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that did survive and at least arrive in Europe would find that ashore there would be no friendly ports or usable cargo-handling and distribution facilities left. When this traditional kind of convoy comes into its own, it is as a follow-up to the other more urgent and, therefore, more important type. There would be a Battle of the Atlantic, but it would look a lot different from the last one.
At least in the first phase of any war, reinforcing convoys will probably be made up of only from 9 to 12 of those large, fast (20-plus knots), modern freight and tank vessels we have mentioned. Each convoy will still carry as much as many World War II convoys many times their size. There will be ASW barriers, especially across the Greenland-Iceland-United Kingdom Gap. The merchantmen will be very heavily escorted, but they will rely for success primarily on deception, evasion, targeting saturation, and the quick dash. Additional insurance will be provided by duplication and multiplication of the minimum tonnages needed. The convoys will remain the shortest practicable time in port, dispersing as widely as possible at either end. This is what makes that handful of militarily useful ships so critical to our defense.
Once we lost those original 100- or-so ships to preemption (or any other way), timely reinforcing convoys to Europe would be impossible. There just would not be any of the right kind of ships left. The irretrievable opportunity would pass. The Russians would finally have effectively ac-
P.R. C. Navy Close-Up —
By Desmond Wettern
Early on the morning of 4 September 1980, three British warships, the missile destroyers Coventry and Antrim, wearing the flag of the Flag Officer First Flotilla, and the frigate Alacrity, arrived at the mouth of the Huang-pu River off Woosung. They were greeted by a P.R.C. “Kiang Hu”-class missile frigate, a “Shanghai”-class patrol craft, and numerous police boats.
The “Kiang Hu” was to lead them complished what the Germans twice failed to do—sever the Atlantic umbilical cord by which the New World succored the Old—and that with the merest fraction of the effort. But are they capable of actually preempting this way?
Command and Control'. For worldwide preemption against these ships to be successful, the overwhelming need is to preserve secrecy and to exploit surprise fully. Such preemption would have to be truly multifaceted, as intricate as any full-scale battle, and extremely time sensitive. The Russians would have to coordinate the widest imaginable variety of the most heterogeneous politico-military tools (this fits their style), and they would have to do this skillfully, in such a way as not to alert us prematurely. Command and control would present the only real difficulty. But, the Soviets either have or can assemble the worldwide command, control, and communications structure required to execute such a plan successfully.
The Soviets have shown themselves capable of this kind of thing before. After all, the total number of ships to be targeted, whatever it is, is not great, and it is not obligatory that the Russians succeed everywhere. It is not required that the targets be sunk or even crippled, just that they be at least temporarily immobilized. Even partial success — if well targeted — would probably be sufficient. The Soviets ought to be well able to carry this off.
Conclusion-. Such a situation obviously puts a premium on our being up the river during the 12-knot six- hour passage to Shanghai—the first visit by British warships to the city since 1949, when it was still in Nationalist hands.
But it was not the British squadron’s first encounter with the P.R.C. Navy, whose Correct title is “The People's Liberation Army Navy,” which shows how the navy stands in the military pecking order in Comalert and ready. The appropriate ships have to be identified. We have to keep track of them, too. There must be early naval control of shipping, at least of earmarked vessels. Early installation of Arapaho and other self-defense armament is encouraged. Early convoy is suggested. The situation demands effective intelligence and first-rare communications, at all stages. Adde to this is the requirement for g000 logistical control. Designated cargoes must be on the pier, ready to be loaded as soon as the surviving ships arrive to carry them. Unloading is juSt as critical. Only then would we have a fighting chance.
On another level, we can PresS ahead with building the Marititoe Administration’s Security-class multi purpose mobilization ships. These large, fast, versatile merchantmen can effectively handle and stow con' tainerized, RO-RO, unitized, break' bulk, or heavy-lift cargoes, and even carry a limited number of passenger*- The design is commercially attractive during peace in trading with develop' ing areas, although, since it cannot compete with dedicated, sophisticate^ designs in specialized trades, it " have to operate under some subsi >• These ships will add significantly c our overall militarily useful reserve,
■ reserve that can never be ready or lat£e enough to meet even minimum nee -
, . 1978,
Having retired from the Coast Guard »n Captain Koburger is an independent consu on maritime affairs, specializing in navig systems.
munist China. The previous day, three British ships, as elements ° task group consisting of two frigateS’ two oilers, a stores ship, and an aftl. munition ship, had been assemh some 200 miles from Shanghai repa'C ing minor defects, painting, clean'11?’ and rigging deck lighting. Dufl ^ this time, a “Shanghai” patrol era ^ had appeared and for some hours mained cruising slowly and someti
topping a considerable distance away. Later, having presumably verified e ships’ purpose and having checked ^■th her command authority ashore, s craft moved slowly in among the
the
B
r'tish ships. A boat from one British hp went alongside the P.R.C. unit, ^ a bottle of French Chablis was ex- anged for a bottle of particularly
sh:
h'ery rice wine. This is believed to ,ave been the first encounter on the 8n seas between the two navies, al- r. 0u8h the local British squadron’s
‘Ps on rare occasions meet with P» r
patrol craft in the waters ar°und Hong Kong.
Louring the passage up the Huang- j. Wlth Chinese pilots and naval gais°n officers embarked, the three ritlsh ships appeared to arouse little 'osity, though the escorting police raft made frequent use of bullhorns .n^ sirens to warn off small coasters, j ks’ and some sampans coming I Wnstream. Many of the motorized , 8s lacked any trace of paint and
looki
the
ers
ed decrepit in comparison with numerous modern and well- 'ntained deep-sea freighters, tank-
Piers
’ ar*d ferries at anchor or alongside
°n either bank of the river. Some
Of *l . .
I 'e more unusual ships included a
sfb>e twin-hulled vessel, probably ^ e form of heavy lift ship, and a pU^e gantry crane ship. All bore the r . ensign. A Panamanian
e‘8hter was the only foreign-flag SSseen.
As the squadron neared Shanghai, Vap er°US nava^ cmft—patrol boats of r‘°us types, some former U. S. LSTs, and smaller landing craft, and
^Ms
“Lei Chou” naval coastal tankers— were seen on both sides of the river. At a shipyard on the left bank, a “Kiang Hu”-class frigate was either completing or undergoing a major overhaul.
At the various piers the level of activity seemed low, which possibly reflects Shanghai’s unemployment problems. Some 2 million people—out of a population of 11 million—are believed to be lacking jobs in the area, although officially they are being “redeployed.” As the squadron neared the city center, the number of waterfront watchers increased, but only from one or two ferries or small passenger ships was there an occasional wave. For the most part, there was no expression of any enthusiasm for the Royal Navy’s visit. The reason for this was probably that the local press and radio made no mention of the visit until after the ships’ arrival.
The three ships berthed at a pier just below what old Shanghai hands knew as the Garden Bridge over the Soochow Creek at the end of the famous Bund or waterfront. Here are the great buildings of Shanghai’s past—the former headquarters of the Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank, the Cathay (now the Peace) Hotel, and the Shanghai Club (now a hotel). On the pier was an array of colored bunting and a banner proclaiming “Long live the friendship between the Chinese and the British people!”
A large contingent of Chinese sailors, the men wearing peaked caps and the women berets with no distinguishing marks of rank, gave the tra-
ditional welcoming ceremony in which the men clapped and the women waved bunches of plastic flowers in time with the music of a naval band. A contingent of British officers and enlisted men from the three ships marched along the lines of Chinese, and the enlisted men took up the hand-clap routine to the delight of the Chinese.
Later the same day, some 500 Britons were entertained at a 14-course banquer followed by a variety performance given by the local military and municipal authorities. Numerous other visits and banquets were organized during the ships’ four-day stay including a tour of the historic city of Hangzhou.
But the highlight was the visit to the headquarters of the East Sea Fleet at its base at Woosung, about a 30- minute bus ride from the center of Shanghai.
After an initial opening address in English by a woman officer on the background of the People’s Liberation Army Navy, which included a reference to China’s need to modernize its fleet, groups of British officers and enlisted men, most openly carrying cameras, were taken round six ships of the fleet. These were a “Luta”-class missile destroyer, a “Kiang Hu”-class missile frigate, a Chinese version of a Soviet “Romeo”-class submarine, a “Hainan”-class fast attack craft, and two “Osa”-type fast missile boats.
As senior British officers approached, the crews of the various ships were drawn up on parade on the upperdecks, but then they marched ashore as the visitors came on board leaving behind only a few guides and interpreters.
The tours of each ship were somewhat hurried, some two hours being allowed for a complete inspection of all six, and the sheer size of the group visiting the ships did not encourage lengthy studies of their equipment and fittings.
with manual loading. There is n° load capability for the SSMs. breech mechanism in the secom
tion were open for inspection- bridge is surrounded by win1
The
do*5
d *s to
All the ships were well maintained and in good condition. Their construction was particularly solid by Western standards, and there was no sign of the “quilted” effect of welded plating over scantlings found in many modern Western warships.
The tour began on board the “Luta,” hull number 131, which does not correspond with any number in unclassified Western reference books. No name was visible. A manufacturer’s plate on one of the six trainable “Styx”-type surface-to-surface missile (SSM) launchers gave the date 1975. This would appear to make this one of the later units of the class of which nine (rather than the seven reported in reference books) are known to be in service.
The launchers remained closed during the visit, but those in a “Kiang Hu”-class frigate observed to be open during the British ships’ passage up river showed missiles installed on guide-rails. A man-sized inspection door is fitted on the underside forward end of each launch tube.
Generally, the "Lutas” have external similarities to the Russian “Kotlin”-class destroyers. The "Lutas' ” gun armament consists of four 130-mm., 8 57-mm., 8 25mm., and 2 12-barrelled MBU-2500A- type ASW rocket launchers. There were no chaff decoy launchers. The re- The dary
armament showed signs of long L*sa^e, On the fantail were two oeP ^ bomb launchers on either side an racks for depth charges to be t° ^ over the stern. Mine rails were f*tte on both sides of the fantail.
The upper bridge and conning P°s
of a single thickness of glass am open at the after end to give access the gunnery director position ab°v^ Navigational systems were unrefn ^tS able, but the two large optical sig
a conventional steam turbine in two units. An interpreter
and
Use
D;
■ted
Counted on either bridge wing were prominent features. The director for (he main armament appears to be similar to the Russian “Wasp Head’’ type with optical sighting and without an associated “Sun Visor”-type radar.
ty long-range, surface-tracking radar of the “Top Bow” type was Counted at the foremasthead, while a radar resembling the Russian “Square ^‘e fire control type was mounted on a platform on the mainmast. Immediately abaft the mainmast and just forward of the after stack was an early yarning radar not unlike the Russian Knife Rest.” Abaft the after stack Was a bandstand-type platform for s°me type of sensor not installed.
The ship does not have a combat in- Ormation center (CIC). Chinese plans to modernize these ships include pro- V|sion of command facilities.
. Machinery spaces were not open to Inspection, bur the ship appears to have Plant
^aimed the ship is capable of making knots.
Underwater sensors were not on ^lew. Despite the sharp rake to the °Ws> there was no sign of a bow sonar. But the ship has a single anchor and hawsepipe in the stem, which l °uld indicate that a bow sonar could be fitted.
k The ship’s boats were all of fi- erglass construction, and lifesaving ecluipment was a mix of inflatable tafis and the open rigid-construction |Vpe of the World War 11 era. No at fopes or lifelines were rigged, 'ch would mean that the boats u|d not be lowered in a hurry at sea appear to be intended more for *n sheltered anchorages for ship- hore traffic.
amage control is probably lim- ■ as there is a line of scuttles at ‘udeck level running virtually the p"tire length of the ship. There is a t; minent emergency conning posi- g at>aft the after stack, vie 6rtb'nS areas were not open to w> but a glimpse through an open c*e showed bunks with overhead be ^ larnPs and what appeared to of , arnrnocks slung between each row unks—i.e., an indication these
ships may suffer from overcrowding. This may be because the amount of equipment installed is outstripping the space allocated to berthing areas in the original design or, more likely in view of the obsolescent nature of much of the ship’s equipment and the absence of any obvious recent additions to weapons or sensors apart from the modified “Knife Rest”-type radar, a desire to get as many men to sea as possible for training with weapons like the SSM system.
The wardroom appeared sparsely furnished, and nowhere was there evidence of air-conditioning. The upper- deck surfaces were painted yellow, presumably to blend with the prevailing color of the water in river estuaries and along the China coast. No form of non-slip coating had been applied. A guide said that Chinese sailors wear non-slip boots.
There was no landing platform for a helicopter. In fact, the fantail was so cluttered with obstructions as to prevent the use of vertical replenishment (VertRep) by helicopters. Highline points for refuelling are fitted at the after end of the bridge structure and high up on the forward end of the after superstructure. Kingposts for dry store transfer are installed at the after end of the superstructure.
The “Kiang Hu”-class frigate, lying alongside the “Luta,” is an original Chinese design. The main propulsion machinery is diesel, and the hull is flush-decked. There are two trainable SSM launchers forward and abaft the large square stack. The gun armament comprises two single manually loaded 100-mm. and ten 37-mm. mountings. Again, there was no provision on board for reloading the SSM launchers.
The frigate’s ASW weapons were two 12-barrelled MBU-2500A-type rocker launchers forward and an array of depth bomb launchers on the fan- tail. No electronic support measures or chaff launchers were seen.
As in the “Luta,” the after end of the bridge was open, and there was no indication that the ship had a CIC. A “Top Bow’’-type radar was fitted on a platform on the foremast with a navigation radar and what may be a “Post Lamp”-type target designation radar.
Mine rails on the fantail and depth bomb launchers mean that VertRep by helicopter would not be possible except perhaps for very small loads. It was significant that, unlike the “Luta,” there appeared to be no provision for highline transfers of fuel or stores. This indicates that the “Kiang Hus” are essentially intended for coastal defense purposes, although diesel propulsion should give them greater endurance than the steam turbine-powered "Lutas.”
Again, there was no clue to the ship’s name, if she has one, although she bore the hull number 514. A plate on a missile launcher bore the date 1979, but one on an engine control telegraph in the emergency conning position carried the date 1975.
In contrast with the “Luta,” all lifesaving rafts were of the inflatable type. The boats were of fiberglass construction.
Because less time was permitted by the Chinese guides to tour this ship, it was not possible to see below decks. But a line of scuttles at main deck level indicates that damage control systems are limited. These ships may suffer from water washing aft in a head sea, as the bow plating is raised above the level of the forecastle, and bulwarks on either side at upperdeck level, reminiscent of those in the Gearing-class destroyers and other World War II- designed destroyers and destroyer escorts, are fitted to prevent water flooding down to the waist.
The third ship open to the British visitors was a “Romeo”-class submarine. The Western visitors were permitted to walk her entire length, both inside and topside.
The forward hatch is also used for loading torpedoes, there being six tubes forward and two aft. Loading the latter would be possible only by hauling the torpedoes aft manually, as there was no sign of any overhead handling gear. A block and chain tackle is used to load torpedoes down the fore hatch.
tyoc
There was only one escape hatch located aft with telescopic trunking but no sign of any breathing equipment for the crew. The boat’s empty fuel tanks and extremely high standard of paintwork, noticeably around the main diesel engines, indicated that she
had not been to sea for a long period. Various traditional examples of Chinese art, for example, had been painted on the bow tube doors!
There was a prominent sonar in the bows, but the system itself was not on view. The fire control system appears to be of an electro-mechanical type comparable to that in World War II submarines. Fin controls were of the hand-wheel type. There were two periscopes and a fixed navigational radar at the forward end of the sail.
The overhang at the forward end of the sail, the radar aerial, guardrails around the top of the sail, a protective framework over the radar aerial, and the large eliptical housing above the sail for the snorkel, as well as the long row of free-flooding ports along the hull casing, would all tend to make the “Romeo” a noisy boat underwater.
An English-speaking guide claimed that the boat’s maximum diving depth was “500 meters,” but the real figure is probably around 400-450 feet.
The boat bore the sail number 254, while a small figure “5” was displayed by the forward hatch. As a small signal lamp was fitted on the sail and seemed to be a permanent fixture, it seems likely that the boat is used primarily for surface patrols—if she actually puts to sea at all.
Judging from the number of men paraded on deck, she would have a crew of between 40 and 50. Berthing accommodations consisted of wooden racks on which, presumably, mattresses could be placed. To give support to the view that she is primarily used as a surface patrol boat, she carried a considerable armory of submachine guns.
The last three vessels on view were a "Hainan”-class fast attack craft and two “Osa”-type fast missile boats. The former is armed with two twin 57-mm. and two twin 25-mm. guns, ASW MBU-type rocket tubes, and depth bomb launchers. The craft's sensors included a “Pot Head”-type surface search radar, IFF equipment of the “Dead Duck” type, and a prominent loudspeaker on the tripod mast. A “Skin Head” surface search radar was also carried in this craft and the two “Osas.”
Access below decks was not permitted in the “Hainan,” but the bridge was noteworthy with a Mag- navox satellite navigation receiver. Her main engines are diesel. Mine rails were fitted on the fantail.
The two “Osas” were interesting as the “Pot Head” radars with which some were shown to be equipped in the 1978 photograph in the 1980-81 edition of Combat Fleets of the World have been replaced by a “Square Tie” type like that in Soviet versions of these craft. Also on the mast were an IFF aerial and a loudspeaker. This last item is presumably used in the congested riverine and coastal areas for peacetime patrol duties.
The four SSM tubes are fixed. The gun armament consists of two twin 25-mm. mountings with one gun in each mounting in a superimposed position over the other.
Below decks, the craft have spacious, although largely unfurnished, accommodations. In both the “Hainan” and “Osas,” the upper bridge is open, although fitted with glass spray “dodgers.”
A curious feature of the "Osas,” in view of the earlier comment of a Chinese naval guide about sailors having non-slip boots, was that their decks were covered in cork chip paint to provide a better foothold. This material’s lack of durability makes it more usually found in luxury pleasure craft than in warships.
All three craft had numerous whip aerials for communications. Despite the presence of loudspeakers, none of the three had any visible means of enabling them to inspect other craft in a seaway, such as inflatable dinghies. Additionally, the “Osas” lacked the means to lower or recover such craft. It would seem unlikely that an “Osa” captain would risk bringing his comparatively lightly built craft alongside a well-built wooden junk at sea.
During the visits to the various ships and particularly after the tour, when the Chinese gave another massive banquet in a large, modern assembly hall in the Woosung base complex, their naval personnel mixed freely with the British officers and enlisted men. While communication was usually impossible because of the language barrier, the Chinese sailors gave the impression of being cheerful.
well fed, and smart. Discipline did not appear to be very formal or rigid- but as both officers and enlisted men, probably down to the equivalent of third class petty officer, wear identical uniforms, it was difficult to observe the officer-enlisted relationship.
The junior enlisted men wear blue pants with a white tunic trimmed at the cuffs and on the traditional sailors blue jean collar in white and blue stripes. The black and white cap bears a red star, and the cap ribbon has gold Chinese characters.
Senior enlisted men and officers have blue pants with white jackets buttoned to the neck with red collar patches. Their black and white peaked caps also bear a red star. Buttons are black.
Honor guards carried a bolt-action rifle thought to be a version of die British .303 Lee-Enfield whose originS date back to the early days of the preS' ent century. Security guards alongside
each ship carried submachine guflS'
he
Boots and shoes appeared to D greased, rather than polished.
Honor guards drilled smartly, an the numerous shouted orders normally associated with such events were absent. Significantly, many of ^ women officers acted as interpreters, but clearly they do not serve in maj°r seagoing warships. ,
The Woosung base is compose largely of low single-floor storage sheds, barracks, and lecture rooms- Among the training aids was a com plete frigate totally enclosed in * glass-walled building lying about 5U feet from the waterfront. Its cyPe could not be seen as only the topmasts with various aerials were visible. ^ enclosing it, training on topsl equipment would be possible evetl during Shanghai’s cold winters.
While this showed the often con siderable ingenuity of the Chinese, there are obviously limits on what can be done to create and maintain a ere ible fleet without the aid of modern technology from the West. One of rhe main aims of the British squadron5 visit was to permit Chinese techm cians, naval officers, and equipment designers to see modern naval equ'P ment in seagoing ships rather than m some international exhibition hall- similar visits were made in 1979 by an Italian squadron and, earlier in 1980, by some French ships.
Whether the Peking Government has the foreign exchange to purchase the surface-to-air missile systems, antisubmarine warfare equipment, computerized tactical data systems, and many other items required to modernize its fleet remains to be seen. Certainly, there is official awareness of the urgency of their needs for, as some Semor Chinese officers explained, they are not interested in new construction but in modernizing existing ships. Modernization, they claimed, could be achieved in a shorter time. And time is vital for they claim they will be in open conflict with the Soviet Union within five years.
While this may, of course, be a crude form of incentive to speed Western industries’ delivery times, it would surely be a rash Western political leader, after events in Afghanistan, who would dismiss such fears out of hand. The time, therefore, may not be far away when the West may have to decide if it is seriously to aid the Chinese in the face of what they at least see as an ever-growing threat from their northern neighbor.
Educated at Winchester College, Mr. Wettern served in the Royal Navy and Royal Naval Reserve. Since 1972, he has been the naval correspondent for the Daily Telegraph. He. made the visit to Shanghai with the Royal Navy.
The Brazilian Mk-10 Frigates
by Eduardo halo Pesce
the
fri
'gates are remarkable ships in every asPect, and their development, from awing board to commissioning, was major technical and operational
Achievement.
Mi
J16" invited the world’s leading ship- u'lding firms to submit proposals for
tons
II-
't'ch
'Ces
nical support and lead yard serv-
i provided by the British shipbuilder.
Th,
All six heavily armed Vosper- hornycroft Mk-10 frigates ordered by C e Brazilian Navy in 1970 are now in Service as the Niteroi class. Four are Antisubmarine frigates, and two are of general-purpose version. These
The specifications from which the
“er°‘ class was to emerge were drawn
® decade ago, as the major item in the
cazilian naval modernization pro-
8rarn. The Brazilian naval authorities thi
bu 3 ^gate-type design of about 3,500
t0 replace obsolescent World War v'ntage destroyers.
^ The Mk-10 frigate, designed by °sper-Thornycroft, Ltd. (now part of r'tish Shipbuilders), met the recrements of the Brazilian Navy, and procurement contract worth . b0,000,000 for six ships was signed September 1970. Additional costs 'nflation later elevated the ships’ 0tal price to L 150,000,000.
°ur vessels, two ASW and two k ,eral~purpose variants, would be •J,?1 1 at Woolston by Vosper- at0rnycroft, Ltd., and two ASW ships |fre Rio de Janeiro Navy Yard with
e program was ambitious. Brazilian plans included assimilation of know-how in the latest techniques of naval design and construction. In the case of the Brazilian-built units, this was of crucial importance, for the whole future of naval shipbuilding in the country depended on their successful completion.
Construction of the four British- built ships was faster than that of their locally built sisters. The keel of the leading ship of the class, Niter'oi (F-40), was laid in May 1972. She was launched in February 1974 and commissioned in England in November
1976. The other ASW ship, Defensora (F-41), had her keel laid in December 1972, was launched in March 1975, and commissioned in March 1977.
As for the two general-purpose frigates, the Constituifao (F-42) was started in March 1972, launched in April
1976, and commissioned in February 1978; the Liberal (F-43) was started in May 1975, launched in February
1977, and put in service in November
1978, After commissioning, the four ships completed a working-up period in U. K. waters before joining the Brazilian Navy. The first ship arrived in Brazil in August 1977, and the last in December 1979.
Construction of the two Brazilian- built ASW vessels was delayed by several technical problems. Both ships had their keels laid in June 1972. The lndependencia (F-44) was launched in September 1974 and put in service in September 1979- The Unido (F-45) was launched in March 1975 and commissioned in September 1980. The unusually long fitting-out period was caused by the lack of experience of local yards with such complex designs.
In spite of that, it is reported that the performance of the two locally built units is considerably better than that of their British-built counterparts. The excellence of the ships is a tribute to the quality of the work performed by the Brazilian yard. It is also a sign of maturity of the country’s growing shipbuilding industry, an industry that built ironclads and monitors of local design in the mid- 19th century.
Possessing a high degree of operational reliability, the ships are a major addition to Brazil’s defense capabilities at sea, and make a significant contribution to the security of the Western Hemisphere. Together, they form a small, but powerful fleet with concentrated firepower packed in six 3,800- ton hulls. These little “capital ships" are the heralds of a new age, and their sophisticated systems will be a challenge to the technical skills of Brazilian naval personnel.
The appearance of the Brazilian frigates also created a sensation in the international naval scenario. Indeed, during the Zaire crisis of May-June 1978, the then U. S. Chief of Naval Operations, Admiral James L. Holloway III, traveled incognito to Rio de Janeiro in order to make a personal evaluation of the frigates. He took a ship to sea and made all sorts of evolutions with her. This fact passed un-