was chief of current operations in the Directorate of Operations and Plans during that intervention—examines the various aspects of the situation and concludes, among
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other things, that the experience in Lebanon strongly parallels the American intervention in Vietnam. This comparative analysis is both thought provoking and relevant to future decisions of the limited use of military power toward limited ends.
Superpowers in Economic Decline: U.S. Strategy for the Transcentury Era
Richard Cohen and Peter A. Wilson, editors. Bristol, PA: Crane Russack, 1990. 285 pp.
Append. Bib. Figs. Ind. Notes. Tables. $49.50 hardcover; $27.00 paper.
Two strategic studies experts examine how the
United States and the Soviet Union reached their present economic and political status, then postulate what policy adjustments U.S. strategists must make for the future, taking into account both economic and sociopolitical considerations.
Test Pilot
Aviation Week & Space Technology. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Video, 1990. 70 min. Color.
$19.99 (plus $3.23 shipping/handling).
A literal bird’s-eye view is afforded the viewer in this action-packed video, one of 20 in Time- Life’s “Modem Air Power” series. Test pilots fly military jets, helicopters, and the latest commercial transports, pushing both man and machine to the limits. Included is an interview with one of the Soviet Union’s best test pilots and a history of flight testing from the Wright Brothers to the present day.
War, Peace, and Victory: Strategy and Statecraft for the Next Century
Colin S. Gray. New York: Touchstone Books,
1991. 442 pp. Bib. Ind. Notes. $14.95 ($13.45) paper.
Newsday writes of this book: “A brilliant attempt by one of America’s leading strategists to get us to think about our course in the new, emerging world. . . . enormously challenging and thought-provoking.” Covering the entire spectrum of strategy—including the influences of history, geography, national culture, and technology—Gray explains how nations strive (and sometimes fail) to maintain their security and promote their interests.
Other Titles of Interest
Air Raid—Pearl Harbor! The Story of December 7, 1941
Theodore Taylor. New York: Odyssey/ Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1991. 183 pp. Bib. $4.95 ($4.45) paper.
British Intelligence in the Second World War: Volume 5—Strategic Deception
Michael Howard. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990. 285 pp. Append. Ind. Maps. $34.50 ($31.05).
The Corps: Book IV—Battleground
W. E. B. Griffin. New York: Jove Books, 1991. 487 pp. $5.95 paper.
Gabby: A Fighter Pilot’s Life
Francis Gabreski as told to Carl Molesworth. New York: Orion Books, 1991. 269 pp. Bib. $20.00 ($18.00).
Infantryman Pettit: The Civil War Letters of Corporal Frederick Pettit
William G. Gavin, editor. New York: Avon Books, 1990. 208 pp. Appendix. Bib. Ind- Maps. Photos. $9.95 paper.
Missile Defense In The 21st Century: Protection Against Limited Threats Including Lessons From The Gulf War
Keith B. Payne. Boulder, CO: Westvie"' Press, 1991. 171 pp. Ind. Notes. $ 13-95 ($12.55) paper.
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