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The Spy in the Russian Club
Ronald Kessler. New York: Charles ^ribner’s Sons, 1990. 275 pp. $19.95 ($17.95).
Reviewed by Captain Esmond I). Smith, Jr-> U.S. Navy
Ihe story of Soviet spy Glenn Michael Mouther is indeed a strange and bizarre °ne> and author/journalist Ronald Kessler Provides the first available full-length treatment of this significant Navy-associ- jtted case. As in his earlier book on the U-S. Marine security guards espionage ease (Moscow Station: How the KGB Penetrated the American Embassy, Scribner’s, 1989), Kessler faults the Naval Investigative Service (NIS) and the federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) for lr>eptitude and saves his sympathy for the Protagonist—in this case a self-confessed American traitor and Soviet spy who defected to the Soviet Union in 1986.
This book is really about Souther himSelf- Kessler conducted extensive per- s°nal interviews with Souther’s family and friends, including those he went to School with at Old Dominion University ln Norfolk, Virginia. A Russian language niajor, Souther was particularly close to his teachers and fellow students in the Russian Club (hence the name of the book).
Kessler’s efforts to develop insight into Souther’s character through those inter- V]ews provide most of the substance of ^Py, probably because of a lack of harder information on the case itself. The reader ls introduced to a confusing series of Souther’s girlfriends and acquaintances vvho describe his often erratic, strange manner in some detail. Kessler apparently feels that such behavior echoes eharacter flaws displayed by other recent sP>es. Indeed, much of Souther’s demeanor—in particular his desire for attention—is reminiscent of Israeli spy Jonathan Pollard’s. The reader will note, however, that many of Souther’s person- ahty traits are shared by his college classmates—male and female—as the inter- yiews reveal. Such traits, therefore, are n°t necessarily indicators that someone ^ould willingly betray his country.
Souther’s actual espionage activity, his Right to Moscow, his appearance on tele- v'sion there, and his subsequent death from suicide in 1989 arc given somewhat shorter shrift. Available facts on the case are sparse: a Navy Photographer’s Mate from 1976 to 1982, Souther appears to have become involved in espionage for the Soviet Union while stationed in Italy in 1980. When he returned to the United States in 1982 at the end of his enlistment, Souther left his Italian wife and infant son behind, without support.
His wife, depressed by Souther’s callousness, contacted an agent of the NIS at a New Year’s Eve party in Gaeta that year
Souther in Moscow, July 1988
and told him that she suspected her husband was a Russian spy. Unfortunately, the NIS agent made no formal report of this incident after a discussion with Souther’s brother-in-law—a U.S. Navy lieutenant—indicated that the wife, embittered over their separation, probably wanted to “get back at” her husband.
It wasn't until after the John Walker espionage case made headlines in 1985 that Souther’s brother-in-law started having second thoughts about the estranged wife’s allegations, which he reported to NIS. In the intervening years, however. Souther had joined the Naval Reserve and was drilling on weekends at the Fleet Intelligence Center in Norfolk. Here he reportedly gained access to sensitive classified material, including satellite imagery and nuclear targeting plans. Such access required a special background check by the Defense Investigative Service, which turned up no derogatory information. Kessler rightly points out that if the initial contact with the NIS by Souther’s wife had been reported, his security access would probably have been denied. By the time the NIS was approached again in 1986, Souther was nearing graduation from Old Dominion and had applied for Naval Officer Candidate School.
The next blunder came from the FBI, which had counterintelligence jurisdiction over Souther as a civilian. Apparently assuming that the NIS had no reason to believe Souther to be a spy, the Norfolk FBI agent in charge of the case decided simply to interview Souther without checking further. That interview succeeded only in warning Souther that he was under suspicion, and after agreeing to meet with the FBI agent at a later date for a polygraph examination, Souther fled the country, eventually surfacing in Moscow.
As Kessler aptly shows, many lessons can be learned from this case. But the underlying issue is the attitude toward security within the U.S. Navy that allows individuals like Walker, Souther, or Pollard to operate. I agree with Kessler in this conclusion. While John Walker was exaggerating when he said, “K mart spends more money guarding their toothpaste than the Navy does guarding their secrets,” naval security and counterintelligence are still underfunded, undermanned, and underemployed, despite the incredible damage wrought by the spies of the 1980s.
I recommend Spy to naval professionals principally because it is the only publicly obtainable account of this case. It would have been better if the Navy made more data on Souther’s access and modus operandi available. As it is, Kessler credits Souther with doing more damage than the Walker ring, an allegation that his own limited access appears to belie.
Captain Smith holds the Edwin T. Layton Chair of Military Intelligence at the Naval War College and serves as its staff intelligence advisor, head of the operations department’s intelligence division, and as Special Security Officer. His article “Ultra and the Walkers" appeared in the May 1989 issue of Naval Review.
SEALs: UDT/SEAL Operations in Vietnam
T. L. Bosiljevac. Boulder, CO: Paladin Press, 1990. 270 pp. Append. Bib. Gloss. Maps. Notes. Photos. $24.95 ($22.45).
Reviewed by Lieutenant Edward G. Gallrein, U.S. Navy
In Seals: UDT/SEAL Operations in Vietnam, Lieutenant Commander T. L. Bosiljevac, U.S. Navy, has produced an extraordinarily detailed, factual history whose scope spans the birth and evolution of these amphibious warriors to their operations in Vietnam. It testifies to the unique and effective capabilities these units possessed long before their more recent actions in Panama, Grenada, Iraq, and Kuwait. He has used unclassified UDT (Underwater Demolition Teams) and SEAL (Sea, Air, Land) command histories, military and naval historical records, and reports and periodicals from the Vietnam era in crafting this book.
According to his research, UDT/ SEALs began as Naval Combat Demolition Units (NCDUs) in World War II, where they saw action in amphibious landings at Normandy and southern France. Their job was to conduct beach reconnaissance and to remove obstacles prior to those landings. Men for these first NCDUs were volunteers from the
Marine Raider and Navy Construction Battalions.
NCDUs formed the basis for the newly emerging underwater demolition units, who participated in the Pacific theater in advance of amphibious operations there. In Korea the UDTs’ role expanded to in- elude reconnaissance and raids on inland targets.
The author recounts how President John F. Kennedy pressured the services to develop forces for counterinsurgency warfare. Consequently, the Plans and Policy Office under the Chief of Naval Operations recommended establishing a naval guerrilla/counterguerrilla capability. The units would be called SEALs,
Rough, Tough, and Hard to Snuff
canals and doing all kinds of stuff. They blew one whole new canal with explosives to join a couple of different canals to give them a new area to run through with their boats. It was a tremendous project. As a result, the Vietnamese decided they wanted their own UDT, so we helped them develop and train the Vietnamese UDT.
When Admiral Elmo Zumwalt went in country, it was probably the best influence that ever happened. He turned morale around; everything took on new life. He got interested in the SEALs and UDT. He’d call and say, “I need 15 more, 20 more, 100 more SEALs.” The SEALs went from maybe 100 to 500 while he was out there. We cut out some of the training that was not essential to their operation in Vietnam and rushed them through.
A typical operation would be a report that there was a prison camp in a certain area, and they would like the SEALs to go out and see if they could liberate any prisoners from it. I take that as an example because I think the SEALs were the only ones that ever liberated a prison camp out there in South Vietnam. The guy that led the raid, I think, was Scott Lyons. His people went out in the black ol night and searched, running across rice paddies and on dikes. They found the prison camp and liberated something like 18 prisoners. They got in and got out without any casualties on that particular mission.
1 remember a couple of our planes went down at a place called the Three Sisters. These are three big, big mountains down in South Vietnam, and they were surrounded by Vietcong. They told one of our SEAL detachments about it, and Lieutenant Peter Dirkx took his men in. They infiltrated the Vietcong lines, got people off the airplanes, and got them back to safety.
Casualties were few. A lot of it had to do with SEAL training. Percentage-wise, for the number of operations conducted, casualties were negligible. Because, don’t forget, these guys operated every single night for five or six years. We had people who were out there seven and eight times for six-month tours. It was remarkable.
—Excerpted from The Reminiscences of Captain Francis R. Kaine, U.S. Naval Reserve (Retired), which is in the U.S. Naval Institute’s oral history collection.
In November 1966 I went out to California to become Commander Special Warfare Group Pacific, which was really an imposed command over UDT and SEAL, a takeoff on the Naval Beach Group, if you will. But it was oriented strictly to special, or unconventional, warfare.
After training them, we deployed people in units, but a lot of the people in country [in Vietnam] that the SEALs were working for didn’t know how to employ them. No matter how many trips I made out there to explain it to them, they were adamant against employing them in the vere trained in, the way they would be
For example, the SEALs might be assigned to a riverine force. They would want to use the SEALs to their advantage, not to the advantage of the United States. SEALs were designed and built as an offensive weapon, and the riverine force might want to use them as perimeter defense, to keep them around there. These kids had tremendous firepower at their disposal with their weapons and everything else. They were trained to operate around the clock if necessary. So one of our big problems was to acquaint the incountry staffs with how to use them.
In spite of these problems, the SEALs were probably the most effective weapon they had in country—on the ground. (I won’t say anything about the air because I don’t really know anything about it.)
They had integrated the use of helicopters. They had integrated with the boat people so they could be inserted by boat. We were getting terrific results. As the SEALs’ reputation started spreading—and it spread like wildfire—it created jealousies. A lot of people wanted to operate with them.
As it developed, we started training the Vietnamese. We would take them on operations with us, and lot of them turned out to be really good. We also had UDT operations going on at the same time in Vietnam. They were clearing
vvllose first members would come from lhe ranks of the UDTs. On 1 January *^62, SEAL Team One in Coronado, California, and SEAL Team Two in Little Creek, Virginia, were commissioned.
Bosiljevac notes that the UDTs first aPpeared in Vietnam in the 1960s, where they conducted beach reconnaissance and survey missions to help the U.S. Navy chart the South Vietnamese coastline. The SEALs followed in 1962 and were •nitially involved as military advisers and trainers to South Vietnamese UDT/SEAL Units called Lien Doc Nguoi Nhia
(LDNN).
The LDNN effectively employed C.S.-supplied fast patrol boats to conduct coastal interdiction, amphibious fuids, and bombardment of coastal targets. SEALs describes the little-known deployment of U.S. submarines in Vietnam as well as the employment and ef- tectiveness of naval riverine craft, helicopters, and gunships.
The essence of the book, however, is Bosiljevac’s factual recounting of numerous UDT/SEAL combat actions in Vietnam during which these men distinguished themselves. Their successful Performance of reconnaissance opera- hons, raids, ambushes, and interdiction missions was impressive. The author’s realistic narrative describes close combat engagements where UDT/SEALs displayed courage and staunch small-unit cohesiveness in the face of unfavorable °dds in the backwaters and jungles of Vietnam.
A former enlisted member of a U.S. Army Ranger Battalion who is currently an active duty Navy SEAL officer, Bosil- Jcvac writes a credible account. His book ls required reading for any serious student °f small-unit tactics, counterinsurgency Warfare, or the U.S. Navy’s involvement 'n Vietnam. Objectively written, chronologically arranged, well-documented, and thoroughly researched, it leaves the reader firmly convinced of the combat value of UDT/SEALs in Vietnam.
Lieutenant Gallrein served on two East Coast SEAL teams before being assigned to the Naval Post Graduate School, where he is pursuing a master’s degree in National Security Affairs. This is his first published review.
The Great Crusade: A New Complete History of the Second World War
H. P. Willmott. New York: Free Press,
1990. 512 pp. Append. Bib. Ind. Maps. Photos. $24.95 ($22.45).
Reviewed by Lieutenant Commander Jonathan Kapstein, U.S. Naval Reserve
The first nonfiction works to come out of any war nowadays are the personal computer-driven instant histories and the I-Was-There books. The worst of these simply rip off current public interest; the best, such as Robert Graves’s Goodbye to All That (Doubleday, 1957 revised edition), are profound memoirs that distill the human experience of warfare. But the most useful are the thoughtful historic assessments made long enough afterwards so that a kind of grand perspective settles on the writer but close enough in time so that the impact of the events is still fresh. Barbara Tuchman’s The Guns of August (MacMillan, 1988 anniversary edition) is the prime example.
A lecturer at Britain’s Royal Military Academy at Sandhurst, H. P. Willmott has written a history of World War II that also belongs among the very best of modern histories. As he indicates somewhat delicately in the preface, he became irritated at certain myths and folklore that have grown up around the land and sea campaigns of World War II. He sets out to correct them with great conviction and lucidity in this densely packed overview.
He is particularly original in discussing two areas; naval warfare and, at the other extreme, the landlocked Eastern Front. This tightly focused work in its own way and style is as original and as solid as Tuchman’s work or that of British author Paul Johnson, for example, A History of the Modern World: From 1917 to the 1980s (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1983).
Although Willmott does not use the writing mechanism of individual experience, he is capable of using small-scale unit action to illuminate events. And he is exceptionally good at citing the dramatic, telling statistic that often summarizes entire worlds of view. For example, he notes that Japan’s military problems were exaggerated by the primacy of designers: with its much smaller industrial base, Japan produced no fewer than 90 different aircraft for the Pacific War compared to 18 in the United States.
Elsewhere, Willmott manages to be just as startling. The United States that completed only two dry-cargo merchantmen between 1922 and 1937 built 140 Liberty ships in March 1943 alone. Willmott puts this in perspective by discussing the industrial policy in the Axis nations. The competition in Japan between the two armed services went to absurd lengths. The Imperial Japanese Army built its own ships; the two services developed radar separately; and Japan was the only major combatant not to have an atomic bomb project “for the very simple reason that she had two, one for each service.”
In his myth-destroying mode, Willmott is ferociously skeptical of entrenched claims about the strategic vision of the Wehrmacht (German armed forces). He
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provides a new look at how strategic bombing did in fact cause the German war machine to divert vast resources.
Willmott also superbly dissects the Kriegsmarine (German Navy), which entered the war with a balanced fleet, but one that was too small to achieve any major success. By the time it grew to adequate size, he says, its balance was gone because of flawed doctrine and timing. Through inept and tortuous reasoning, it ended up with a carbon copy of the makeshift ideas that drove the Imperial German Navy in World War I. Even during the devastating Battle of the Atlantic, Willmott points out, the majority of convoys simply were not attacked. Those that were took a significant number of U-boats to the bottom. Though there were large numbers of new U-boats at sea at the peak of the battle, the proportion of sinkings per boat was just 0.17.
One of the most remarkable features of the war at sea was that Allied action accounted for more enemy merchant ships than did the Axis. Concludes Willmott, “In contrast to the much vaunted German submarine performance ... the German navy’s failure in defence of trade, coming on top of its inability to resist Allied invasions and to win the Battle of the Atlantic, points to the conclusion that ... the Kriegsmarine understood fighting at sea not naval warfare.”
A history buff myself, I can say honestly that I have never read as clear a discussion of the Eastern Front campaigns. Luftwaffe (German Air Force) operations and the Germans’ failure to gain air supremacy in the vast land battles there become fresh background for the events of the Gulf War earlier this year. The Great Crusade is also one of the few books I’ve read that deals adequately with Finland’s role in World War II.
In other areas Willmott is just as thoughtful and incisive over U.S. tactical and strategic problems. He is no chauvinist, however. He also harshly criticizes the British desire for amphibious operations in the Burma area, which led to mutual Allied exasperation.
The maps are excellent, but the photos are a familiar and by-now pedestrian lot, undoubtedly picked out by the publisher. Forget that quibble. Willmott’s book should shove any number of inferior histories right off the shelf.
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Commander Kapstein was on active duty in the U.S- Army and transferred to the Naval Reserve in 1965- For years a career foreign correspondent with Business Week, he has written a number of articles and reviews for Proceedings, tte is now with the management consulting firm of Carre Orban & Paul Ray International, based in Brussels.
Books of Interest
By Lieutenant Commander Thomas J. Cutler, U.S. Navy (Retired)
Environmental Hazards of War: Releasing dangerous Forces in an Industrialized World
^rthur H. Westing, editor. Newbury Park, CA: uage Publications. 1991. 96 pp. Append. Ind. N°les. Tables. $39.95.
The environmental dangers of war in which nuclear or chemical weapons are used are ob- Vlous. But modem conventional warfare also Poses environmental hazards because of the Presence in many nations of nuclear, chemi- CaE and hydrological facilities that may be damaged, causing secondary effects with potentially devastating consequences. This collection of essays by experts in the field analyzes this specialized but important consideration of modern warfare.
lighting for Air: In the Trenches with Television News
t-iz Trotta. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1991. 395 pp. Ind. $22.95 ($20.65).
Risking her life as the first woman combat correspondent for television, bucking strict Israeli censorship during the Yom Kippur War, facing an angry mob of IRA sympathizers in Belfast, covering the celebrated trials of Jean Harris (murder of the Scarsdale Diet doctor) and Newport aristocrat Claus Von Bulow, and reporting the ordeal of hostages in Iran are some °f the many accomplishments of veteran NBC and CBS correspondent (and winner of three Emmys and two Overseas Press Club awards) Liz Trotta. This is her story.
The Middle East Military Balance, 19891990
Joseph Alpher, editor. Boulder, CO: Wcstview Press, 1990. 460 pp. Figs. Gloss. Maps. Notes. Tables. $74.50 ($67.05).
Originally compiled and published by the Jaffe Center for Strategic Studies of Tel Aviv University, this comprehensive book was about to go to press when Iraq invaded Kuwait. Publication was delayed for three months in order to consider the changes brought about by Saddam Hussein’s disruptive move. Even before the invasion, Iraq had been a central focus of the book, and, with the added and revised material, this assessment of the strategic situation •n the Middle East is timely as well as incisive. Numerous tables of data present a statistical look at the various nations in the region and 'heir military capabilities, and essays written hy several regional experts make this an essen- hal tool for those with a serious interest in the strategic posture of the Middle East.
Military Brats: Legacies of Childhood Inside the Fortress
Mary Edwards Wertsch. New York: Harmony Books, Inc. 468 pp. Ind. Notes. $20.00 ($18.00).
There’s an old joke that claims the way to tell a Navy family from a civilian one is if the children refer to the master bedroom as “Mom’s room.” Military families differ in a number of ways from civilian ones, and, opening joke aside, there are some decidedly serious aspects to growing up as a military dependent. This cogent, thought-provoking study not only identifies the problems (some of them quite surprising), but also offers some helpful solutions. Pat Conroy, author of The Great San- tini, writes in the Introduction, “By writing this book, she [Mary Edwards Wertsch] . . . isolates the military brats of America as a new indigenous subculture with our own customs, rites of passage, forms of communication, and folkways. . . . Mary takes the testimony of these children of the military experience and tells us what it means.”
Mud Soldiers: Life Inside the New Army
George C. Wilson. New York: Collier Books,
1989. 280 pp. Ind. Photos. $9.95 ($8.95) paper.
Wilson, author of the highly successful Supercarrier, now turns his attention to what famous joumalist/radio personality Larry King describes as “the best look inside the U.S. Army that can be found today.” This barracks-eye view reveals the Army’s strengths and weaknesses in an objective, yet sometimes impassioned, analysis that ultimately suggests some needed reforms.
ES The Naval Institute Guide to World Naval Weapons Systems 1991/92
Norman Friedman. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1991. 928 pp. Append. Ulus. Ind. Photos. $120.00 ($96.00).
Carrying on and expanding the excellent work initiated in the 1989 edition of this important reference work, this new edition is nearly double the size of its predecessor. Over 800 photographs and line drawings are enhanced by expert commentary and comprehensive data. Other features include comparative analysis of systems, weapons performance information from Operation Desert Storm and other recent crises, and incisive discussions of the various realms of state-of-the-art and developing technology, including both hardware and software. An indispensable tool for researchers and analysts, this volume, coupled with its companion Combat Fleets of the World (updated in alter
nating years), will make users experts on the navies of the world.
Pass It On: How to Thrive in the Military Lifestyle
Kathleen P. O'Bcime. West Mystic, CT: Lifeseape Enterprises, 1991. 520 pp. Gloss. Illus. Ind.
$14.95 paper. Order from the author: P.O. Box 218, West Mystic, CT 06388, (203) 536-7179.
An Army daughter and Navy wife, as well as associate editor of Family (monthly magazine distributed to 550,000 military families worldwide), O’Beirne has written numerous articles in which she gives practical advice on dealing with the peculiar problems and situations encountered by military families. Sixty-nine of those articles are here collected, including “The Seven Emotional Stages of Moving,” “Deployment: Keeping Love Alive,” "When Dad is Away at Christmas,” and “Teenage Military Brides.”
Responding to Low-Intensity Conflict Challenges
Stephen Blank, Lawrence E. Grinter, Karl P. Magyar, Lewis B. Ware, and Bynum E. Weathers. Maxwell Air Force Base, At.: Air University Press, 1990. 332 pp. Notes. $14.00 ($12.60) paper.
Recognizing the importance of the Third World in global affairs, this scholarly book analyzes—through case studies—real and potential conflicts in this often underestimated realm. The nature of low-intensity conflict is explored as are the means by which U.S. polit- ica! and military authorities might better calculate the consequences of proposed reactions to these conflicts.
Safe Boat: A Comprehensive Guide to the Purchase, Equipping, Maintenance, and Operation of a Safe Boat
Jeffrey Kirschenbaum and Brayton Harris. New York: W.W. Norton, 1991. 457 pp. Append.
Gloss. Illus. Ind. Photos. Tables. $45.00 ($40.50).
Covering boats from canoes to yachts, this comprehensive guide to boating safety so impressed former Commandant of the Coast Guard, Admiral Paul Yost, that he agreed to write the Foreword. Among the many topics covered are safety and emergency equipment and procedures, mechanical and electrical systems, nautical rules of the road, weather, navigation, legal and financial considerations, and troubleshooting. Excellent photographs, tables, and drawings enhance and simplify the material to make this book easy reading and/or a quick reference.
The Ultimate Weaponry
Paddy Griffith. New York: St. Martin's Press,
1991. 225 pp. Bib. Gloss. Illus. Ind. Photos. $29.95 ($26.95).
Today’s conventional weapons are presented in a large-format, lavishly illustrated collection of current information, including the hardware of the recent Persian Gulf War. From tanks to helicopters to artillery to a whole host of lethal equipment, this book not only provides relevant data, it also analyzes and projects usage of the various forms of weaponry available in today’s world arsenal.
Other Titles of Interest
American Warplanes 1908-1988: A Bibliography
Myron J. Smith, Jr. Westport, CT: Meckler Publishing, 1991. 527 pp. Append. Ind. $65.00 ($58.50).
Europe after an American Withdrawal: Economic and Military Issues
Jane M. O. Sharp, editor. Oxford University Press/Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 1990. 525 pp. Ind. Maps. Notes. Tables. $76.00 ($68.40).
The Flight (“military fiction, romance, political intrigue”)
C. F. Runyan. New York: Bantam Books, 1991. 463 pp. $9.99 paper.
The Old Dominion at War: Society, Politics, and Warfare in Late Colonial Virginia.
James Titus. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1991. 227 pp. Bib. Illus. Ind. Notes. Tables. $29.95 ($26.95).
On Disarmament: The Role of Conventional Arms Control in National Security Strategy
Ralph A. Hallenbeck and David E. Shaver, editors. New York: Praeger, 1991. 245 pp.
Append. Bib. Figs. Gloss. Ind. Maps. Tables. $47.95 ($43.15); $17.95 ($16.15) paper.
Panama: The Whole Story.
Kevin Buckley. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991. 304 pp. Bib. Ind. Notes. $22.95 ($20.65).
Understanding Weapons and Arms Control: A Guide to the Issues (fourth edition, revised)
Teena Karsa Mayers. McLean, VA: Brassey’s (US), Inc., 1991. 158 pp. Figs. Gloss. Ind- Maps. Photos. Tables. $15.95 ($14.35).
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