This html article is produced from an uncorrected text file through optical character recognition. Prior to 1940 articles all text has been corrected, but from 1940 to the present most still remain uncorrected. Artifacts of the scans are misspellings, out-of-context footnotes and sidebars, and other inconsistencies. Adjacent to each text file is a PDF of the article, which accurately and fully conveys the content as it appeared in the issue. The uncorrected text files have been included to enhance the searchability of our content, on our site and in search engines, for our membership, the research community and media organizations. We are working now to provide clean text files for the entire collection.
Contents:
Hardware, Software, and Midwear Farewell to the SEALs
Women in the Brigade
Far From Sinking Our Navy
Losing Out on Carrier Radar Improvements
Tomorrow’s Fleet
Special Trust and Confidence
Decommissioning the Cape Fox
Pulled on Press—“African Navies South of the Sahara”
The Navy’s Final Frontier Fighting the PHMs A Word of Thanks
The Proceedings Puzzle Women on the Front Lines
The Naval Institute’s Annual Meeting June 1989 Proceedings Cover Sharpening the Sword of Orion No Quarter for Their Boomers West European and NATO Navies Remember the Diesel
Who Will Man the Merchant Ships? Retiring a Legend Women on the Front Lines
Carriers Sail On Battle Force ASW: M3
Bucher on the Pueblo
Personnel Puzzle
February 1989 Cover
“Hardware, Software, and Midwear”
(See K. Lamb, pp. 102-103, June 1989 Proceedings)
Commander Steven R. Ingram, U. S. Navy Commanding Officer, USS James Madison (SSBN-627)—I have no room in my ship for a junior officer who is ready for “real time decision making” as a result of his “immersion in [your] total information processing environment.” I want—in fact, need—leaders, warriors who I can train to fight the ship. Send no computer geeks to the submarine force!
Army or Marine Corps. Since, like the SEALs, A-6 Intruders frequently attack land targets, would Commander Pinney s next “Nobody asked me, but . . •” >^ea be to transfer our carrier air wings to Air Force control? He shouldn’t be surprised why no one is asking him.
“Farewell to the SEALs”
(See T. Pinney, pp. 90-92, June 1989
Proceedings)
Lieutenant Seth Cropsey, U. S. Naval Reserve, Deputy Under Secretary of the Navy—In his haste to wave goodbye to the Navy’s sea-air-land (SEAL) teams, Lieutenant Commander Pinney also takes leave of the facts and logic. The legislation that reorganized the U. S. Special Forces in 1986 left the relationships of theatre commanders-in-chief to SEALs, as well as to other special forces, intact. Thus, special warfare missions, such as laser target designation or direct action missions against the coastal early warning or command-and-control sites of an enemy—missions that are vital to fleet commanders—remain under their operational control.
Commander Pinney’s suggestion that “exclusive operational and administrative control [by] the Navy-Marine Corps team” should be a standard of military effectiveness creaks with age and ignores the reality of the unified command system the United States has lived with since 1947.
The politically shortsighted proposal to transfer the SEALs to another service would deprive the Navy of a key asset no one else can replicate; would do so despite the fleet’s requirement for deployed SEALs; and apparently, judging from the tone of his article, was offered in a snit because the span of naval control has been reduced.
Even less convincing is his argument that since SEAL missions are often directed toward targets on land, they would really be more properly conducted by the
Lieutenant Commander Bill McRaven, U. S. Navy—As a member of the U. S- Navy’s sea-air-land (SEAL) teams, I was appalled by Lieutenant Commander Pm- ney’s article. The logic he uses to conclude that SEALs should be assigned to the U. S. Army is fraught with error and misconception. Most notably, he fails to recognize that naval special warfare (NSW) encompasses much more than just SEALs. The SEAL delivery vehicle teams and special boat squadrons (wh*1 their respective active-duty and reserve boat units) would both be difficult, if n0t impossible, to transition to the Army-
He correctly details the events leading to the creation of a unified commander for special operations (CinCSOC), telling how fragmented special operations forces (SOF), suffering from incompetence an bad organization, came under pun*1 scrutiny. However, he neglects to men
tion that throughout the congressiona
investigation into the status of U. S. sPe cial operations forces, the Navy SEAL were considered a model for other SOr- to emulate.
This came as no surprise to the SEAL because we work in support of the fleeI' NSW’s primary missions (amphibious operations, strike warfare, and maritime foreign internal defense) are directly he to support fleet combat operations. Itwa* this support that kept Navy SEALs we trained, well armed, and well financed by the Navy. It is also this support that i integral to the very nature of what Com mander Pinney calls “naval-oriemed spe cial operations.” ,
Commander Pinney’s view of nava oriented SOF seems to be limited to un derwater demolitions in support of a amphibious ready group, a mission feels is “not a rational use of the ex ten sive, costly training that the Navy ha invested [in the SEALs].” What could ^ more rational than ensuring the success an amphibious landing force? We hav done this mission for more than 40 years-
The ships j
'heater
U.S. NAVY SHIP’S CAPS
These are the same baseball caps sold aboard U.S. Navy warships. They are navy blue with service gold embroidery - not a patch or silkscreen. Caps are full (not mesh back), adjustable (one size fits all) and made in USA.
IP mm
BATTLESHIPS: IOWA, NEW JERSEY, MISSOURI, WISCONSIN. NEW YORK, TEXAS, ARIZONA, CALIFORNIA, WEST VIRGINIA. WASHINGTON. AIRCRAFT CARRIERS: MIDWAY, CORAL SEA, FORRESTAL, RANGER, KITTY HAWK, SARATOGA. INDEPENDENCE. ENTERPRISE. EISENHOWER, LINCOLN, KENNEDY, AMERICA, NIMITZ, CONSTELLATION. CARL VINSON, ROOSEVELT. RETIRED: U.S. NAVY, U.S. MARINES or U.S. COAST GUARD. SPECIALTY: NAVY, USMC. USCG, TOP GUN, STARK. VINCENNES. EMBLEM: Embroidered with silver and gold metallic thread and available for U.S. NAVY (officer), (officer retired). (C.R0.-E-9, E-8, E-7), (C.PO. rebred-E-9 retired, E-8 rebred, E-7 retired), (wings-fxlot, flight officer, flight crew), (submarine dolphins), (seabees), (seals), US. MARINES, U.S. COASTGUARD, U.S. ARMY and U.S. AIR FORCE.
CUSTOM: Any other ship not listed above or any military unit is available as a custom cap. The minimum quantity for a custom cap is two per ship or unit (both with eggs or both without eggs). Custom caps must be ordered in even numbers. The top line is twenty spaces maximum and the bottom line is twelve spaces maximum. EMBLEMS NOT AVAILABLE ON CUSTOM CAPS.
Caps are $12.00 each. Scrambled eggs on visor are an additional $2.00. Add $2.50 for shipping. CA residents add 6%. Allow eight weeks for delivery. No CODs or credit card orders.
HAMPTON COMPANY, Dept. R, P.0. Box 3643, Tustin, CA 92681.
r
&
and we take a great deal of pride in our ab'lity to reconnoiter the landing beach Successfully and direct the troops ashore. 0 suggest that explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) or Marine reconnaissance 'eams could do the mission overlooks the doctrinal responsibility of the Navy with Jespect to an amphibious landing and ails to appreciate the training necessary *° conduct this mission in wartime.
Also, there is more to naval-oriented OF than just amphibious landings. Can Pc Marines conduct sneak swimmer at- ,acks against enemy shipping? Can EOD execute maritime sabotage? Who will elp communicate with the carrier battle &oups to provide “eyes-on” intelligence ar>d warning, battle damage assessment, and laser target designations for naval aircraft? ... the special-operations- Capable Marines? No! The Navy SEALs MU!
presence of SEALs on board Navy and submarines provides an inspecial operations force capable .1 conducting a wide variety of missions 'deluding coastal patrol and interdiction Beirut), amphibious operations (Gre- nac*a), and special operations (central Mainland area of operations). This power Pr°jection is essential to conduct effec- ,lve special operations in today’s low- ,r|tensity environment. Were we to be- c°me entrenched in an “Army only” c°mmand whose logistic pipeline extends bnly as far as the shoreline, our ability to act to international crises would be se- ere*y diminished.
The Navy and its SEALs have a sym- fo°tic re'at'onship. To suggest that any rce could conduct maritime special operations without daily fleet training and Xercises shows lack of understanding of e basics of naval special warfare. And ? 'Uply that moving the SEALs to the rmy would simply involve relocating Personnel and equipment shows no appreciation for the SEAL himself. We ,e the highest respect for the Army, its |ssion, and its capabilities. But we cined the Navy and that’s where this pAL intends to stay!
aPtain Thomas N. Lawson, U. S. Navy, manding Officer, Naval Special arfare Center—Lieutenant Com-
ander Pinney has looked at the current °Uirnand and control (C2) structure for ^a-air-land (SEAL) teams; concluded at there are resulting problems; and °Posed a simplistic, easily understood, "h wrong answer.
Mis initial premise is that the nature of ,Va* special warfare operations has auged, driving a revised C2 structure.
Not so! Naval special warfare, like all other warfare communities, has responded to the changing threat throughout the world and has developed new tactics and weapon systems to counter that threat. Operations in the Persian Gulf gave naval special warfare a chance to employ new tactics in support of fleet operations.
U. S. Commander-in-Chief Special Operations Command (USCinCSOC) (currently Army) has command of all continental U. S. (CONUS)-based special operations forces (SOF), including naval special warfare forces. Just as all theater CinCs do, USCinCSOC exercises those responsibilities through his service component commanders. For naval SOF, that individual is Commander Naval Special Warfare command, who has operational control of CONUS-based naval special warfare forces and administrative control of all naval special warfare forces. A Navy flag officer commands Navy forces in both fleet and joint special operations. He is a Navy echelon-two commander, directly responsible to the Chief of Naval Operations for preparing forces to carry out the full spectrum of naval special warfare operations and for coordinating the theater CinCs to provide forces for operational taskings.
With the transfer of planning and budget execution authority for all SOF from the services to USCinCSOC starting with Program Objectives Memorandum (POM)-92, there are some unknowns— i.e., how will the funding flow, who will account to whom for expenditures, and what communications process will develop with service systems commands. Those areas will be worked out by reasonable people, with Navy influence and considerations.
Naval special warfare is a viable part of the Navy; it always has been and always should be. An interservice transfer of the naval special warfare community to the Army solves nothing and would only create problems.
“Women in the Brigade”
(See K. M. Klein and J. E. Good, pp. 103108, April 1988; M. Camilleri and J. J. Taipey, p. 22, July 1988; L. J. Hertzog and W. M. Triplett, p. 93, December 1988; M. H.
Smookler, p. 27, May 1989 Proceedings)
Yeoman Chief A. F. Sue Fischer, U. S. Navy (Retired)—I take exception to Senior Master Sergeant Smookler’s conclusion that “the U. S. Navy is neither ready for nor deserves women.” He obviously does not know about the long history of women of the Navy since 1908. The Navy has always had farseeing men who
ORIGINAL OIL PAINTINGS OF THE SHIP OF YOUR CHOICE
A uniquely beautiful ship portrait painted expressly for you, and your heritage.
Deal directly with one of America’s Foremost Marine Artists and save up to 60% over retail.
PRICED FROM $550.
HERB HEWITT 10-R Druid Hill Ave., Dept. P Wakefield, MA 01880 (617)245-5242
TECHNOLOGY
2550 Ninth Street Berkeley CA 94710 TEL: (415) 848-0180 FAX: (415) 848-0971
SEE
^mw
Real Time
Video
On
Command
and
Control
Displays
The RGB/View video display controller integrates real-time video with text and graphics on computer displays. The RGB/View accepts composite video (NTSC or PAL) or RGB component signals from a camera, tape recorder or video disc. Full motion video is displayed as a window on the display.
• Supports all high resolution systems
• Frame buffer independent
• Output to the computer monitor or to a high resolution projector
• 100% software compatible
• Full 24-bit color
• Text and graphics overlays
RGB/View™ 2000
with
force provides a two-ocean deterrent
have placed the Navy at the forefront in the use of women in its forces: e.g., Navy Doctor William Paul Crillon Barton, who in 1811 recommended that the Navy enroll female nurses; Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels who in 1916 authorized the enrollment of women in the Naval Reserve Force; Admirals Randall Jacobs and John H. Tower who in 1941 worked on the legislation to permit women to enter the Naval Reserve; Admirals Louis Denfield and Thomas R. Sprague, who in 1946 authorized the preparation of legislation for the appointment and enlistment of female personnel in the regular Navy and Marine Corps and their reserve components; and Admiral Elmo R. Zumwalt who in 1972 paved the way for today’s Navy women. In World War II, for instance, the Navy would not settle for women as an auxiliary or separate corps as did the Army (Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps [WAACJ/Women’s Army Corps [WAC]) nor only as a civil service as in the case of the Army Air Corps pilots (Women’s Airforce Service Pilots). The Navy insisted that women—both officer and enlisted—would be fully integrated into offices, shops, and schools.
Sergeant Smookle'r’s frame of reference is a service that was created after World War II; it does not have the 200- plus years of history and tradition (of which women are justly proud) that its sister services have. It is interesting to note, however, that when the Air Force was established, “comparing the WAF [Women in the Air Force] with the WAVES [Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service] became almost an obsession with Air Force leaders,” according to Major General Jeanne Holm, U. S. Air Force (Retired). That has to say something about the Navy’s integration of women.
The lack of history and tradition, as well as the absence of an older generation of active, reserve, and retired members, certainly allowed the Air Force to be more open to current and future developments for its service, including the use of women. Nevertheless, Air Force women did not come to their present status without some conscience-raising among Air Force men. I would guess that there are no more “professional/military opportunities open to women in the Air Force” than there are in the Navy. There may be different kinds of opportunities, perhaps— but not more.
By and large, the articles and comments in Proceedings about the Navy women are evidence of well-thought-out, constructive criticism. Every profession, military and civilian, is composed of three basic groups of people: the few who, perceiving the signs of the times and becoming impatient to effect change, rush forward; the few who, ironbound m the status quo, see all change as threatening; and the many who patiently build the foundations for the future of their organizations. The first group dreams of what might be and flies; the second group digs in its heels and clings to the ways ‘ we have always done it”; but the third group balances the two, slowly and solidly moving its organization forward by drawing the best from the daring of the f>rst and the traditional approach of the second. How else did we reach the moon- As a retired Navy woman, who serve from 1951 to 1971, I can say that I was always treated as an equal by U. S. Navy and Royal Navy men—officers and enlisted. For career military men an women—both officers and enlisted—the key to equality is and should be professionalism—keeping abreast of the need of the service and one’s specialty; understanding the written and unwritten rules of the road; and acting with sincerity, honesty, and fidelity. The treatment we receive as professionals depends on tn way we perceive ourselves as profession als. It’s as simple as that!
“Far From Sinking Our Navy”
{See M. D. Goldberg, pp. 22-25, March 1989;
A. K. Hayashida, pp. 29-33, May 1989
Proceedings)
J. David Brown, Head of Naval HistoP cal Branch, Ministry of DeftlU ‘ ’ London—A Washington friend first dre my attention to Tom Clancy’s piece J The Washington Post. As an ancient avia tor, my gut reaction was to disbelieve a J good of our upholstered drainpipe dwe ers. On reflection, though, I had to rec ognize that ozone-free, nonnoise-p0*1^ ant, alcohol-friendly, and biographies ) degrading as we know them to be, tn 7 have upheld the honor of the White sign. But now Clancy had recognize them as tactical talismen, as well as ecu logical exemplars.
Commander Goldberg rightly rest°rt\, the balance: Most of our submariners a less than gods, just as yours are not bn technocrats. But he went over the top- states that while the U. S. submafU “the capability to defeat any enemy l* order] to defeat our alliance,” “the d ish submarine force [only ?[ exists V. marily to defend Great Britain, ideas may have been stimulated by Prl ’ but they are not accurate. Our boats g forth in the name of NATO and, while
Raters they patrol may be closer to Lon- aon than they are to Washington (though n°t to Holy Loch), the work is done as ^uch for the protection of Luxembourg, Ottawa, and Reykjavik as it is for our °Wn seat of government. Our full-time commitment and service on behalf of the alliance are second to none. We, and all he other navies, will be proud to have Commander Goldberg “on the team.”
ship’s midsection, from the 02 level to the second deck, and installed newly- constructed ship sections, one of which weighed 65 tons. Using replacement modules for ship repair was a natural for Ingalls, which pioneered modular construction in the United States 20 years ago.
“Battle Force ASW: M3”
‘Losing Out on Carrier Radar Improvements”
j^ee S. C. Truver, pp. 118-119, April 1989; C. Truver, pp. 30, June 1989 Proceedings)
Tomorrow’s Fleet”
(See S. C. Truver, pp. 302-318. May 1989 Proceedings)
Carriers Sail On”
(See D. J. Pay, pp. 57-61, June 1989
A,
oceedings)
0,
ennis F. Knecht Vice President ofPub- l< and Industrial Relations—We noted '°Ur outstanding May 1989 Naval Re- J?eiv issue. However, a point made in c°tt Truver’s piece requires some clari- lea,*on. His discussion of repairs made 0n the USS Samuel B. Roberts (FFG-58) slates that the effort “will see the first use replacement modules’ to repair entire ^ctions of the ship.” The accompanying Photo caption calls the work the “first- !pVer use” of such replacement modules. h‘s is not the case.
H during the restoration of the missile- ttaged USS Stark (FFG-31) in 19871 Ingalls removed damaged areas of the
(See P. D. Voss, pp. 52-59, January 1989;
G. H. Montgomery, p. 25, March 1989; J. C. Mosier, J. H. Richards, and J. G. Stavridis, pp. 20-25, April 1989; W. J. Holland, p. 28, May 1989 Proceedings)
Commander Gerard M. Fuller, U. S. Navy—Commander Voss presents a thoughtful article on a subject of critical importance. Although there are some weak arguments, he does suggest some organizational changes that require further examination. I am fascinated with those young aviators who would become the antisubmarine warfare commander (ASWC) watch officers for the carrier commanding officer (CO). It makes you wonder who will fly the missions and how the mandatory eight hours of daily crew rest will accommodate these new responsibilities. Another revelation occurs with the improvement in tactical communications, which naturally derives from getting the destroyer squadron (DesRon) out of the way. Commander Voss states that “ComDesRons [Commanders Destroyer Squadrons] are surface warfare experts”; therefore, they should only be assigned as the antisurface warfare commander (ASUWC). Using that logic, the air warfare expert who commands the aircraft carrier remains the airfield manager. The nuclear-powered
newly constructed module was installed in the Stark to repair her Persian (,u|f damage
Videotape
from
Command
and
Control
Displays
RGB / Videolink™
Scan Converter
For Video Taping,
Video Projection And Video Transmission
• Record real time training exercises
and operations.
•Archive operational tactical data.
• Replay display data for post
operational briefing.
The RGB/Videolink supports the Standard Navy Desktop Minicomputer and other RGB displays
ilk
SEED
TECHNOLOGY
2550 Ninth Street Berkeley CA 94710 TEL: (415) 848-0180 FAX: (415) 848-0971
The two-thirds covered with water are covered by TACTAS built by EDO.
The Free World's mightiest ASW Fleets are equipped with more Tactical Towed Array Sonar Systems by EDO than all others combined.
Contact: Marketing Department EDO Corporation Government Systems Division College Point, IMY 11356-1434, USA Phone 718 445-6000 Telex 127431
Where Technological Innovation Becomes Reality
Cfir1 GOVERNMENT CilU SYSTEMS CORPORATION DIVISION
of
Lieutenant (junior grade) Micha
the
take
cratie
attack submarine (SSN) skipper, who is the submarine expert, naturally becomes the battle-force ASWC.
But is the problem with the person in charge, or with the organizational concept itself? A cynic might argue that the composite warfare commander (CWC) concept has degenerated into a vehicle to provide every senior officer in the battle group or force with some authority beyond his own ship, squadron, or wing. Responsibilities overlap, resources are jealously guarded, and the KISS (“Keep it simple, stupid”) principle is lost in the confusion. An objective observer might say that as war at sea has become more complex, we merely try to divide the problem into more manageable pieces. Either way, the result is the same.
The author recommends realigning the zones for ASW defense, and this point has merit. The Pacific Fleet (PacFlt) is leading the way in innovative ASW concepts. The PacFlt theater ASWC manages the ASW game by areas similar to those discussed. Maybe we should take the idea one step further. Commander Voss notes that the ASW zones do not
correspond with the zones for defense-m- depth in other warfare areas. Instead ot keeping our current air, subsurface, and surface orientation, we should match all of our zones, then align our battle force command organization with them.
I suggest in the outer zone we fight the outer air battle and attack surface ships and submarines with long-range missiles Depending on threat axis and the size the zone, more than one outer-zone commander might be required. The SQQ-°yj equipped Ticonderoga (CG-47)-dasS cruisers are candidates for outer-zone commander. The middle zone, which is the crossover point for the air battle, is a must-kill area for submarines. It becomes the area of concentration for the DesR°n commander. The inner zone comes unde the aircraft carrier CO’s control.
The U. S. Navy is famous for attempt ing to solve problems through reorgan[1] [2] zation. In ASW our success will depen more on our technology and tactics than on our organization. Today, our surface ASW capabilities are improving. L°n^ range towed arrays and the other detec tion, processing, and display systems are revolutionizing ASW. We need to sustam our progress despite the austere fiscal c 1 mate that we all foresee. ASW must m main our number-one priority.
OFFICIAL
USN Ship Ball Caps
1675-H Crystal 10376 Main St. Square Arcade Fairfax. VA 22030 Arlington. VA 22202 j (703) 691-1670 (703) 521-NAVY ;
S Style w ' $9.99
All newly commissioned officers and warrant officers in the Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard are eligible.
For information and sign up, ^
contact:
Membership Services U.S. Naval Institute Annapolis, MD 21402 301/268-6110 ^
Let us introduce you to membership in your professional organization with 3 FREE issues of Proceedings.
NEWLY
COMMISSIONED?
Decommissioning the Cape Fox
immmsm
Garment Bag
Featuring an extra large storage pouch, this classic black garment bag is made of 100% nylon. The USNI crest is displayed in gold. Made in the U.S.A.
take a drug test in front of a credible witness, Admiral Nimitz probably would have gone to the head, not through the overhead.
Special Agent Edward J. L. Jex, Naval Investigative Service (NIS)—Similar questions concerning the integrity of an officer’s word have arisen in the law enforcement profession, which also enjoys a “special trust and confidence.” Several points come to mind.
First, I am not aware of any proviso stating that once granted, this special trust and confidence cannot be tested. It may be comforting to think that offenses such as drug abuse can be rooted out of the officer corps by means that are less intrusive than testing, but I do not care for the alternatives. Testing the tissues of a pilot killed in a crash is not the time to discover that the officer had a drug problem. Officers and enlisted personnel hold the lives of their shipmates in their hands. A high moral tone alone will not ensure the safety of those lives.
Second, both Summers and Heinl equate special trust and confidence with special privilege. While military and law enforcement officers deserve a good deal of respect, they cannot be held above the law. If anything, they should be held more accountable. If this accountability includes testing with urine samples and polygraphs, so be it.
Third, Summers and Heinl are obviously concerned with the effect that requiring officers to prove their integrity will have on leadership. Many lead from a position of “superiority,” but ten years’ experience in federal law enforcement has led me to believe the best leaders lead by example.
Fourth, for those who agree with Summers and Heinl that the officer corps should not be required to prove its integrity. I offer the sad news that the officer corps has itself to blame for its integrity being called into question. During my six years with the NIS, I have investigated officers ranging in grade from WOl to 0-10 for crimes including fraud, forgery, theft, extortion, rape, and espionage. In most of these cases there was enough evidence to convict the officer. Yet often little or no action was taken because the court martial of an officer would be detrimental to the command’s morale. No doubt it helps morale when an enlisted member of the profession goes to prison for the same violation for which his division officer receives a nonpunitive letter. The officer corps must hold itself accountable for its actions in the strongest terms if it wishes special privilege to accompany its special trust and confidence.
Ensign Arthur R. Thomas. U. S. Coast Guard—I think when all is said an done, the simple fact is that Lieutenant Unger received a lawful order from a superior and she failed to obey it- was in error. For anything meaningful to come out of this incident, she shorn have obeyed the order as countless other officers have done. She then could ha'e worked out her problem through the chain of command. I doubt that a lieuten ant in the Navy would make much hea way changing this policy. But if it that important an issue to her, she cou have submitted her resignation and save herself and her service from this divisive issue.
tasked with drug enforcement and military operations.
The Cape Fox, commissioned on 22 August 1955, was home-ported in New London, Connecticut, until 1965, when she was moved to Rivera Beach, Florida. She has seized more than 250,000 pounds of marijuana and arrested 60 people for attempting to smuggle contraband into the southeastern United States. Other major seizures include the Miss Connie; the Ecopesca IV, which was carrying 35 tons of marijuana; and the Lyniv IV, carrying 80 tons of marijuana. In the early 1980s the Cape Fox moved to Key West and continued drug interdiction, enforced fisheries laws, conducted surveillance off the coast of Grenada, and assisted shipping in the Gulf and Florida Straits.
Showing the flexibility the Coast Guard is famous for, the cutter was often assigned unique tasks such as providing security for the USS Key West (SSBN- 722) during her visit to Key West, assisting the Environmental Protection Agency with the infamous tug break of dawn and the New York garbage barge, and conducting aids to navigation support.
The Cape Fox and the other 95-footers are being replaced by the 110-foot Island- class patrol boats. The Cape Fox now will be transferred to the Commonwealth of the Bahamas.
Pulled on Press—“African Navies South of the Sahara”
(See p. 5, March 1989 Proceedings)
Moskow
From; Colonel S. I Wodka, Special Department 5-A To: Chief, KGB
1. Honored to report concernink censored section “African Navies South of the Sahara,” March Proceedings, "pulled on press per security review.”
2. It most puzzlink. Suggest you direct Cultural Attache for Sweetness and Light in Washington D.C. to arrange hackink of appropriate computer for pulled article, to answer following:
► Who has navy south of Sahara we not knowink about? What Yankees tryink to hide?
► Has dictator of Equatorial Guinea increased flotilla from 120 to 175 canoes? Did we sell used gunboat September Purge to Congo, financed by Soviet loan at 42% reduced to 5% if boat insured by Lloyds?
► Is Bourkina Fasso havink navy? Is that why USNI magazine censored? If so, we cannot sell another leaky gunboat there, start arms race between Bourkina Fasso and Niger. Now, only ships south of Sahara are “ships of desert”—camels. Please don’t hit on head with champagne
bottle to launchink.
We will get this information. Still lack of security in U. S. Still U. S. citizens sellink secrets for money. Still big reliance on computers for storink and transmission of secret informations. Yankees never hear of transmitting high secret informations by protected couriers. Too lazy, hung up on electronic gadgets. Not sly bears. Our problem is still absorbing all informations we get.
James Hugh Powers ■
“The Navy’s Final Frontier”
(See A. Skolnick, pp. 28-35. January 1989.
G. B. Thamm, p. 31, March 1989; A. Skolnick.
p. 29. June 1989 Proceedings)
Captain John Lacouture, U. S. Navy (Re~ tired)—One could say that 20-25% jj the U. S. Navy’s current combat capabi - ities depend on satellites. This takes into account inputs from the extremely accurate space-based global positioning navi gational systems into the navigation 0 ships, planes, submarines, and missiles- the complete dependency of the Navy 0,1 space-based communication satellites t worldwide command, control, and com munications; information from weather satellites that portray worldwide weather conditions for tactical operational an
Planning purposes; and, perhaps most of a data from current and future reconnaissance satellites in both defensive and offensive combat operations.
Yet although it receives more of its oombat capabilities from space systems Pan the other services, the Navy contributes fewer funds to space-based projects Pan any space-user government agen- Cles> civilian or military. Worse still, ignoring all examples from history, the '/avy has so far abdicated to the Air 0rce a chance to have an equal role in banned military capabilities in space.
Today the primary threats to the sur- ace Navy’s existence in war are enemy reconaissance satellites that can accurately locate and target our naval forces "Pfh a continuous barrage of long-range bruise missiles and ballistic missiles. "ese missiles, equipped with explosive fixtures similar to those the United fates used in Vietnam and the Soviets rePortedly used in Afghanistan, could "Ppe out all topside weapons, planes, antennae, and personnel.
The U. S. Navy urgently needs to Ct)uip its ships with the capability to see and target low-flying reconnaissance sate ntes and ballistic missiles and with the JjNuired weapons to destroy these feats, which would be especially prevain places such as the Norwegian Sea.
In addition, the Navy must be prepared to spend additional funds to defend and replace vital U. S. satellites. Defensively, this can be accomplished both passively and actively; weapons from either surface ships or manned or unmanned space vehicles could provide active defense. Moreover, the Navy should be able to launch satellites, either from some of its ballistic missile submarines and/or from specially configured ships or planes.
As time marches on, space will change from a locale for combat support systems to a locale for offensive and defensive military war-fighting vehicles. The Air Force already realizes this and has assumed the mission of controlling and operating all space combat systems, starting with the country’s only antisatellite program, which is launched from the F-15 airplane, the Strategic Defense Initiative space-based vehicles, and its aerospace plane. Even within the Air Force, it has taken years for that service to consider space as a mission whose importance requires a commitment equivalent to that given the Supreme Allied Command (SAC), Tactical Air Command (TAC), and Military Airlift Command (MAC). Much credit for this policy switch can be given to recent Air Force Secretary Edward C. Aldridge.
General Larry D. Welch, Air Force Chief of Staff, has set forth the following claims for the importance of the military control of space: “Spacepower will be as decisive in future combat as airpower is today,” and “we must be prepared for the evolution of spacepower from combat support to the full spectrum of military capabilities.” Furthermore, all Air Force operations from the various unions, SAC, TAC, and MAC, have agreed on this new policy, even though the money required to implement it will mean that they will have to defer or cancel some of their important future programs.
In the meantime, the Navy, the current prime user of space systems, with requirements for controlling space over the world’s oceans, must itself program and fund space programs to ensure this control. Top Navy leaders should put their money behind their words. They should call in the heads of the other major Navy components—air, submarines, surface, and Marine Corps—and get them to acknowledge and agree to the urgent need for establishing a core Navy space mission, equivalent in importance to their own and with a constituency leader. They must agree to this need even though the money needed to implement the space mission will require the unions to reduce forces and defer or cancel some of their
GIVE YOUR sill in COLOR VISION.
Transmit and receive full-color NTSC or continuous-tone RGB video images over STU III terminals in 60 seconds at 9600 bps*
The KODAK SV9600-S Still Video Transceiver makes it possible. Interface it with a KODAK SV6500 Series Color Video Printer for highly detailed, photorealistic color prints that last. Now you've got the image transmission and analysis system for the 21st century.
The KODAK SV9600-S Still Video Transceiver, KODAK SV6500 Color Video Printer, KODAK SV1300 Color Monitor and STU III terminal.
So add full-color sight to STU III secure sound. For more product information or the dealer nearest you, call 1 800 44KODAK, Ext 110 (1 800 445-6325).
•Works from 2400 bps to 9600 bps.
Proudly made in the USA GSA Approved Federal Group 58
Electronic still photography from Kodak
envisioned programs.
In preparation of this, the Chief of Naval Operations should put together a high-level policy team with space-experienced representation to establish what missions the Navy should accomplish in space and what hardware and funds would be required—to determine the roles of space in the Navy and the Navy in space.
Once agreement on objectives and costs has been established within the Navy, the Navy should take its case to the Secretary of Defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff to gain approval of Navy requirements for space war-fighting missions and capabilities. This will undoubtedly be a bitter battle, since the Air Force has decreed space missions, especially warfighting missions, to be solely its turf. But the Navy cannot permit this to happen and must be accorded its own very important war-fighting role in space.
“Fighting the PHMs”
(See M. E. Butcher, pp. 104-107, April 1989 Proceedings)
Jan Paul Hope—It continues to amaze me that our naval officers expend so much intellectual capital and taxpayer resources on PHMs. Lieutenant Commander Butcher would spend even more scarce resources adding an advance base ship in an attempt to make PHMs useful, and outlines an 11-step tactical method for PHM operations in antisurface choke point control.
Of course a more effective and less costly tactical method for antisurface choke point control would be embodied in Commander Butcher’s first step if it were changed to read: “Reconnaissance aircraft would detect, identify, and localize contacts, and then would fire Harpoons at these targets” (emphasis added). This would eliminate the need for the following ten steps, the six PHMs, their logistics base, and an advance base ship. We could buy more maritime patrol aircraft with the money we save by eliminating the PHMs. We all have seen the pictures of the Long-range Air ASW- capable Aircraft (LRAACA) armed with a dozen Harpoons—not to mention the June Proceedings cover.
Maritime patrol aircraft can fly a 500- mile strike mission in slightly more than an hour compared to ten or more hours for PHMs. A P-3 or future LRAACA could fly a 1,500-mile strike in less than five hours. PHMs cannot reach 1,500 miles without slowing down and refueling twice from replenishment ships. After an antisurface strike, a P-3 or a LRAACA can be reconfigured for antisubmarine warfare for the long-term campaign against submarines. PHMs cannot be reconfigured for anything, and after a>r power has eliminated the surface targets in the first few hours, the single-mission PHMs will have nothing to do.
PHMs cost too much for their limited naval warfare capability. We should give them to the Coast Guard for antidrug operations or scrap them.
“A Word of Thanks”
(See C. Britc, p. 65, January 1989 Proceedings)
Philip E. Prinz, Sr.—My son had the good fortune of serving in the U. S. Navy from October 1984 until December 1989-
While on board the USS Marvin Shields (FF-1066) he called home from Australia and invited me to join him on a “tiger cruise” from Honolulu to the ship’s home port of San Diego. Having served in the U. S. Army and being almost totally ignorant of seagoing ways, accepted his invitation somewhat appre' hensively.
Industrial & Rescue E4 #1 In the world for a re1
RO. Box 99 412 Headquarters Driv® Millersville. Maryland 21 (301) 987-6633 Fax (301) 987-1638
holmatro; iff;
|
|
.4$ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| i i ■ 1 |
| in* |
Navy Tough, ‘Magnum1 Powerful
Holmatro" “Magnum Force”™ RH.A.R.S.
(Portable Hydraulic Access and Rescue System)
Low Weight:
The lightest tools in the world!
Strongest Forces:
33,000 lbs. of spreading force 63,400 lbs. of cutting force State-of-the-art technology, compact power, superior quality and maneuverability , -\
given
Mt
I now count that experience as one of *ne highlights of my life. The time spent °n board was an experience that any par- eflt would enjoy totally. We were allowed participate in ship's activities and were
instructions on all phases of the orvin Shield's operation. I was even flowed to stand watch with my son.
I can well imagine the inconvenience paused to the ship’s company by having b civilians on board. Nevertheless, j\Vcryone was friendly and helpful. The Navy gained firm supporters in me and . others who participated, and will con- jnue to get a high rate of return on its 'ivestment in tiger cruises.
‘Bucher on the Pueblo”
[See L. M. Bucher, pp. 38-39, February 1989 M- Karcher, p. 20, April 1989; P. R. chratz, p. 76, July 1989 Proceedings)
Peu>enant Michael J. O’Donnell, U. S. °ast Guard Reserve, Commanding Offi- (</ CGRU Vessel New Castle—The reCent series of articles in both Proceedings ald Naval History on the environment events surrounding the seizure of the t Ueblo (AGER-2) illustrate the greatest rror that a junior commander can have; at he can do his best but still be sacri- 1Ced to “political” expediency. The oral istory recollections of the admirals, Published in the Fall 1988 issue of Naval ‘story, demonstrate a remarkable de- “ree of finger-pointing and an operative jUirimand philosophy of “It wasn’t my oault!” From my view, near the bottom (he command totem pole, these efforts 0 tot inspire my confidence in the se- l0rs whose orders I must follow.
. 1 appreciate your giving Commander °yd M. Bucher, U. S. Navy (Retired), rr°tiinent space in both periodicals to ^•sp°nd to the admirals’ remarks. I tUldn’t help noticing in the original respective that no one seemed to have c °ught about interviewing the on-scene ^tmander about what went on 20 years H° ^°U t0 ^'m t0 himself,
j the admirals far away, comfortable l flag quarters, were sought out to ^rumph that Commander Bucher was Jlnt'ng in the qualities expected of an I^U-’er ancj commanding officer of the
pjThc fictitious Lieutenant Commander tjj ‘"'P F- Queeg is, in the popular mind, c e archetype of the ineffective ship’s Utmanding officer. And yet, in the . Urt-martial sequence of The Caine (Herman Wouk, Annapolis, MD: CQayal Institute Press, 1987) the defense tinsel avers in his summation, “. . . no an who rises to command of a United
States naval ship can possibly be a coward. And . . . therefore if he commits questionable acts under fire the explanation must lie elsewhere.”
The admirals are careful to avoid the word “coward,” yet the totality of the series of interviews suggests this unthinkable term applies properly to Commander Bucher. But to what degree are the givers of orders accountable for the results of those orders? And what sort of leadership philosophy will arise from the instinct for the rather self-serving career preservation that seems so typical— and so proper?
I am privileged to command a highly dedicated, thoroughly competent, and widely respected group of sailors, and I am confident that my superiors would not squander that resource through either venality or cynicism. But I suspect Commander Bucher felt the same about his crew and his superiors. My subordinates, officer and enlisted, are tremendously motivated, and my job as commanding officer is to guide, channel, and encourage that motivation. I want to believe that my commanders view me the same way.
But your oral-history retrospective has introduced doubt in the integrity of the givers of orders, raised by those very officers who issued the commands. I suppose my unease could easily be written off to the fact that I don’t have the big picture (lieutenants are, almost by definition, little-picture officers). But I keep thinking of a bitter observation by a veteran of a soggy foxhole in Southeast Asia, an ironic comment on Douglas MacArthur’s farewell speech: “Old soldiers never die . . . but young ones do!”
I came away from the series of interviews with the strong sense that the admirals did not understand the hazards of Commander Bucher’s job—and frankly didn’t much care. Admiral John J. Hyland’s ingenuous comment that “I don’t know what ... the Soviets do about the trawler that’s right off Norfolk. . . .The Pueblo had an identical role working for us” suggests some sort of gentleman’s agreement about the role—and tolerance—of intelligence-gathering ships. And perhaps it works at the U. S.-Soviet level. But North Korea doesn’t care about such niceties. And what is worse, the one glaring fact that everyone seems to ignore in the post-season quarterbacking of our preparedness is that they got away with it! The North Koreans still have the ship. We did not retaliate. They gave up nothing and absolutely humiliated the United States. The U. S. reaction, with the Navy in the lead, was a total wimp-out, except to find the scapegoat sacrifices necessary to appease the gods of flag selection boards.
NAVAL WAR GAMES
Computer simulations for the naval community. For a free catalog, return this survey:
Interests:
□ Age of Sail □ Dreadnoughts
O WWII □ Modern O Future I
□ Other______________________
Computers Used:
□ IBM □ Macintosh □ Amiga
I □ Atari ST □ Apple IIGS ,
| □ Other_________________________
• Preferences:
□ Playability □ Realism
I □ Short games □ Long games
! Lyric Software, Inc.
j 6 Beach Plum Dr. • Northport, NY 11768 J
Hanna (DE-449) Hazard (AM-240) Lea (DD-118)
Leo (AKA-60) Mobile (CL-63) Perry (DD-844) Tate (AKA-70) Yew (YN-32)
“The Proceedings Puzzle”
(See J. A. Hickey, p. 142, April 1989 Proceedings)
W. F. Brill—This correspondence in no way is intended to fault this puzzle, since it was restricted to 42 clues and served its purpose of providing fun for Proceedings puzzle solvers.
I just wanted to inform you of the additional enjoyment 1 received by discovering a few additional ships’ names.
Bell (DD-587) Camp (DE-251) Case (DD-370) Deede (DE-263) Defiance (PG-95) Downes (FF-1070) Drew (APA-162) Goss (DE-444) Hamlin (AV-15)
“Women on the Front Lines”
(See B. J, Coyle, pp. 37-40, April 1989; M. E.
Nelson, R. H. Brubaker, and T. P. Gallagher,
pp. 24-26, July 1989 Proceedings)
Lieutenant J. B. Yodzis, U. S. Navy, Exchange Officer, Ecole Naval, Brest, France—I don’t argue with Commander Coyle’s assertion that the combat exclusion rule for women needs to be changed. It should be changed—but in a way that would clarify the current limits and keep women from serving in positions where their presence will be a liability.
There are a number of good reasons, many of which have been argued in Proceedings, that support this view. The most critical one is a point that Commander Coyle concedes—the disparity in physical capabilities between the sexes. In combat (the only valid context for this discussion) ships will suffer battle damage. Strength, endurance, and speed are needed to save the ship and shipmates. Both can survive or be lost by a margin of seconds. In this regard, the relative physical weakness of most women is no trivial matter. A woman possesses about 60% of a man’s strength—a potentially decisive difference. Suppose, for example, the crew of the Stark (FFG-31) had been 40% weaker. Anyone who saw pictures of that ship’s exhausted damage control teams on the fantail can easily visualize that difference causing another monument to be sitting on the bottom of the Persian Gulf- In pointing out that there are some men who are weaker than some women, Commander Coyle makes a good point i you believe that two wrongs make a right. Proponents of an expanded combat role for women often employ such an equation. Instead of compounding the problem, let’s get those weak men into the weight rooms or into jobs where their lack of strength is of no consequence- In determining fitness tests for specific billets, experience shows that politics will dictate standards. For example, f're departments found few female applicants who could pass the test of draggin§ weighted dummies a certain distance within a specified number of seconds- So, the test was promptly declared to be sexist and the standard was lowere ■ Common sense tells me that this may be costing lives today.
The stakes for the armed forces are even greater than for fire departments, combat, even a close second is dead las • A role for women in combat decrease our collective capability and shorn > therefore, be avoided.
(Continued on page
78)
FOR USNI MEMBERS ONLY!
Help us to strengthen our influence and ability to serve the needs of the naval professionals and enthusiasts nationwide by sponsoring new members in the U.S. Naval Institute.
U.S^NAYAL INSTITUTE
Membership Campaign
Fill in the application to the right with your name and USNI member number and we will credit sponsorship to you. Give the application to a fellow officer, friend or colleague who you think would benefit from monthly issues of Proceedings and full benefits and privileges of Naval Institute membership.
As a Sponsor, you’ll earn special awards for your support.
for 1 new member, you will receive a USNI lapel pin. for 3 new members, you also receive a USNI duffle bag. for 6 new members, you also receive a deluxe edition of Keepers of the Sea.
Service
EXTRA BONUS!
With every new member that you sponsor, your name will be entered into a drawing for a $1000 gift certificate from the Naval Institute. You can use the certificate to purchase a life membership, subscriptions, books, prints, photos, and insignia items.
(The winner will be drawn at random from all sponsor names on 31 October. All sponsored memberships must be received by 16 October)
For more applications, call (301) 268-6110 ext. 238 between 0800 and 1600 EST.
U.S. NAVAL INSTITUTE MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION
[7] YES! Please sign me up for membership in the U.S. Naval Institute for only $27.00 per year (U.S., APO, and FPO addresses only). I understand that my first issue of Proceedings and membership credentials will be mailed to me right away*
Name _
Rank
Address
City, State, Zip. Designator
□ Check Enclosed
Charge my CH MasterCard CD VISA
Card No. .
Exp. Date
Signature
SPONSORED BY: USNI Member:
USNI Member No:-------------
□ Check here if this is a gift membership from the sponsoring member.
Mail by 6 October to: U.S. Naval Institute 2062 Generals Hwy. Annapolis, MD 21401
MA9
Comment and Discussion
(Continued from page 34)
The Naval Institute’s Annual Meeting
Lieutenant William S. Ramshaw, U. S. Navy—I recently attended the Naval Institute’s Annual Meeting in Monterey, California. It made me realize that I am more than just someone who sends in his membership dues once a year and receives a magazine in the mail. As a direct result of attending the Annual Meeting, I feel that I am truly a part of a real organization that has a viable purpose and provides a valuable service to its professional members.
Since attending the Annual Meeting, I have been strongly recommending to my friends that they attend at least one Naval Institute function, to meet some of the professional staff. It was helpful for me to realize that the backbone of the Naval Institute is comprised of its active members—people who come from all parts of the country.
June 1989 Proceedings Cover
“Sharpening the Sword of Orion”
(See J. F. Roscoe and D. L. Hall, pp. 93-95, June 1989 Proceedings)
Rear Admiral W. R. Smedberg IV, U. S. Navy (Retired)—The authors make a seemingly compelling case for adding some defensive and survivability capabil-
NAVAL, MARITIME MILITARY & AVIATION BOOKS
Our quarterly catalogs contain 48pp. and over 1500 entries of mostly out-of-print books.
Our reasonable prices and excellent service are enjoyed by people like you who use and enjoy books. Judge for yourself. Send only $4.00 for the next 4 issues.
ANTHEIL
BOOKSELLERS
2177P Isabelle Court No. Bellmore, NY 11710
ities to the P-3C Orion. What we so often forget, however, is that nothing comes for free. The “P-3C Orion” sidebar that accompanies the article aptly defines the P-3C’s mission: ‘‘detect, classify, localize, track, and destroy enemy high- performance submarines.” These functions are listed in order of priority. The fact is that today’s P-3C cannot even detect submarines. Surely nine out of ten antisubmarine warfare sorties by P-3Cs occur only after another system, such as the integrated undersea surveillance system (IUSS) accomplishes the initial detection and classification. Then the P-3C follows up to localize, track, and, in wartime, destroy. The situation is getting worse. With the IUSS system losing its ability to detect quiet submarines, the P-3Cs (as well as tomorrows Update IVs and Long-range Air ASW-capable Aircraft [LRAACA]) will have even fewer cues to fly on.
So before we devote a lot of effort to “Sharpening the Sword of Orion,” we’d better make sure it has a sword to begin with. If there are some extra dollars, weight, and volume available, I’d devote them to providing the Orion with some basic detection effectiveness—i.e., a primary mission capability—before worrying about such survivability measures as the authors suggest.
William T. Brockman—Commander Roscoe and Lieutenant Hall make a persuasive case for providing greater firepower for the P-3 Orion and follow-on P-7. I am somewhat confused, however, by the essay’s accompanying photo and caption and the issue’s cover. Both show an Orion looking very mean, indeed, with Harpoons, Sidewinders, and (on the cover) a gravity bomb. The professional
note recommends a Sidewinder capability but makes no mention of a current one.
Were the photos of the well-arme Orion taken at some sort of trial, or does a Sidewinder capability now exist? Sue a capability would certainly give pause to
a potential attacker.
Editor’s Note: The intimidating Ora’11 pictured in our June issue is the on . Navy P-3 to brandish such a battle dress The aircraft, painted in the new tac,,La^ grey color scheme, hails from the r Department of the Force Warfare A‘r craft Test of the Naval Air Test Cente • NAS Patuxent River, Maryland. P^ol.°f. rapher Mark Meyer captured the J[3]‘ loaded, combat-ready Orion on 30 N vember 1988 during tests evaluating < Sidewinder as a defensive weapon J patrol aircraft. VP-8 in Bruns^,c ^ Maine, helped with the weapons lootl‘> depicted in the photos. Lieutenants Warlick and Dave Wagner piloted Orion. Commander Pete Patrick sen^st as mission commander. The weapons ■ platform successfully launched a 3“ winder for the first time on 4 Novein 1988. That launch is pictured here.
*7
“No Quarter for Their BoomerS
(See J. L. Byron, pp. 49-52, April 1989. C Carver, pp. 24-28, June 1989 Proceedings)
Commander Michael C. West,( Navy—I was stunned to read: So , strategic ASW [antisubmarine war a
against U. S. SSBNs [nuclear-power
fleet ballistic-missile submarine], ' g ever, merits little attention because 0 .
superior ability of U. S. SSBNs 10 lyj . . . and avoid inferior Soviet A forces.” How can this be? rjvy
I am not a submariner, nor am I P
Remembering the Diesel”
(See R. T. Ackley, pp. 96-100, July 1989
YOUR
SATISFACTION
GUARANTEED,
PERIOD!
to the inside scoop on the relative merits (and hence vulnerabilities) of U. S. versus Soviet submarines. I have, however, jollowed the Walker, Toshiba, and K°ngsberg fiascos as closely as open sources allow. I also wonder if Captain “yron read the recent article in The Washington Post describing encounters between U. S. and Soviet submarines. On the U. S. boats the first indication was sound of receding propeller noises.
Putting the relative merits of U. S. and soviet submarines aside, it is patently foolish to dismiss the abilities of one’s f°es or potential foes. I'm sure Rome sfept soundly with the knowledge that all 'hose warm-weather pachyderms could never make it over the Alps!
“West European and NATO Navies”
(See N. Friedman, pp. 130-141, March 1989 Proceedings)
Captain John J. Hyland III, U. S. Navy u- S. Naval Attache, Paris—1 would like *° compliment you on the 1989 Intema- honal Navies issue and to correct an error ln the discussion of the French Navy. On page 134 the statement "The entire rench SSBN [nuclear-powered ballistic- 'jUssile submarine) force is stationed in be Gironde estuary. . .” is not correct.
entire French SSBN force is, in fact, s'ationed at the lie Longue SSBN base near Brest. [4] I,
developing this technology? Can we afford to allow other nations to take the lead in the technology and capabilities inherent in conventional submarines? The answer to all of these questions must be an emphatic “No!”
The U. S. maritime strategy outlined in 1986 by Admiral James D. Watkins, then-Chief of Naval Operations (CNO), does not mention diesel submarines. The world situation has changed since that strategy was made public, but Admiral Carlisle A. H. Trost, the current CNO, is not changing the direction of the submarine force.
The nuclear-powered submarine is a powerful weapon that is useful for superpower conflicts. While we must maintain its capabilities, many missions do not require them. The submarine force can be even more versatile by building a more economical diesel-powered submarine.
The tighter defense budget will inevitably lead to cuts in the number of Navy ships, aircraft, and men. Diesel submarines can fill the gaps created by these cuts and offer a more flexible response in a crisis. Congress recently authorized building the Seawolf (SSN-21) for more than $700 million, which will give the Navy the most capable submarine ever built. That is the baseline cost and more units should drive the cost down, but the cost will again increase with optional items and improvements developed before actual construction. Just how many SSN-21s Congress will fund is unknown.
Diesel submarines are less costly; for example, the West German TR-1700 costs about $200 million. A U. S. Navy design would cost roughly the same and provide at least three highly capable submarines for the cost of one SSN-21. Diesel submarines require fewer personnel (about 35 vice 125), and intensive nuclear training would not be required. The cost of replacing diesel submarines in time of conflict would be less than that for replacing nuclear submarines, as would be the political ramifications of losing a diesel submarine in peace or in war.
The diesel subs would conduct some of the tasks now assigned to aircraft and surface ships, and would supplement nuclear submarines and their missions. Diesel submarines would be forward deployed close to where they will inevitably be needed, which will obviate long, slow transit times. Small diesel submarines would be perfect in the reconnaissance and surveillance role. Forward deployed, they would provide a new choke point weapon that does not require extensive manpower or resources to keep on station. The larger diesel submarines would (~
Major New Reference on World War II
Presidio Press, Box 1764PO, Novato, CA 94948
ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF 'I'll 10 sicc;opmi>
WORLD
WAR
BRYAN PERRETT & IAN HOGG
9 Over 3000 entries in an easy- to-use, A-Z format.
• A full Who's Who of W.W.II.
• Covers every significant naval land-based and airborne system.
• Details every key battle and campaign.
9 Over 400 contemporary photographs
9 Over 100 new technical illustrations and diagrams.
• Over sixty detailed maps from every theater of the war.
NEW! FROM PRESIDIO * PRESS
Presidio Press, Box 1764PQ, Novato, CA 94948
Name________________________________________
Address_______________________________________
City________________________ St______ Zp_
Signature (For Credit Card Orders):
Mark Payment: Ck/MO_______ MCAJisa____ Am.Exp____
Card * Exp. Date
_____ ENCYCLOPEDIA & $40.00 $
QTY ’
CA RES 6% TAX
SHPG4HNDLG $ 2.50
TOTAL PAYMENT t
—J
JOINER DOORS
NAVY AND COAST GUARD STANDARD JOINER DOORS — IN STOCK!
QUICK DELIVERY ON NON-STANDARD DOORS
•HONEYCOMB DOORS ‘EXTRUDED DOORS •GRP/NOMEX* DOORS ‘FLUSH DOORS
(MCM/NON—MAGNETIC)
(STEEL OR ALUMINUM)
radius corners ALSO AVAILABLE:
— SHOWER DOORS
— DRYING AREA DOORS
- WATERCLOSET DOORS
- DOOR HARDWARE
ADVANCED STRUCTURES CORPORATION 235 WEST INDUSTRY COURT DEER PARK, NEW YORK 11729 (516) 667-5000 FAX (516) 667-5015
NOMEX* IS A TRADEMARK OF DUPONT
also replace some of the antisubmarine warfare (ASW) forces from the surface and air communities tasked with patrolling choke points and defending foreign ports. Aircraft are not nearly as effective at choke point patrol as submarines, and aircraft patrols are more manpowerintensive. In addition, the ability of the U. S. Navy to deal with the smaller navies in the Western Hemisphere would be greatly increased by using locally based diesel submarines.
The idea of the submarine as a warfighting machine is being overshadowed by the supposed need for more speed. Submarine officers gladly acknowledge the need for speed, but will also sacrifice speed for stealth. And diesel submarines are inherently quieter than their nuclear counterparts.
The United States has not built a diesel since the launch of the USS Bonefish (SS-582) in November 1958. Given the advancement of technology in submarine quieting and sonar capabilities since then, a diesel submarine built by the United States now would be extremely capable. Renewing U. S. research and development of diesel submarine technology will not only provide us and our allies with better diesel submarines, it will enhance the capabilities of our nuclear-powered submarines.
The three remaining U. S. diesel submarines will soon be retired after more than 30 years of service. Now is the time to start building replacements.
“Who Will Man the Merchant Ships?”
(See E. J. Higgins, pp. 34-37, February 1989, E. J. Bender,"p. 100, April 1989 Proceedings)
Petty Officer First Class Antonis Pauaqiotareas, Hellenic Navy—Commander Higgins correctly states that by the year 2000 the shortfall of mariners would increase to 12,000. The merchant marine industry is an important force to the commerce and defense of any nation- Nevertheless, the U. S. Merchant Marine has been declining ever since World Wa 11. To improve this situation two things must change: the training of merchan mariners and the job opportunities.
The way to attract young men an women is to diversify their education a both the officer and rating levels. The merchant marine officer should be a sea man as well as an engineer, a shippm® executive, or a scientist. Similarly, m rating should also be double-skilled.
I propose that the U. S. Merchant Ma fine Academy and the six state-run man time academies be kept open, their fun
28th ANNUAL NAVAL & MARITIME PHOTO CONTEST
The U.S. Naval Institute and the Government Systems Division, Eastman Kodak Company are proud to co-sponsor the 28th Annual Naval & Mantime Photo
C°Winning photos will be published in a 1990 issue of Proceedings. Cash prizes will be awarded as follows:
„. $500
1st Prize $350
2nd Prize $250
H^noraWe Mention (15) $10° each
Mail entnes to: & MARmME PHOT0 CONTEST
U.S. Naval Institute • Annapolis, MD 21402 • (301) 268-6110
DEADLINE: 31 DECEMBER 1989
Entry Rules: ..
1 Each photograph must pertain to a naval °r mant"™ the subjecT (The photo is not limited to the calendar year of the
contest.)
2. Limit: 5 entries per person.
1 Entries must be either black and white prints, color prints, or color transparencies.
4 Minimum print size is 5 x 7.
(X Minimum transparency size is 35mm. (No glass mounted transparencies, please.) qs
a Full captions and the photographers name: and add must be printed or typed on a separate sheet of pap attached to the back of each print, or printed on the transparency mount. (No staples, please.)
7. Entries must arrive at the U.S. Naval Institute no later th December 31, 1989. hased
Photographs not awarded prizes rnay P°sa'bly DPurchased bv the U S Naval Institute. Those photographs not P . 5!ll be returned to the owner if accompanied by a stamped, self-addressed envelope Sponsored by the U.S. Naval Institute and the
I ■ ■ ■ ■
t 1989
Survivability depends on readiness. That’s why CE's airborne Missile Launch Detection systems on fighters and transports warn of threats and pinpoint them for counteraction.
False alarms? CE has solved more problems than you can imagine! We know how to avoid them without compromising your early warning.
And nobody can match CE's years of experience building airborne Missile Launch Detection. We offer greater range than other detectors, better resolution, multi-threat capability, and full MIL-STD-1553 compatibility- Proven equipment is reliable and ready for you, so you're ready for anything.
Missile Launch Detection without false alarms? It's high time!
Contact CE for information about these systems.
Cincinnati Electronics Corporation, 2630 Glendale-Milford Road, Cincinnati, Ohio 45241-3187. Tel. 513-733-6100.
CINCINNATI
ELECTRONICS
An equal opportunity employer.
|ng and staff increased, and their facilities ■mproved. 1 also suggest that there be research centers and a think tank in engineering, operational, and scientific matters within or near the academies.
Furthermore, the curriculum of the neck officers should be diversified. They jnust graduate double-trained. At the Texas Maritime College (which I attended) business and science courses are available to the deck officers who gradu- a[e with a marine transportation, marine science, or marine biology degree. The academies should expand these courses and offer degrees or specialties in port °Perations and management, ship brokerage, maritime law, pleasure boat brokerage and operations, oceanography, offshore drilling operations, etc. These °PP°rtunities would increase the job op- t'ons of graduates and provide the industry with a better trained staff.
Also, job opportunities for marine en- 8'neers are much better since they are also mechanical engineers. This degree Can be improved by adding courses, if Possible, to include naval architecture, ocean engineering, electrical and elec- tr°nics engineering, etc. Similarly, rat- 'Ogs in merchant ships must diversify 'heir skills. It is to the benefit of the shipyards and the marine industrial services 0 employ such people and use their tech- "'cal experience.
fob security is a main factor that discourages young people from entering this Profession; therefore it must increase. A arge number of merchant mariners drift r°m company to company looking for ernployrnent. The maritime industry must pSe these people when they are ashore. 0r example, it would be ideal for a seaman to work on board a ship four to six jjjonths per year and then be employed in he shipping company’s office or as an extra hand during dry dockings. This also fW°uld give someone else the opportunity 0 Work on board a ship.
In regard to job opportunities, the lue-water U. S. merchant fleet must j^Pand. This has not been happening ecause of the high cost of paying an all- ^erican crew. To remedy the situation, a partly foreign crew would greatly re- Uce the operating cost of a U. S. vessel and increase its competitiveness. (It is not e Point to suggest in what percentage or 0ri what positions foreign seamen could replace Americans.) We must never for-
that the prime mission of a merchant hip is for the owner to make a profit by Unsporting goods from one location to
another.
Also, it is well known that the U. S. jajerchant fleet is old. Ships must be reP aced with modem, diesel-powered, automated vessels. A healthy and expanded blue-water fleet will provide the jobs desperately needed. It will also provide the kind of ships that military planners want. The ships will be ready whenever the country needs them.
The decline of U. S. merchant ships since World War II was caused by the government and the unions because they refused to adjust to the prevailing economic conditions. For example, Western
European ships continue to sail despite high costs of living. This is because Europeans build their ships in Far East yards, part of their crews are foreign, most of their ships are new, and they have the facilities to provide the support and knowledge they need. In addition, they have the support of their governments. This is what the United States lacks. It should reconsider its policy soon before the problem becomes worse.
®
CD
1=7
duty
bringing, much less as an active
“Who Will Man The Merchant Ships?”
(See E. J. Higgins, pp. 34-37, February 1989;
E. J. Bender, p. 100, April 1989 Proceedings)
Captain Robert W. Kesteloot, U. S. Navy (Retired), former director Strategic Sealift Division in the office of the Chief of Naval Operations and study director of the Transportation Institute’s manpower study—As the originator of the Ready Reserve Force (RRF) Breakout command post exercises (CPX), I share Commander Higgins’s skepticism that manpower for the full activation of the RRF is adequate and ready. There are several reasons this does not appear to be so, however. The lack of personal contact with the individuals whose names were provided by the unions to the general agents as available and ready is one. Another are forces competing for the same manpower in a real-world scenario.
History shows that when world tensions rise and we provide military and economic aid to our allies, shipping requirements rise early. But until commercially available shipping proves to be inadequate, or until the President declares a national emergency, the RRF will not be activated. As demand for U. S. bottoms to carry military cargo rises, cargo rates will increase accordingly. This will cause ship operators to activate their own laid- up ships, which will reduce the manpower pool upon which the activation of the RRF relies.
At the time of Breakout 1985 (an October exercise involving 74 RRF ships), the Maritime Administration (MarAd) records show that 98 of the 491 privately owned ships in the U. S. fleet were inactive. Because of the age of ships in the inactive fleet at that time, an average crew size probably would have been about 40 crew members. That means that 3,920 mariners probably would have been drawn from the seafaring manpower pool before the RRF was ever ordered into activation. How very different the results of the Breakout 85 CPX would have been if we had been smart enough at the time to realize that our manpower pool was depleted before we ever started.
We must revise the scenarios for future Breakout CPXs. We should assume that demand (and cargo rates) have caused the reactivation of inactive, privately owned ships and the manpower pool has decreased accordingly. To achieve any validity in the exercise, unions and general agents must participate. Attempts to contact individual mariners must be made. Then we will see what sort of a communication problem exists! Incidentally, the statement that “the principal lesson learned from Breakout 85 was the need for improved communications” referred to communications between MarAd, the activation sites, and, to a lesser degree, the general agents. This problem was solved by the rather simple and relatively inexpensive solution of buying a number of facsimile machines. Although the unions maintain accurate files on active mariners, this communication problem pales in comparison with the difficulty of contacting thousands of inactive mariners who may not have sailed for years and whose personal data files may be woefully outdated.
The latest goal for the size of the RRF is to have 142 ships by 1992, consisting of 104 dry cargo ships, 36 product tankers, and two troop ships. This further exacerbates the problem. On the other hand, there are currently fewer inactive ships in the private sector; MarAd listed only 37 as of August 1988, the time of the latest available data. The reason is clear; most were either sold into the RRF or scrapped.
But numbers alone do not tell the story. In reality, the total numbers have been fairly static and most changes have been in status and, most importantly, in types and sizes in the private fleet.
U. S. Oceangoing Merchant Marine (Privately Owned)
October August 1985 1988
Active Fleet | 393 | 390 |
Inactive Fleet | 98 | 37 |
Subtotal | 491 | All |
RRF (Government Owned) | 74 | 95 |
Total | 565 | 522 |
The numbers in the table do not show an increase of 1.5 million deadweight tons in the active fleet, nor do they reflect the decrease in crew size of about 15 crew members per ship in the new additions. These reductions have been accomplished by newer, but more automated, ships of greater capacity and a willingness on the part of the maritime unions to reduce crew size. The net result is a further reduction in the mariner manpower pool.
The proper course of action at this point is to reduce the size of the RRF. In 1984, the goal for the size of the RRF was set at 77 ships (61 dry cargo and 16 tankers). At the time it was stressed that this was only an interim solution to the strategic sealift problem. The government acknowledged that the long-term solution relied on a return of the United States merchant fleet to a robust status able to serve as a naval auxiliary in time of war. Since then, the RRF goal has increased in successive steps from 77 to 116, to 136, and finally, to 142 in 1992- All the time, the manpower pool has been shrinking. If we cannot man the ships, then we should dispose of the older and less militarily useful ones.
The proper answer is that we must have a strong Merchant Marine. If J* takes subsidies, then we should subsidize. The relatively few dollars required, estimated to be two to three billion dollars a year, are highly leveraged dollars because they would permit us to execute our forward defense strategy for which we pay one hundred times that amount in our annual defense budget. The need f°r an RRF of some size will probably exist for a long time because there are specia types of ships needed that will probably never exist in our commercial fleet' These include roll-on/roll-off ships, crane ships, offshore petroleum discharge ships, fleet replenishment ships and, per" haps, troop ships. With the exception o these specialized type ships, we shorn return reliance in our ability to execute the forward defense strategy back tl’ where it has historically resided—in the U. S. Merchant Marine.
“Retiring a Legend”
(See J. F. Lehman, pp. 60-64, January 1989.
F. Duncan, pp. 94-100, April 1989 Proceeds’
Lieutenant Commander Mark A. HiigheS' U. S. Navy (Retired)—Ns a former member of the “military priestly order’ re ferred to by former political appointee’ John Lehman in his shrill and reckless grave dance/self-inflicted backslappmg- feel compelled to speak briefly, if I may' for another former member who regretw bly is otherwise unable to respond:
“Sir, 1 may be dead, but I find it vast y preferable to be a dead patriot than a l'vC piss-ant.”
Speaking for myself, I am incredulous that Mr. Lehman, didn’t learn in his up naval officer, to show a modicum of 1 e respect due to Admiral Rickover.
I too spent a bit of time with the adm1 ral in 1981, and frankly agree that tn® most accomplished man was due for xe. tirement. But while it is one thing to dutt fully, albeit forcefully, retire a mon|^ mental workhorse, it is quite another thump one’s hollow chest about it Pu licly. Such behavior is not only se demeaning but downright embarrassing especially because Lehman waited un the admiral’s death to publish such men less gossip. -
“Women on the Front Lines”
(See B. J. Coyle, pp. 37-40, April 1989 Proceedings)
“Personnel Puzzle”
(See C. H. Becraft, pp. 41-44, April 1989 Proceedings)
Robert J. Keevers—For the first time in 1,1 y memory Proceedings published articles with a “him and hers” linkage. But what are they really saying? And who has a fair chance to say it? Only a few active- duty officers have both the time and inclination to oppose “progress.” The fash- 10n is to arrive at the “right” answer— Quality for women in the services. To Say otherwise is to risk career damage. It Seems not to matter that the issues at hand should not be judged by an applause [Ueter or a popular referendum. Nor does 11 seem to matter that the combat role for Women so ardently sought is not embraced by likely foes or combat-tested allies. Who really knows best and what do they say?
Commander Coyle’s second sentence states, “The Navy’s goal should be to assign women to any billet for which they Qualify and volunteer.” Let me assume lhe statement relates to a prime personnel 8°al, not the actual mission of the Navy. Now return to the first sentence: “It is n°w time for the Navy to try to have overturned the law that excludes women ,rom combat and combat-related assignments.” Now jump to the companion ar- bcle’s first page, third column, under the Caption, “Combat Exclusion Laws and Policies.” Ms. Becraft states, “There is n° U. S. law that prevents women from serving in combat. There are, however, statutory provisions. ...” Something dere is disingenuous. The issue is not one °f unplanned or unavoidable combat, but of forging naval units designed to win. Note also the inequality that attends Women’s participation. Their role is volUntary. And the term “qualified” is a o°pout. Women need not be highly quali- ied or as qualified as men, merely qualified.” And the assured presence of a few men to help with physical chores surely wouldn’t jeopardize “equal pay °r equal work.”
The authors actually make telling Points, but with camouflage. Point one is he recognition of a declining pool of males. Point two finds the performance °f women, in peacetime, after adjustments, “on a par” with men. Does it fol- °w that the basic problem cited calls for ornogenized composition of combat Units? If winning wars is the issue, I can htnk of no better prescription for defeat and no more abject surrender to igno- ranee. The ideological views of the militant feminists should not be allowed to dominate the pragmatic views of those most knowledgeable about winning wars. Note, for example, that “although VQ-3 is part of the nuclear strike forces, it was somehow designated as noncombat duty, so women could be assigned to it. ” What motivated this happenstance? A shortage of males? Commander Coyle concedes that “peacetime operations are an imperfect indicator” but does not hesitate to label former Secretary of the Navy James Webb’s judgment on this issue an “absurdity.”
Throughout both articles there is mention of “resistance” to the enlightenment, which service secretaries and Congress have had to overcome. The reasons for this resistance are not enumerated. Instead we are advised to adjust to a changing culture. But do our enemies understand this? Or are they simply smiling? I find it curious that the Marine Corps earns the label of “most tradition bound” as the foot-dragger in all of this. Someone should recall that tradition is intimately intertwined with victory.
We are told that women should not be denied the opportunity to serve their country in combat. We should ask if these same women have assured themselves that combat would be their most effective contribution. If experienced commanders disagree with the fashion setters, there are at least three explanations:
► The military men are biased and therefore inadvertently in error.
► They are unpatriotic and deliberately shunning a military advantage.
► They are right.
February 1989 Cover
Richard L. Corrin, Jr., Chicago Council of the Navy League—I believe you owe the membership of the Naval Institute more than a small paragraph of information about the subject of your cover on the February Proceedings. I had the pleasure of meeting Commander Tony Watson in February 1988 when I visited his submarine, the USS Jacksonville (SSN- 699). Even though it was his day off the ship, Commander Watson came on board to visit with us.
Commander Watson is a real role model in Chicago. He grew up in one of the worst housing projects in the city. He is a product of the Chicago public schools, which are rated by some as the worst in the country. The Chicago Tribune did a front-page story on Tony Watson in its 2 July 1989 Sunday feature section. Tony Watson shows what you can achieve when you work for it.
Tbank you for giving. Again and again.
tStJpl American Red Cross
Support America's colleges. Because college is more than a place where young people are preparing for their future. It's where America—and American business—is preparing for its future.
Give to the college of your choice.
I disagree with Colonel Summers c° cerning the role of civilians in the m tary establishment. While he loathes t fact that military personnel have to orders from misguided “bureauc bunglers,” I would much rather take inconveniences of civilian control ot military than the totalitarianism ot no tary control of civilians. Civilian contf of the military is one of the major ten of our federal system. ,
Military officers serve at the P'easU[|- of the president of the United States-^ President Franklin D. Roosevelt had a fully ordered Admiral Chester Nimi*z
Lieutenant (junior grade) Craig Lloyd’ U. S. Coast Guard, former Commandos Officer, USCGC Cape Fox ('>’>' 95316)—On 29 June 1989, the Coast Guard Cutter Cape Fox was decommts sioned in her home port of Key ’ Florida. Crewed by one officer and - nf 35
enlisted, the Cape Fox was one o Cape-class cutters built by the Co Guard yard in 1953-59 to replace aging fleet of 83-foot patrol boats. nally designed as an antisubmarine fare platform. Cape-class cutters exe . lified the flexibility of the Coast Cm ^ taking on new missions even while built. The remaining 95-foot cutters
“Special Trust and Confidence
(.See H. G. Summers and R. D. Heinl, PP- ’’ 102, May 1989; J. L. MacMachael, A. Bor®1 ’ R. L. Partridge, J. M. von Tol, pp. 18—21. 1989 Proceedings)
■hael J-
Barron, U. S. Navy—The issue in Unger case is not one of integrity 01 “ drug-free Navy, but one of privacy. L|eU, tenant Unger felt she had a right to reins'- this drug test because it violated her co stitutional right to privacy. I say, vV privacy? 5.
Privacy does not exist in the U- fleet. It does not exist in the practic sense, nor in the constitutional sense.
© Eastman Kodak Company, 1989
[3]avy—The U. S. Navy has spent tril- '°ns of dollars since the construction of uc USS Nautilus (SSN-571) on nuclear- P°Wered submarines. The current genera- lQn of submarines is almost three times arger than the Nautilus, immensely more c°uiplex, and extremely more capable for ^ar-fighting. Today’s submarines were udt for a multipurpose mission and with a capability to operate anywhere in the ^orld using a variety of conventional and nUclear weapons. Nuclear power has be- C°me dominant in the U. S. Navy subma- r>ne force, while little research and devel- °Pnient have been spent on conventional, a°nnuclear power for submarines. The avy’s policy has virtually no room for C°nventionally powered submarines, a Position that runs counter to every other aa'ion that deploys nuclear submarines. s (J- S. strategy so strictly defined and Unbendable that it will not allow room for
Proceedings)
lieutenant Wade H. Schmidt, U. S.