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Contents:
Hostages of Navy Medicine
Blood on the Decks
Doctors Should Train for the Fight
A Question of Stewardship
USS Vincennes Downs Airliner
Nuclear Weapons at Sea
Who Needs PALS?
So Long, Mr. Nice Guy
Readying the Surface Navy
The Death of the Coast Guard
No Right to Fight
Knowing the Law
A Few Good Sea Stories
Members of the United States Naval Institute
A Better End to the Vietnam War
ENTER THE FORUM We welcome brief comments on material published in the Proceedings and also brief discussion items on topics of naval, maritime, or military interest for possible publication on these pages. A primary purpose of the Proceedings is to provide a place where ideas of importance to the Sea Services can be exchanged. The Institute pays an honorarium to the author of each comment or discussion item published in the Proceedings.
“Hostages of Navy Medicine”
(See S. Watson, pp. 34-37. September 1988
Proceedings)
Rear Admiral H. James T. Sears, Medical Corps, U. S. Navy, Commander, Naval Medical Command—Ms. Watson’s implication that the quality of health care in the Navy is inferior to civilian medicine is irresponsible and false. Her innuendo that the “health and wellbeing [of Navy men and women] and that of their families . . .” is not a high priority with Navy leaders is totally unacceptable.
In September 1987, the Navy awarded an independent civilian external peer review (CEPR) contract to examine the quality of care at military treatment facilities around the world. The type of case reviewed is precisely that type with which Ms. Watson’s article primarily is concerned. The CEPR determined that the quality of Navy care among high-risk cases is exceedingly high, comparing most favorably with our civilian counterparts.
Ms. Watson’s concern with the increasing CHAMPUS (Civilian Health and Medical Program for the Uniformed Services) costs to beneficiaries is one we likewise have been addressing. A major, continuing effort is under way to recapture the CHAMPUS workload and increase access to health care within our treatment facilities. Another initiative is the NavCare clinic, which provides walk- in, primary care to beneficiaries and acts ' as an entry point to naval hospitals for more complex treatment. Patient response has been positive. The cost per visit offers substantial CHAMPUS savings to both the Navy and the beneficiary. Finally, Navy personnel are apprised of CHAMPUS supplementary insurance through Navy publications and commercial sources from companies that offer such plans.
Ms. Watson opines that professional communication regarding diagnosis and treatment is inadequate within Navy medicine. It is currently standard practice, whenever we recognize significant problems or trends through our question- and-answer process or as the result of a Judge Advocate General investigation, to make all treatment facilities aware of lessons learned, either by message or letter. We also are moving forward in the area of computer-assisted diagnosis to ensure that doctors overlook no possibilities.
that
fact, Navy medicine is more likely to in-house and civilian consultants
Another of Ms. Watson's sugge:
is to provide continuing
contacts with civilian specialists and s°c‘ ties. Currently, CME courses are not0 ^ provided, they are required of all g physicians. The contacts suggest611 long been encouraged, most recent y ^ the Surgeon General of the Navy 1 November 1987 message to Aee' grs geons, commanding officers, and o' in charge of Navy medical facilitieS' .
Ms. Watson would have been on ta ^ if she had asked the U. S. C°ngrt-^ary better define the purpose of the rnj j medical system and to provide fun ^ ^ personnel accordingly. Title 10 0 U. S. Code currently provides f°rr. treatment of dependents and retire | ,,
tion (CME) courses and encourage
sonnel only on a “space-aval
liable
be
basis, and requires that our f°rc0f structured to serve the requirerne the active force during time of war.ent, one would argue with this require' (fl of course, but our moral obhgat . “take care of our own” might we rant a more expansive legisla"
„ Urns far-
with
article. Its many factual inaccuracies nt
1 U1U U 111V/1 V V/V|/UUU1 T V '
proach than the one taken thus far- ^ In short, I was disappointed wi . j i»raclt ,nt
to an off-base analysis of an issue—how the Navy can keep P'° high-quality care to a rapidly eXP^( jeg-
iU6fl
beneficiary population under
current
The
islative and fiscal constraints. ‘'Aarine and women serving the Navy and t|]L- Corps can be assured that ii,iclll'j1 pp- right answer to this question is a hifc^ ority with Navy leaders today - anniedi' the most accessible highest quality ,e j$ cine for Navy and Marine Corps Pe
standard to which we and the
nonmedical leadership are eq strongly committed.
N»vy;
ualty
an“
J
Captain Michael L. Cowan,
Corps, U. S. Navy—This article ^y severe and undeserved disservice be2jiP medicine and its beneficiaries. ^ sick with two case histories
dependents and the effects
of th6‘r
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of
jects of interest to the Navy comm1
lUnity-
iSd"
nesses on their families. At first, Ms. Watson seemed to be trying to use these “straw man” tales to raise awareness about the psychological and social needs of our junior service members. Had she confined herself to that, she probably would have provided a useful service.
But then she uses these imaginary vignettes to launch into an unrelated series of blanket allegations against Navy medicine that are not only unsubstantiated and untrue, but are gratuitous shots across the bow that had nothing to do with the story
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she started. The disclaimer that “Brown and Gray are fictional stereotypes” is overshadowed by the fictional stereotype she creates out of Navy medicine.
Throughout her article, general charges of widespread misdiagnoses, malfeasance, ignorance, and poor medical care are tossed off almost carelessly. Statements such as, “a [military] physician . . . will choose not to consult a military specialist because he does not want to reveal his ignorance to his superiors” are almost funny—but not quite. I have
Telex: 127431
served 17 years as a naval medical officer, and have never seen a physician be reluctant to seek a consultation or second opinion for fear of appearing ignorant to his superiors. Quite the opposite; one the quickest ways for a physician to get into trouble is to fail to seek help on 3 case.
During my career I have medically evacuated many patients from overseas to the United States for consultations, an called emergency medical evacuation flights for patients whom 1 felt I could not treat adequately. Nobody ever hesitate to respond, worried about the cost o emergency C-9 Nightingale flights, °r attempted to affect my decisions in any way. Nor have I ever seen any other phy^ sician questioned, admonished, thought less of for obtaining help-
On the issue of consultations, as °n many others, she is completely unin, formed about the workings of the nav medical department. 1 do not recognlZ the organization or the people she chatac terizes.
From its title, which screams at reader from the front page, to the bt end, this sensationalistic piece is ba flawed in its logic, makes indefens1 accusations, unfairly smears Navy ^ cine, and is far more suited to a sup*- market tabloid. I hope Ms. Watson return to writing on subjects she kn about, and Proceedings will rcWa]g\j- producing professional articles on s
Lieutenant Justin C. Matus, Medici ,, vice Corps, U. S. Navy—Recogn^ 0f Ms. Watson’s very narrow perspect1^ Navy medicine, I am nonetheless fended by her placing a myriad ot P^. lems under the umbrella of Navy ^g! cine and dropping it on our doorstep- ^ example, she states that "the degr jy support that each man receives is dl-gti contingent upon each man’s repu within his command.” This is a zea able statement. Notice however, .^lof said “his” command, not the b°sP' the hospital staff. Is the problem the ^ ^ of command support or of the c ^ ceived? Ms. Watson then further c: diets herself with the chief petty 0 ^ to quote, “It’s all there, but you h^js know what and whom to ask.’ ^: ^avy this so much a problem throughou^ 0f medicine or is there, perhaps, a ^d- concern from the member's com*^ ofi Yes, the support is there and ^e- concemed and willing to help. bu 10
times we don’t know you are out t t[i£
these instances, it might be g00
Prioi
fire
rfielf stresses Navy leaders, not Navy ■cine. We in the medical department
‘u$t k
I e developed.
the author did not expand
>r
j. u 111 ivvvm j/ci.11,
Tp,° l^e Reserve Billet Training Plan C}te... ’ We are overemphasizing trauma
Jcsses be expense of treating other ill j bich, in the past, have accounted , -ic *°st manpower during a war
fifih
acut,
, ‘^Vy d
‘ .'ulist °Ctors are physicians first and ■>ntjnuS Sec°nd. The well-publicized . VrUm °bCare” table indicates that •he //"edicine is to the forward edge
'■Oiiirnand, if not the individual, to speak 0111 and let us know.
1 agree that “Navy men and women Leed to know that their health and well- lng and that of their families is a high rity with Navy leaders.” Ms. Watson
filed:
n°t blind to the problems about which s- Watson speaks, but to paint Navy .j^icinc in such a one-sided fashion and use such an inflammatory title for this 1^le'e is both reckless and misleading.
e Point is that ensuring equal access, Riding quality care, and offering lot^l suPPort are fii10 responsibilities of Only the medical community, but the uunand and the individual.
‘‘I),
°°d on the Decks”
(S
A. M. Smith, pp. 62-66, July 1988; R. 0- avage. p. 26, September 1988; S. L.
C*’ p. 16, October 1988 Proceedings)
°ctors Should Train for the *'ght”
CM-s- Baker' p- 65' Ju*y 1988‘s. L’ P- 16, October 1988 Proceedings)
cQh, ,
o Thomas G. Done her. Medical ^■ith’ ^ ^ Naval Resen'e—Captain leu s article is a thoughtful, well-writ- ci|)e, alysis. It warns us of Navy medi- Ss ■ CUrrent inability to care for war- 5fifilv'n event °f a war. His trenchant trajy *S the unsatisfactory trauma Mt(1jng. Programs that exist too often hoSpi | avy hospitals proves that Navy 'he hi k must become training centers of ■fills, l est caliber or suitable alternatives
>et that
ainjn °n the sometimes inadequate !rfiin,n® lbat reservists receive. While 'Voy reserve medical personnel has \|(S ^ . greatly in the recent past,
UlQl
. t Navy physicians need
Vse. ^ knowledgeable of diseases as ma*ar'a’ frostbite, dermatoses, N’aVvC, c°mbat stress reactions.
Pol) • ts
^O 0' Care” table indicates that
VJ*medicin
VCSsityU1Kfleld t*le *ess sPec‘abzed, of S C(j ’tae degree of care becomes. A win °* battle seen in past wars ' not be established in a future our current concepts will
November 1988 be changed rapidly to accommodate an extremely fluid front. Fleet hospitals may be uncomfortably closer to the battle than planned. Under such conditions specialists would function as general medical officers.
How can we cover all of the training needs? One alternative is the more widespread use of correspondence courses. The Navy has many acceptable correspondence courses aimed at a spectrum of medical problems. Too often, however, the texts are of borderline quality, and are illustrated with worthless, low-quality photographs. Too often a request for a course is returned, in less than timely fashion, with a notice stating “not in stock, reapply later.” It is easy to lose interest after receiving a few of these rejections. Would it not be worthwhile to consider offering RBTP points rather than retirement points as credit for completing a course and requiring that certain important courses be repeated periodically? Revamping the entire Navy medical correspondence course system may be the most cost-efficient method of ancillary training that can be made available to reserve medical officers.
Captain Smith’s pointed comment that reserve physicians have not been used optimally by the active Navy and the reserves needs to be faced realistically and the reasons, actual or perceived, need to be addressed.
The widespread enthusiasm and support within the reserve community for Surgeon General James A. Zimble prove that a leadership style that shows common sense, compassion, and a global understanding of many points of view is welcome. With his leadership we may be able to return Navy medical training to the pinnacle it once enjoyed.
“A Question of Stewardship”
tSee C. Untermeyer, pp. 38-45, September
1988 Proceedings)
Lieutenant General D'Wayne Gray, U. S. Marine Corps (Retired)—Political appointees come in varying degrees of excellence. Chase Untermeyer was one of the good ones. His article is a welcome addition to the sparse supply of literature addressing the relationship between the uniformed services and their most immediate civilian masters. His advice to his successors is on the mark in most respects, but not all.
Who Can Outwait Whom? With a political appointee’s average length of service being about two years and a military officer averaging two to three years in one job (Untermeyer’s estimates), I see fiFS! I wish to acquire the following Lone Sailor statue(s). 1 understand the statue is based on the original sculpture by Stanley Bleifeld. I will be appointed an Individual Sponsor of the Navy Memorial in Washington, D.C. and I will receive a Certificate of Authenticity.
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energies to the Navy’s needs, to becom® expert on both the problem at hand a°
Untermeyer alleges that “If the
rines like you, you have a chance
it’s
tempt to get a rise out of his - „n friends. (If so, it worked in my ca _ jj,at
r case!)'
the other hand, if he truly believes
ctotpmpnt nprfhpr hp nor fh£ ™ ~
, iavVIl
but, in general, Marines obey tne^
, 1iP'
travel overseas while in office, b
ington-Orlando axis, where the se<^ ^
vices do practically everything ; jjs- any where else in the world.' I‘a
variety of the Pacific—sea p°wer, t0 & ral habitat—must be experience
Washing
understood. Nowhere in the cofl'
kjiidiiuu aAia win unw . -g
ditions like those in the Aleu» ^ js nfll
Okinawa, and visited Subic
sholJ
gapo), he is less prepared than aspectS
little basis to conclude that the political appointee can “wait until a particularly troublesome flag officer gets another job or retires.”
Untermeyer’s experience in a relatively stable Secretariat taught him one lesson. My experience is different. I was the Marine colonel in the Office of the Under Secretary of the Navy for 35 months. During that time we had three under secretaries, one acting under secretary, and five months with a billet vacancy. I suggest that my experience is more typical.
The political appointee’s real power lies in his ability to have troublesome flag officers moved. The Secretary of the Navy approves each flag officer assignment—and only a few military billets have any guaranteed tenure under the law. Arbitrary reassignments occur.
As Untermeyer implies later, the advantages of continuity almost always lie with the uniformed services. Unlike the political apparatus, the services’ institutional biases are not swept away by a new party coming into office. Appointees serve a few years. Admirals and generals serve full careers.
Entrenched Civilian Bureaucrats: The generalization that “the Pentagon appointee does not face the situation that
bedevils his colleagues in civilian agencies: encountering crusty old bureaucrats who have been there long before he arrived and who will remain long after he leaves” may be true in the Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Manpower and Reserve Affairs. Here again I suggest that Untermeyer’s experience was atypical. Many Department of Defense offices are infested with bureaucrats, some of them holding attitudes that have changed little in 20 years. The arrival of each new political appointee signals an opportunity for these bureaucrats to set right all the mistakes (from their points of view) made by their last boss. The situation may be more prevalent in the civilian agencies, but it also exists in the Pentagon.
Marine Corps Tribalism: I freely confess that, while serving in the Secretariat, I tried at every opportunity to get my bosses together with Marines. Tribal pride was not the only reason.
Left to their own devices, most political appointees in the Department of the Navy routinely ignore the Marine Corps. Leading the Navy, with three times as many people on active duty, a panoply of civilian activities, such as shipyards and laboratories, and a budget dwarfing that of the Marine Corps, provides enough
challenges for even the most active poll0' cal appointee. Marine Corps issues °re relatively small, and, therefore, receive little attention.
So long as all goes well within the Marine Corps, nobody suffers from 0,6 inattention. When, however, the ineviw ble occurs—an important Marine Corps program gets into trouble on the Hill or ^ drill instructor does something stupid a Parris Island—there is not time for ® political appointee, having devoted all n ■
the Marine Corps as an institution. Prop0 ration is necessary—hence the Marin ^ constant struggle for attention within Secretariat.
of
doing business with them. If not hopeless. In either case, the Mar Corps will do what it wants to do a ^ way.” I suspect that is an intentior^3^^ statement, neither he nor the - Corps did a very good job of per‘e their relationship during his tenure- One may be able to find exeep11 fUj
° . .Up <_ _
orders and are quite attentive to n gestions of their appointed sen'°rSuoiC' Chase Untermeyer knows that- over, by the time he makes lance c ral, every Marine knows that tn certain way to get a stupid or^ scinded is to obey it to the *etter,:(j not Overseas Travel: Untermeyer
d M3'
that “there are plenty of sailors an^aSti- rines to visit along the 700-m°eser-
agree. .. f U»'
As a former Seventh Fleet sal^.?£ and termeyer should know that the^ n3tii'
ton'
Orlando axis will one see operati ® afld
the isolation of the South P°cl reproducible in the Carolinas- £(j in Unless the appointee has s ^ of the Indian Ocean, seen the . r>\nfl'
be to make decisions about tn ylario1"' of the lives of sailors an evet-\ “Stick close to your desks an ijtic* to sea” is poor advice for .^n1 ,
appointee coming into the Dep ^0dc the Navy. With a good star a
communications, the appointees can “be rulers of the Queen’s Navee” while traveling widely.
In his departure address, Jim Woolsey, the last Under Secretary I served directly, quoted a first sergeant who spent ten years in the same cavalry troop. “The officers they come and they go,” he said, “but it don’t hurt the troop.” Woolsey was being wittily modest, but, too often, the appointee’s impact is minimal.
In some cases, that has been a blessing; some do come to the Pentagon “merely to play,” as Untermeyer implies. One appointee—long ago, I hasten to add— spent so much time on the squash courts in the Pentagon Officers Athletic Center and on the tennis courts at the Washington Navy Yard that he was commonly described as being in the Secretariat “on an athletic scholarship.” And, as Untermeyer also implies, most administrations do have their share of confirmed junketeers. So long as presidents make the occasional appointment for reasons other than capability, this will continue.
Happily, the first sergeant was right. In most cases, such appointees “don’t hurt the troop.” The continuing institutions in the defense world are the uniformed services and the Congress. The appointees are transients.
A strong and capable appointee, however, occasionally can make a major difference. Untermeyer cited some examples. I was privileged to see one of my bosses, Under Secretary of the Navy David S. Potter, make a most significant contribution to the Marine Corps. Only a civilian appointee could have done what he did—and generations of Marines who never have heard his name are in his debt—but that’s another story.
Given the same circumstances, I hope that Chase Untermeyer would have done the same thing. His willingness to share his experience with us is appreciated, and his advice is worth studying, my disagreements notwithstanding.
“USS Vincennes Downs Airliner”
(See N. Friedman, p. 123, August 1988 Proceedings)
ficer (SWO) for 17 years, and I have to)' lowed the USS Vincennes (CG-49) >nC1' dent with great personal and professions interest. I don’t think there is a SW alive today who, sometime since 3 July1 hasn’t muttered under his breath, “There but for the grace of God, go I. • ■ • The expected responses from the na tion’s editorial pundits (who have an an swer for everything, but who are respond ible for nothing) were predictabj vituperative—starting with the actions ^ the Vincennes’ s commanding officer- the way to how we procure weapon sy^ terns, and the reasons why we’re in Persian Gulf. My response to all this ’.Sjn. quote a passage entitled simply volvement,” which is attributed to The dore Roosevelt: r
“It is not the critic who counts, ® the man who points out ho"' strong man stumbled, or where doer of deeds could have done be ^ The credit belongs to the man "bo ^ actually in the arena, whose faC®j. marred by dust, and sweat, and bl ^ who strives valiantly; who errs ^ comes short again and again,
Nuclear
^’V- This article is like Swiss cheese—
tjc-j.a nuclear war to sea is empty rheto-
0 choices of land targets, those in the of the Soviet Union and those
reasons. We have
knows great enthusiasms, great devotions, who spends himself in a worthy cause; who, at the best, knows in the end the triumph of high achievement, and who, if he fails, at least fails while daring greatly, so that his place shall never be with those cold and hniid souls who know neither victory "or defeat.”
Weapons at Sea”
,le L. F. Brooks and F. C. Miller, pp 41-45, ugust i9gg Proceedings)
A’fai’n f // M. Spruitenburg, U. S.
», °f good food for thought but also a ^ber of holes.
strongly disagree with the conclusion ^ the U. S. ability to retaliate against tCtf ashore serves as a powerful deter- ka >!° ^oviet initiation of nuclear war at itia stated U. S. policy of not Iim- ® a nuclear war to :
L °[ the following
Inland
in the Warsaw Pact. The authors discount the idea of attacking the Soviet homeland because of the risk of inviting similar strikes on the United States and the escalation into total nuclear war. Nuclear strikes into the Soviet Union, they say, are too risky unless our country’s survival is at stake. The second option, nuclear strikes into Warsaw Pact countries, would require the concurrence of NATO allies on whose soil we would be fighting. They would base their agreement to use nuclear weapons on the status of the ground war in Europe, not on the use of nuclear weapons at sea. West Germany, Belgium, Great Britain, etc., will never authorize the use of nuclear weapons in Europe unless their own survival is at stake, and that will only be apparent if they are clearly losing the land war.
The threat of moving the nuclear war from sea to land, therefore, is not a viable deterrent concept. Deterrence is in the eye of the beholder and the Soviets will not put much faith in our rhetoric because it does not make sense. The Soviets will not be deterred by our threat of expanding nuclear war to the land because they know we will never do it. The risk of escalation is simply too great to us and to our allies.
If the Navy is to deter nuclear war at sea, the deterrence also must be at sea. We must put at risk that which the Soviets value; the most obvious pressure point is the Soviet submarine force, primarily the nuclear-powered ballistic-missile subs (SSBNs). Put those weapons at risk and you put the Soviet strategy of nuclear deterrence at risk.
We, therefore, must have an effective nuclear antisubmarine warfare weapon or group of weapons. In this arena we are sadly lacking and there is no indication of improvement in the future. The submarine is our premier ASW weapon for attacking the Soviet SSBN in its protected bastions. Our present nuclear weapon system for accomplishing this is the submarine rocket, which is ancient by today’s standards and is being phased out of the fleet. The Sea Lance, a long-range standoff submarine-launched ASW weapon under development, originally was supposed to have a nuclear variant, but funding for the nuclear warhead was
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If we are to deter the Soviets from the first use of nuclear weapons at sea, they must be convinced that we will use these weapons at sea in retaliation. In our arsenal we must have weapons that will be effective against targets that the Soviets value and whose use would not be viewed as a major step closer to total nuclear war.
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“Who Needs PALs?”
(See G. E. Miller, pp. 50-56, July 1988; R. J. Bassett and R. I. Widder, pp. 19-20, September 1988; P. D. Feaver and P. Stein, p. 33, October 1988 Proceedings)
Rear Admiral Eugene J. Carroll, Jr., U. S. Navy (Retired), Deputy Director Center for Defense Information— Despite the academic tone of Admiral Miller’s analysis, he apparently could not resist the temptation to stoop to a bit of unacademic and inaccurate bashing of the Center for Defense Information (CDI).
In footnote 18, he chose to reference the “ ‘Free Press International Report,’ put out by the International Security Council,” as authority for a claim that “an FBI intelligence report has directly linked the Center for Defense Information with KGB disinformation.”
There are several things wrong with this footnote. First, Admiral Miller had easy access to the primary source, the FBI report printed in the Congressional Record of 9 December 1987. In keeping with the standards of Proceedings, use of available primary sources is expected.
Second, had he used this primary source, he would have learned that the FBI report does not in any way, shape, or form link CDI to the KGB or its disinformation. The 12,000-word report refers twice, briefly, to CDI, once to note that CDI is not officially related to the Generals for Peace and Disarmament (a European group), and second to note personal contacts between Admiral Gene La Rocque and General Mikhail Milshtcyn of the Soviet Union. It is interesting that in the second case, reference is also made to a program at the University of Notre Dame in which CDI representatives and General Milshtcyn participated. The hosts were Father Ted Hesburgh and former Governor of Ohio Jack Gilligan— all in all, a cast of shady characters. But the FBI did not allege any indications of disinformation or KGB involvement.
Last, the impressively titled International Security Council is an ultra-conser
“So Long, Mr. Nice Guy”
(See R. Fraser, pp. 36-44, July 1988; R F Korroch, p. 89, August 1988; K. J. Barry. fF 79-84, September 1988; I. Siegel and M. p. 22, October 1988 Proceedings)
Commander Tim Jamison, U. S. C°°s Guard, Special Assistant to the C dam—The balance between the Co Guard’s primary missions has been s ing since 1790 in response to c*ian.^n. national needs in the maritime envi ment. The current priorities have pra us to upgrade our capabilities in mt^ readiness and drug interdiction- mander Fraser’s article notwithstan however, our safety-of-life-at-sea^ (0
sions such as search and rescue,
Hid
navigation, and Merchant Marine
____ * _____ :_________ HIlf
port safety are as important to our . aS onal personal'1;., maritime - ^
tiveness and organizational perso: they are to U. S. maritime Throughout the world, these miss'0a, the source of the Coast Guard s r tion and a symbol of the human' nature of the American people- cj.
The emotions and satisfactions ^
ated with engaging an enemy gaVing ent from those associated wit ^ [C.
lives, but courage and discipliae, ^jng
quired for both. Furthermore, ^ both
one’s homeland and saving l*veS fight humanitarian. “To fight to save', ofUs and die,” the key line from the c ^ Semper Paratus, summarizes t .(
safety-
Mar'"!
:riotis I
The establishment of the ^ Defense Zones recognized a sen ^ ^ in the U. S. defense posture as * , capa" Coast Guard’s unique operatl° ^ tetri' bilities in our ports, waterways- ^ ac-
veness
. f a m<
countability expected or ^ lT1jssi°nt()
torial seas. The responsi
service are
critical to all our
ible
us1
And our skills and equipment e ^ carry out all national , resp0".Sl
forcement, and maritime sa e bilities economically ^iss'1
£»I>S
Furthermore, our safety-of"1 ^ sa
develop, refine, and explo1 jcrllan4|fl manship and airmanship in a peacetime environment. QUard *' c I cannot envision a Coas j, as out major life-safety mission ^ 0f have today. It is not in the * seflo U. S. people to abandon tl* otg responsibilities. And there C° organization as well suite r0fessl Guard—organizationally 0
surface warfare officer (SWO) pro-
bi
>ased
on my observations as a limited
Pan:
sl. 'pPant during a recent cruise as a v'u S COr
, dual surface warfare and aviation- ^Ual|fied officers.
p^leutenant James observes that many the primary weakness of the
Program to be that “unlike the °r, who arrives at his or her com-
eliminate several weaknesses out in the article, and even one as not addressed: the young ensign
not
get under way for months. If the
shi
® y—-to carry them out. The improve- nts we have made recently in military incss and drug law enforcement have en timely and important, but we would r° *°nger be a Coast Guard without the Ponsibilities we have in our equally ntical safety-of-life missions.
Readying the Surface Navy”
P. James, pp. 30-35, August 1988;
' '■ Deutermann, pp. 33-34, October 1988 n°ceedings)
tenant Commander Mark A. Mehl- L“’ P- S. Navy—Lieutenant James has , vided a truly deck-plate assessment of surfac
farn- As a naval aviator, my remarks are on
i , )an
Ps company and on conversations
av'ati
SWoS 3 b°nafide pilot, the prospective v u arrives with only theoretical txn ■ ge ant* very basic watchstanding c°Ulri'enCe • ■ • •” ®ne solution to this c0 d be a program that sends newly Styljt'ssioned officers directly from (gQ 1 engineering-officer-of-the-watch cr,,- ") to deploy on a six-month cerSe' During this deployment the offi- H,ith'V°u'd be a full-time watch stander tj0nn° other duties permitted. The inten- ify ls to have the prospective SWO qual- 4 C^S ,an officer of the deck, EOOW, etc. expe ,lSe offers opportunities to gain this 'v°uicIenCe anc* training. This program
'nted
MlU^ at a ship that is in the yard or that
C0U1 ,ls nonoperational, the new officer Pay become engulfed with the day-to- Of aaministrative duties at the expense ^arfare qualifications, offj er this “qualification cruise,” the i%rr w°uld report to his ship for a reg- warfa0ar with some confidence in his tio^i e abilities and some realistic opera- nexPerience- As an added benefit, tirqe * ^ave experience in prioritizing his terp ’ triUch the same as his flying council,^ learned during flight training. sign- Ptogtam would be enhanced by as- saipg ® lbe new officers to ships of the 9ti(it()C ass they ultimately will report to, W-, e °ff>cers’ home port if possible.) the eJ,C recognizing the need to reduce ^in' S’ ant* therefore the ship’s, 'strative and managerial responsibilities, Lieutenant James believes that “maintenance, training, and inspections must continue.” Although maintenance and training must continue or be increased, the number of inspections should be reduced. That is not to say that the areas inspected should be reduced, just the number of times they are inspected by different people. When 1 served as the safety officer on an amphibious assault ship, nine inspection teams looked at the same areas of the safety program within an 18-month period. In each case, the programs were rated good. Nine separate inspections were not necessary. This same multiplicity happens all over the ship and rarely allows those involved the time to correct problems before readying for the next wave of inspectors. More importantly, many groups rely merely on the individual inspector’s judgment instead of the checklists that more respected teams use. Having items pass one inspection and then flunk the following month under a different team reduces the credibility of inspections.
It would be possible to combine and reduce the total number of inspections by one-third to one-half. Most inspections should be replaced by holding the commanding officer responsible for his ship— old-fashioned accountability. Most inspections seem designed to protect someone up the chain of command who does not trust his juniors to be honest and keep him informed.
Lastly, Lieutenant James suggested that “a logical collateral duty for the [executive officer] XO would be to train the SWOs.” Based on my experience, this is always the case; however, the XO delegates the actual tracking and planning responsibility to the next senior SWO. Delegating does not mean forgetting, though, and no program can survive without command support. Whether listed as a collateral duty or not, both the CO and the XO have a commitment to the future of the Navy by training junior officers with their every action.
During my short time in the Navy, I constantly have been amazed at the surface community’s retention rate. The challenges are tremendous, the rewards tenuous, and the pats on the back few and far between. Lieutenant James has some outstanding ideas. As an aviator who lands on ships, I hope someone listens.
Captain R. S. Cloward, U. S. Navy, Commanding Officer, USS Cleveland (LPD-7)—Lieutenant James’s article is laudable in that it continues a healthy debate on the future of our surface navy. That said, the article contains a number
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J. Ed Hudson
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of statements that either are indicative of poor research or lack of experience. Let me quote a few:
“If a ship devotes one hour each week to officer training, it has a good week.” What is the basis for this? My ship trains for three hours each week, all personnel qualification standards (PQS)-and-tactics related. From my experience, having been an amphibious squadron chief staff officer, I know that of the ten or so ships that we had cycle through the squadron, most had good officer training programs. They were not “catch-as-catch-can,” but organized and rationalized within the framework of operational necessity.
"... The oral board is not, and probably should not be the source of a fleet-
Latest Titles from the Naval Institute Press
wide [surface warfare officer] SWO standard.” I’ve seen more than a few penC1 whizzes that couldn’t think their way 10 the quarterdeck. An oral gives a better indication of the candidates’ reactions under pressure than does a written exam- SWO School (SWOS) provides instruction validated by examination for officers en route to their first commands. Later’ command qualification offers another comprehensive written exam and, incl dentally, provides a fleetwide standar ■ A SWO written exam smells of yet an other attempt to erode the commando)? officer’s authority. Sure, the capta1 would have the final say in Lieutena^ James’s program. But the junior offic^ later would have pen in hand, writing n congressman minutes after the CO sat ’ “I don’t care about the fact that y passed the exam, I want to wait on y° qualification.” .
And then there’s the executive office,
uld ■-to-daX
Lieutenant James says that the XO shd
Teddy Roosevelt’s Great White Fleet
By lames R. Reckner, LCDR, USN (Ret.)
1
Naval historian lames Reckner provides a fresh interpretation of the fleet's historic 1907-1909 world cruise that establishes for the first time the direct relationship between the fleet cruise and the reorganization of the Navy department and the development of more effective ship designs.
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By CAPT Eric Brown, RN (Ret.)
One of the world's most respected fighter/test pilots offers an insider's evaluation of both Allied and Axis planes, which he pits against one another in dramatic single-combat scenarios to determine the victors.
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By Michael Spick
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‘be in charge of the ship’s day-t°" evolutions” and “logical collateral d . for the XO would be to train the SW0S^ If this isn’t so already, I’ve got a lieu|e
ant commander a few doors away
who ■
fined
at
here 12-14 hours each day coni hard labor on projects I don’t about. XOs already do run the day-10' ^ operations of the ship and they do r SWOs (as do the CO, command mase chief, all the chief petty officers’ leading petty officers, and more).
Finally, with regard to the reP°rt'Lu- “poor morale within the SWO c°m ^ nity,” maybe that is more obvious SWOS than here in the fleet. My beSe ficers are achieving what the best ,. a. always achieved: the required 4ua 'wjtli tions. The Navy is rewarding thexn
challenging and career-enhancing J ,,
As long as we keep saying “poor ’ we’re going to foster a “poor us’ 1,1 ^ set. Frankly, one of the main differe between the surface and aviation com
kno*
;tors
nities, in my view, is attitude. Avia |, will convince you warts are beau ^ while some segments of the black' community would cite warts as evi that the whole body is about to g°- ^
“get real” and recognize and, yeS’ js the obvious fact that each discipb1^. equally difficult, in its own way,10 ter, and equally worthwhile.
n
The Death of the Coast Gu3^
R. E-
(See C. Walter, pp. 29-33, June 1988, Korroch, p. 89, August; K. A. Meaney September 1988 Proceedings)
cardiothon
__ o_______ D----0 member o
Naval Institute, I eagerly awaited my
■ac‘c
Jerry R. Kelley, M.D., caraiue^^ surgeon—As a fledgling member „fS(
official
%d
copy of Proceedings. There was
anticipation since this was my first
^medical journal subscription _______
b^.'P *n more than 15 years. Hoping to
r°aden
my otherwise scientific hori-
2Q||a t '
• was expecting glorious articles on a* history, deeds of bravery, and other aval lore.
i^ith the above in mind, one can imag- my dismay when I opened Proceed- -j? and read the title of the lead article, of the Coast Guard.” 1 felt fate cal me a severe blow—more medical 'terature- After all the years of medi- ^ Journals it took a bit of time to recali- p0re my brain to nonmedical literature. Wa| , Iay military person, Commander ^ er s article was most informative. I ilyUf Venture t0 say that the vast major- Part ^eoP'e believe the Coast Guard is 'Pea Navy ant^ bcive absolutely no ^ *ts fascinating history.
C0. av’n§ grown up on the Texas Gulf C0. ’ my first remembrances of the j\sst Guard were at Port Aransas, Texas.
y°ung boy going fishing with my nljn®r and friends, the last thing on my k, Was a boating misadventure. Hav- Gjj ^'blessed a rescue by the Coast 't was always a secure feeling to avail /~oast Guard professionals were older e 'n t'me ncc£i' As I grew theirr- * also began to appreciate not only 0f fescue skills, but their added duties c^i r anc* waterway safety, boating edu- 1’ and, recently, drug enforcement. HiUst u Jhese services mandated, we perf r,ave dedicated men and women to PeC( these duties. How can one ex- baSjcais dedication when funding for legl ,e<juipment is diverted to pork-barrel Go 3t'0n- It is time for the Coast •he fis Ending to be taken away from PlaCe ,ePartment of Transportation and T|)j in the Department of Defense, first st not an easy one’ but the PubliceP should be to educate the general Carr, ■ Wllb a massive public relations n ab°ut the duties of the Coast \jand its current financial crisis.
1iN(Td---------------------------------------
,je wight to Fight”
1987. r ftJolightly, pp. 46-49, December A uM- f'xson’ PP- 26-28, January 1988; He%Vju "alker, G. A. Bleyle, H. Sage, D. I. l98g. ' - Melling, and J. R. Gentry, February Paid' ;,Perez, pp. 17-19, March 1988; N. F. SZ '• J' J- K“nedy, B
c. Mek- pp- 31
^ B o Ut*er’ T. Broglio, C. L. Reeves l. A* 6treich, V.
A. Bell, and A. A. 32, April 1988; J. Stevens,
1 Shi]
j.
'°^edi
mer, R. E.
Gleason, i
"tgs)
Starzy, T. B. Schlax, Bryan, pp. 134-139, May 28, June 1988
Niel G- Goli8htly< u- s-
s,fQn„ My article, predictably, drew a 8 response.
Some of my critics—including Lieutenant Stevens, Lieutenant Melling, Major Reeves, and Midshipman Shimer— advanced valuable arguments that must be considered if the issue of women in combat is to be debated intelligently. Their comments on the irrelevancy of feminine hygienic needs in combatant environments, for example, were especially convincing.
Other critics, however—in taking me severely to task for failing to acknowledge the proven contributions women have already made to the military— missed my point entirely. They are correct in pointing out that women play an integral part in segments of our armed forces. In those roles, they serve effectively alongside their male counterparts. In fact, a woman may often be more professional, dedicated, and reliable than a male serviceman. Indeed, as a practical matter, there is probably no way the Navy could fill all of its support and staff billets without including women.
But my article was not about what goes on at the Pentagon, NAS Key West, or alongside the D&S Piers at Norfolk, any more than it was about what goes on at IBM, Ford, or in Congress. These stressful and demanding workplaces are more or less part of the surrounding civil fabric of the community, family, and social convention. In such a context, differences between men and women are irrelevant. Instead, my argument centers on an eminently uncivil world, in which the immediate prospect of killing and being killed comes with the job description.
The argument that the United States should incorporate women into its combat units must turn on at least one of these positions;
► There are no inherent or immutable emotional or psychological differences between men and women.
► Such differences do exist, but they would not matter on a battlefield or in a combat organization.
► There may be differences between men and women that could affect the ability of the military to fight a war, but national defense considerations are less important than an agenda of social reform.
What makes the questions so difficult are their completely speculative nature. Are there differences between men and women? What exactly is the emotional and psychological environment of a battlefield? Would the imperatives of combat override any imperatives related to gender? Recent articles suggest a physiological basis for the obvious gender- specific behavioral differences that have for a decade or two been attributed to social conditioning. Since we have never
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experimented with large-scale, across- the-board sexual integration of combat units in wartime, however, the terms of debate still lie mostly in the unquantifiable fields of sociology and psychology. Judgments can be based only upon our collective experience with human nature and our cumulative knowledge of the battlefield environment.
To be sure, no purpose is served by blind emotional reaction on either side of the issue. Crusty, knee-jerk chauvinism has no more place in the debate than shrill feminism. Clouding the issue with ideological invective, as did many of my critics, serves no purpose. Some of them wrote that I was being too emotional. Others resorted to querulous objections to my reference to Karl von Clausewitz or accused me of misogyny. The most rancorous among them blew poisonous smoke by comparing the issue to racial arguments of the 1940s, as if the range of physical and emotional differences between males and females were no more relevant than differences in skin color.
The bottom line here has nothing to do with ideological social platforms. Instead, it has everything to do with our ability to fight and win a war. If this country decides, in the end, that it wants to institutionalize the role of combat for women, then every truly professional man and woman in uniform will try to make it work. And in no case is there room for any form of sexual harassment wherever men and women are assigned together. Unless and until the laws regarding women in combat are changed, the implications of such changes for U. S. armed forces are properly the subject of candid and rational discussion.
Navy more difficult. But that is no excus to throw out the very thing that distin guishes us from the uncivilized wor _ This reminds us of a dialogue in R°b® Bolt’s play A Man For All Seasons, e tween Sir Thomas More and Wilhan Roper. It goes as follows; .
Roper: ‘ ‘So you would give the devil t benefit of the law?”
More: “Yes, what would you do? Cut great road through the law to F after the devil?”
Roper: “I’d cut down every law in fcn- land to do that.” ^
More: “Oh, and when the last law w cut down and the devil turn^ around on you, where woUl, XjS hide, the laws all being flat? ^ country is planted thick with a from coast to coast, man s ta not God’s and if you cut t down—and you’re just the ; to do it—do you really think could stand upright in the w that blow then? Yes, I'd g|ve y devil the benefit the laws f°r own safety’s sake.”
“A Few Good Sea Stories”
(See p. 75, June 1988; D. H. Grafft. p- 86, August 1988 Proceedings)
Reginald E. Cassibry—It seems t0 j that the list of “good sea stories’ 0,111 ^ a number of excellent books ab°^ ^
following: The Cruel Sea, by ^j^0pf,
sea. I certainly would have include^
Nich°|:jS
Monsarratt (New York: Alfred A- ^n^st Inc., 1951), the book I consider l^e sea story of all time; The Good SlirP n by C. S. Forester (Boston: Little- ^
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“Knowing the Law”
(See F. A. Graf, pp. 58-61, June 1988; R. M.
Cardwell, p. 24, August 1988 Proceedings)
Honorable Donald A. Johnston and Terry L. Hoeksema—We, as attorneys and as associate members of the U. S. Naval Institute, cannot allow Mr. Cardwell’s comments to pass without our dissent.
Our society and government, which include the police and the U. S. Navy, have their foundation in the rule of law. It is the belief in and respect for the rule of law—whether it be international law. the U. S. Constitution, or local city ordinance—that clearly distinguish us from our adversaries. If the police and the U. S. Navy were free to operate outside the rule of law, they too would become part of the criminal world.
Granted, the existence of laws at times makes the work of the police and the
& Co., 1955); A Flock of Ships by ° ^ Callison (New York; Putnam, 197 ■ u. all the Douglas Reeman novels
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“Members of the United States Naval Institute”
(See J. A. Barber, p. 11, October Proceedings)
1988
,tive
Thomas L. Clancy, Jr.—The EX^L Director’s statement published 011tainS 11 of the October Proceedings c° ^ 0f several errors of fact and several e omission. . .ereS*
In late 1987. as a result of the ^ jp of a television production corn^,j th;|1 Patriot Games, the Institute deci e the 1983 contract for The Hind J1'
ctober contained a grant which gave the aval Institute ownership of my charac-
’ and that this grant entitled the Insti-
fers;
jaJe to “an 0f Clancy’s profits” from Pa- ,ot Games and any subsequent book 1?ng characters from Red October. jtoroughiy astounded by this claim, and ljer fruitless attempts to dissuade the shtute from its position, I filed for arbi- a!jon on 23 February 1988.
■ he Executive Director’s statement j,0 fails to mention a subsequent and entical claim made against Stephen P. °°nts, author of Flight of the Intruder, Dov |Uempts t0 bl°ck publication of our
^The Naval Institute’s claims against jeVe and myself were laid to rest on 28 'Member 1988.
l|()R’s note: Subsequent to the settle- lnni agreement, Jim Barber, the Naval /iatute’s Executive Director and Pub- teG agreed to publish Mr. Clancy's hJ>°nse to the October Secretary’s Note PiySa8e to members addressing the dis- /„ 6 between Mr. Clancy and the Naval %,U,e' letter above is that re- H ^e> which is published in the spirit of r°ceedings open forum. On page 7 of this issue, Captain Barber reports on the settlement. As has been his position throughout this dispute. Captain Barber does not intend to criticize Mr. Clancy or his position. Members who wish to discuss the issue are encouraged to write the Naval Institute.
A Better End to the Vietnam War
Major Thomas O. Brannon, U. S. Marine Corps—In the 1960s, the United States sought to preserve the security of South Vietnam and to deny Soviet access. Clearly, we did not achieve that goal. But what was lost during the conflict then may be within our grasp now.
Three factors have dramatically changed the strategic value of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Vietnam. First and foremost is the growth of the Soviet Navy vis-a-vis the U. S. Navy in the Western Pacific. Second is the strategic geography of Vietnam, particularly in light of the alarming social dislocation under way in the Philippines. Third, and of equal significance, is the Soviet access
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Sidescan sonar for mine counter measures
- The systems approach from Dowty
High resolution dual frequency sonar Integrated tow-fish tracking and navigation processor
Image enhanced colour video display with target marking
Route survey, channel conditioning and
i/Hon+ifir'a+inn
Dowty Maritime Systems Ltd
WAVERLEY DIVISION
Waverley Road, Weymouth, Dorset, England DT3 5HL Tel: Weymouth (0305) 784738 Telex: 41477 Fax: (0305) 777904
A Dowty Electronic Systems Division Company
expand its relationship with Vietnam a1
;nd.
accesS
at the same time, deny the Soviets
am
relations between the United States
;ence
fad
on their soil. Lost on too many is the ^ power economically, diplomatically- Jl1
to Vietnam ports and airfield facilities.
The history of Soviet diplomacy in the Third World is one of ethnic antagonism, lack of real economic clout, and near total reliance on pure military aid. This has produced significant flirtations (Egypt and Somalia) and an occasional diplomatic victory. The breakdown of traditional East-West alliances is in part attributable to the fact that the Soviet Union is far from an economic powerhouse. The Vietnamese are well aware of this. Vietnam has opened itself up to U. S. colleges and universities for historical tours and is actively courting U. S. government officials. The former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General John Vessey, has toured Vietnam to locate U. S. soldiers missing in action. Given this backdrop, Soviet long-term presence in Vietnam may not be a fait accompli.
Geography has not been kind to the Soviet Union. U. S. military leaders in the Pacific are acutely aware that the Soviets must surge their forces through choke points to engage in open-ocean conflict. Soviet access to the deep-water port of Cam Ranh Bay, w'ith its outstanding ship-repair facilities, represented a significant coup for them. They achieved access to an area denied for centuries and they flank China strategically.
During the Vietnam War, one was constantly reminded of the mere 580 nautical miles between Danang, Republic of Vietnam, and Subic Bay, Republic of the Philippines. Of strategic significance to both the United States and the Soviet Union, therefore, is the outcome of the current social and political dislocation under way in the Philippines. The denial of U. S. forces to the Philippines and subsequent base rights acquisition by the Soviets would portend a major realignment of the balance of forces for the entire region. The unimpeded wartime access of the Soviet Navy east beyond the Philippines would change inalterably the strategic relationship of naval forces in favor of the Soviet Union. No one knows what will happen in the Philippines, but the effect of denying U. S. naval access is quite easily understood. It is from this perspective that the strategic significance of Vietnam becomes clearer.
Soviet expansion into Vietnam threatens the U. S. ability to reinforce along a north-south access within the closure area. Soviet acquisition of base rights in the Philippines would probably sever the north-south access as a sea line of communication. This would allow the Soviets to focus on interdicting resupply and reinforcement from the east, a more manageable problem for them and far m°re difficult problem for the United States- The United States at present is unlikely10 affect the course of events in the Phil'P pines favorably. What will happen in ® Philippines will be the result of what th6 Filipinos themselves do. No matter whd- their strategic value will remain great- seems doubtful that any U. S. initiab’f will significantly affect long-term gr°" of the Soviet Pacific Fleet. What remai^ is the relationship between the Unlt States and Vietnam.
The United States is in a position
to the Sea of Japan and repress Sov^I geographic expansion. Linking impr°u’
Vietnam to the termination of Soviet baSing rights holds a great deal of proi for Americans, and for Vietnamese well, who could win for their nati°nfreedom from foreign military pres1 that the United States is a strong 'v°r militarily, albeit that power is not unh ited. Expanding our relationship with Vietnamese would require a psychohL cal end to the 10,000-day war. It is in 0 national interest to do just that.
Quick Reference GUIDE
To MILITARY SWITCHES
MIL SPECS
• MIL-S • MS
• QPL • BuShip
• NavShips etc^
r 16 BASIC SWITCH TYPES
Thousands of j V Variations! jf
SWITCH SPECS
r ELECTRICAL SPECS^ | m. \ \ \ no*-". \\ \ \ •**’ \ w°* \\ ■ \ \ ’“* \ \\ , « | A |
• Ratings | \ “ \ ——ssf\ jgst-X % | \ \ * V, |
• Resistances A | r’A^A ’ As, \ | ■—t—tT\ \ |
Dielectrics etc.^^d^ | ft ■ Vl* FREE CO | IR YOUR |
^ | PYxTOpp \ \ ^ | |
\ /MECHANICAL SPECS \\ A : W | vl \ ^»“*'***r V^10 . WsrT ”r' \ | |
\V. • Shock/Vibration | ■\ * \ \ |
|
- • Torque • Temperature Jf \ \ \ |
|
Actual Size: 11" x
• Poles (Contacts)
• Positions
ELECTROSW/TCH
UNIT OF ELECTRO SWITCH CORP
Weymouth, Massachusetts 02188 Telephone: 617/335/5200 FAX: 617/335/4253