Naval and Maritime Events 1978

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Naval and Maritime Events 1978

Compiled by Commander Brent Baker, U. S. Navy

Making its first flight, the McDonnell Douglas AV-8B VSTOL aircraft hovers above the runway at St. Louis, Missouri, on 9 November 1978. The Marine Corps hoped to purchase about 330 AV-8Bs, hut early in 1979 the Department of Defense cancelled further development of the aircraft.

9. January The Navy announced that the Sixth Fleet carrier US$ Nimitz (CVN-68), cruiser USS South Carolina (CGN-37), and destroyer USS Bigelow (DD-942) rescued 43 crewmen from the burning Indian freighter Jagat Pad- mini. While conducting the rescue a Nimitz helicopter crashed at sea. All four crewmen were rescued. .

General Dynamics Corporation, Con- vair Aerospace Division, San Diego, California, received a $20. million modification to a previously awarded contract for additional full-scale development of the Tomahawk cruise missile for the Air Force.

10. January Secretary of Defense Brown announced the reassignment of Vice Admiral Alfred J. Whittle, Jr., Chief of Staff to Supreme Allied Commander, Atlantic, to the position of Deputy Chief of Naval Operations (Logistics).

14. January The submarine tender Frank Cable (AS-39) was christened at Seattle, Washington.

An E-2 Hawkeye aircraft crashed about 20 miles southwest of Wilmington, North Carolina, killing the five Navy men in the airplane.

15. January An A-7 Corsair II aircraft crashed upon landing aboard the USS Forrestal (CV-59) which was operating about 50 mijes off St. Augustine, Florida. Two flight deck crewmen were killed and ten others injured. The pilot was rescued with minor injuries.
16. January Secretary of Defense Brown announced the nomination of

Rear Admiral William N. Small to the grade of Vice Admiral and assignment as Director, Navy Program Planning.

A three-ship Atlantic Fleet task group including the USS Inchon (LPH-12), USS Spruance (DD-963) and USS Valdez (FF- 1096) departed the East Coast for a ten-week South Atlantic training cruise including visits to West African, South American, and Caribbean ports.

23. January The Navy awarded modifications to previously awarded contracts for construction of nine additional FFG-7 class guided missile frigates amounting to $441.1 million with three frigates to be built in each of the three yards as follows: Todd Pacific Shipyards Corporation, Seattle Division, Seattle, Washington, for $147.8 million; Todd Pacific Shipyards Corporation, Los Angeles Division, San Pedro, California, for $146.2 million; and Bath Iron Works, Inc., Bath, Maine, for $ 147.1 million.

President Carter presented his proposed Fiscal Year 1979 defense budget to Congress with a spending outlay of $115.2 billion. Some $41.7 billion of this was to be for the Navy Department, including $4.7 billion for 15 new ships.

In response to a question. Secretary of Defense Brown acknowledged that the world’s first nuclear-powered submarine, the USS Nautilus (SSN-571), would be retired from service in FY 1979.

24. January McDonnell Douglas Corporation, St. Louis', Missouri, re-- ceived two modifications to previously awarded contracts amounting to $53.6 million for Harpoon missiles, ancillary equipment, and advance procurement parts for the FY 77 Harpoon weapon system.

A Soviet spy satellite. Cosmos 954, used for radar surveillance of ships, reentered the earth’s atmosphere and scattered radio-active debris over Canada.

26 January The Secretary of the Navy announced the choice of Kings

Bay, Georgia, as the site of a new submarine support base for fleet ballistic missile submarines, replacing that at Rota, Spain. The new base is scheduled to open 1 May 1979.

The Navy announced provisional payments on shipbuilding claims to the Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company, Newport News, Virginia, amounting to $15 million and covering the contract claims on two Nimitz class carriers, three Virginia class cruisers, and five Los Angeles class submarines.

27. January Secretary of Defense Brown announced the President has nominated Rear Admiral George E. R. Kinnear II, Chief of Legislative Affairs, Navy Department, for appointment to the grade of Vice Admiral and assignment as Commander, Naval Air Force, U.S. Atlantic Fleet.

The Navy announced a 13-month lease of the mothballed Glomar Explorer (AG-193), the ship reported to have raised part of a sunken Soviet submarine, for scientific and mineral exploration and extraction operations beginning about 1 June 1978. Global Marine Development, Inc., holds the lease for a rental fee of $300,000 and an option for four additional six- month periods at a rental fee of $25,000 per month.

28. January The Nassau (LHA-4) and Nicholson (DD-982) were christened at Pascagoula, Mississippi.

All 26 crewmen from the 492-foot Liberian freighter Eva Maria, which blew-up and sank in the Gulf of Mexico on 26 January, reached an oil drilling platform after a 120-mile, 3-day journey in two lifeboats.

29. January The Los Angeles Times reported an official Angolan news agency announcement that the Soviet Union will provide Angola with ships for its "merchant Navy.’’

1 February For the first time, a Tomahawk cruise missile was successfully test launched from a submarine, the USS Barb (SSN-696), off the Southern California coast.

50

Proceedings / Naval Review 1979

A Marine Corps AV-8A Harrier crashed 70 miles north of the Naval Air Sta-

tion, Fallon, Nevada, and the pilot ejected safely. Also, a Marine Corps A-6E Intruder crashed at Fallon, with one crewman killed and the other injured.

6. February Secretary of the Navy Claytor announced a study to consider preserving the USS Nautilus (SSN-571), the world’s first nuclear powered warship, as a monument at the U.S. Naval Academy following her decommissioning in 1979.

United Press International reported that the USS Truett (FF-1095) had been dispatched from the Sixth Fleet to reinforce two ships of the Middle East Force operating in the Red Sea, while war between Ethiopian and Somali forces heated up in the "horn” of Africa.

7. February Admiral James L. Holloway III, Chief of Naval Operations, stated before the House Armed Services Committee that the Soviets had launched what appeared to be their first nuclear-powered surface warship.

a vessel of about 20,000 tons.

Reuter news service reported that Australia was planning to declare a 200- mile fishing zone on 1 April 1978.

Secretary of Defense Brown announced an order reducing the number of assistant secretaries in the Defense Department from 22 to 16. The order eliminated three of the nine authorized assistant secretaries of Defense and one assistant secretary in each of the military departments.

9. February The first satellite for the Navy’s Fleet Satellite Communications System was launched and began test operations marking a new era in Navy tactical command, control, and communications.

13. February The Wall Street Journal reported that Todd Shipyards Corporation had filed a $120.6 million damage suit against the U.S. Navy and other parties as the “only viable means” of resolving a dispute about the 1972-75 construction of four 25,000-ton tankers which were part of

a nine tanker "build and charter” program developed by the Military Sealift Command.

16. February Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering William J. Perry stated in his annual report to Congress that the first five Trident submarines would be delayed because of “inefficiencies and lower than expected productivity” at Electric Boat Division of General Dynamics Corporation and that the Trident program was expected to be back on schedule in FY 1983 with the delivery of the sixth Trident submarine.
17. February President Carter announced the nomination of Rear Admiral John B. Hayes, Commander Seventeenth Coast Guard District, to become the sixteenth Commandant of the U.S. Coast Guard and the nomination of Rear Admiral Robert H. Scarborough, Commander Ninth Coast Guard District, to become the Vice Commandant, with the ranks of Admiral and Vice Admiral, respectively.

19. February The Boston Globe reported in an unofficial study what the newspaper alleged as an ‘‘alarming rate of cancer deaths” among Portsmouth, New Hampshire, naval shipyard workers, whose jobs brought them into the radiation field of nuclear submarine reactors. The alleged death rate was reported as more than twice the national average and nearly 80 percent higher than the rate for other shipyard workers who did no nuclear- related work.

21. February Secretary of Defense Brown announced that the President approved the nominations of General Samuel Jaskilka, Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps, and Lieutenant General Joseph C. Fegan, Commanding General, Marine Corps Development and Education Command, to be placed on the retired list in their present grades.

Secretary of Defense Brown also announced that the President approved the nomination of Vice Admiral Howard E. Greer, Commander, Naval Air Force, Atlantic Fleet, to be placed on the retired list in his present grade and that the President had approved the nomination of Rear Admiral Kin- naird R. McKee for appointment to the grade of Vice Admiral in his post as Superintendent, U. S. Naval Academy.

The Associated Press reported that a four-ship task group, headed by the guided missile cruiser USS Fox (CG-33) and including the USS Stein (FF-1065), USS Ouellet (FF-1077) and USNS Has- sayampia (TAO-145), had entered the Indian Ocean on a routine deployment.

The fourth round of Soviet-United States talks on limiting Indian Ocean military activities ended in Bern, Switzerland, with no agreements disclosed and no new date set for future talks.

22. February The Washington Post reported that Navy Secretary W. Graham Claytor, Jr., expressed his personal preference for the construction of medium sized, rather than Nimitz class, carriers in a letter to the Senate Appropriations Committee.

Agency France-Press reported that Greece is scheduled to begin NATO talks aimed at gaining a “special status” within NATO for policing parts of the Aegean Sea which had been a Greek responsibility before Greece withdrew from the NATO military structure in 1974.

The Navy announced the training carrier USS Lexington (CVT-16) would be retired in FY 1979. Thereafter carrier aviation training would be conducted from available operational carriers. The Lexington was the last Essex class carrier on active duty.

25 February The New York Times reported that the establishment of the 200-mile U. S. fishing zone in March 1977 had resulted in a 37 percent reduction in fish caught by foreign vessels with a 1977 foreign catch of 1.7 million metric tons, about 1 million metric tons less than in 1976. The American catch in 1977 was reported as about 2.5 million metric tons, the same as in 1976.

27. February Secretary of the Navy Claytor, acting for the President, presented the Medal of Honor (Posthumously) to Captain Michael J. Estocin for his actions on 20 and 26 April 1967, while he was attached to Attack Squadron 192, embarked in the USS Ticonderoga (CVA-14) engaged in strikes over North Vietnam.

General Dynamics Corporation, Electric Boat Division, Groton, Connecticut, received a $699 million modification to a previously awarded contract for construction of two FY-78 Trident submarines.

28. February Sikorsky Aircraft Division of United Technologies Corporation, Stratford, Connecticut, received an $88.8 million contract for the first production procurement for FY-77 CH-53E Aircraft.

Total numerical strength of the Armed Forces on 28 February 1978 was 2,062,509, a decrease of 2,593 from the previous month. Navy and Marine Corps figures were 525,691 and 191,420, respectively, compared to 528,820 and 189,048 one year ago.

2. March The Wall Street Journal re

ported a federal appeals court had overruled a federal district court finding that the U. S. Government had shown “bad faith” in refusing to honor an oral agreement of 20 August 1976 between Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company and Mr. Gordon W. Rule, a Navy procurement official. The agreement concerned increased payments of between $22 to $33.9 million for the construction of the nuclear-powered cruiser Arkansas. A later written agreement, based on the oral agreement, had been rejected by the U. S. Attorney General, and the appeals court ruled that in view of the Attorney General’s rejection, the oral agreement was not binding.

3. March The Washington Post reported that the Governor of Puerto Rico and the Mayor of Vieques Island had filed suit against the Defense Department and the Navy, claiming the Navy had violated environmental laws by bombing and strafing Vieques and its surrounding waters.
4. March The USS Oldendorf (DD-972) was commissioned at Pascagoula, Mississippi.

The Duncan (FF-10) was christened at Seattle, Washington.

6. March Secretary of Defense Brown announced the President approved the nomination of Lieutenant General Robert H. Barrow, Commanding General, Fleet Marine Force, Atlantic Fleet, for promotion to the grade of General and assignment as Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps.

The U. S. Supreme Court ruled that a state may not make laws limiting the size of oil tankers or requiring safety features which conflict with federal law. At issue was a Washington State law prohibiting all supertankers of 125,000 deadweight tons or over from operating in Puget Sound and the enforcement of tanker safety requirements which were stricter than federal laws.

7. March An 11-day combined United States-Republic of Korea Exercise, Team Spirit 78, began in South Korea and involved 16 Seventh Fleet ships and 12,500 Navy and Marine

Proceedings / Naval Review 1979

Corps personnel, including a carrier and an amphibious task group.

A 10-day Allied Command Atlantic Exercise, Safe Pass, began in the Western Atlantic. It involved 35 ships and 6,000 personnel from Canada, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

8. March The Navy announced a decision to pay $2.9 million of a Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company claim for $90.4 million concerning the construction of the nuclear submarines USS L. Mendel Rivers (SSN-686) and USS Richard B. Russell (SSN-687).

11 March The USS Merrill (DD-976) was commissioned at Pascagoula, Mississippi.

The USS Omaha (SSN-692) was commissioned at Groton, Connecticut.

The nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine USS Abraham Lincoln (SSBN-602) became the first such submarine to complete 50 patrols in 17 years of service, accounting for more than eight and a half years submerged time (74,571 hours) and steaming 420,666 miles—the equivalent of circumnavigating the globe almost 17 times.

13 March The General Dynamics Corporation announced it would halt construction, at its Electric Boat Division, on 16 SSN-688 class submarines on 12 April 1978 due to continued problems in settling $544 million of cost overrun claims with the Navy. The Navy replied that it was prepared to go to court to prevent the work stoppage.

The Associated Press reported that protests from the Governor of Puerto Rico had forced the cancellation of U. S. Atlantic Command plans to conduct a 30,000-man exercise. Solid Shield 78, on the island of Vieques, Puerto Rico; the exercise was moved to the U. S. East Coast.

15 March The Wall Street Journal reported that West Germany will build six submarines valued at $500 million for Iran. The 1,000-ton submarines

are to be delivered between 1982 and 1984.

16. March The Senate ratified the Panama Canal Neutrality Treaty by a vote of 68 to 32.
17. March President Carter visited an Atlantic Fleet Task Group off the East Coast and embarked in the USS Eisenhower (CVN-69). The other task group ships were the USS Virginia (CGN-38), USS Peterson (DD-969) and USS Ainsworth (FF-1090).

The 230,000-ton American-owned, Liberian-registered supertanker Amoco Cadiz was stranded and broke in half three miles off the French Brittany coast, spilling 68 million gallons of crude oil. This is the worst tanker spill yet recorded. The 41 crew members were rescued by the French Navy.

18. March The John Rodgers (DD-983) was christened at Pascagoula, Mississippi.

20. March Four Marines were killed when a CH-53 helicopter crashed during a training exercise near Car- boneras, Spain.

22. March The Navy announced plans to home port four destroyer or frigate type ships at Newport, Rhode Island, beginning in the fall of 1978 in order to “improve the strategic dispersal of the Atlantic Fleet.” Only reserve force ships had been home ported in Newport since the regular fleet pullout in 197.3.
23. March Ingalls Shipbuilding Division, Litton Systems, Inc., Pascagoula, Mississippi, received a $796.1 million contract for construction of four modified Spruance class destroyers fot Iran.
24. March Secretary of Defense Brown announced the President approved the nomination of Major General Philip D. Shutler, USMC, Vice Director, Joint Staff, for promotion to Lieutenant General and assignment as Director for Operations (H), Organization of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

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The Navy and General Dynamics Corporation reached an agreement for a $30 million provisional payment

Naval and Maritime Events 1978

which would delay a threatened 12 April shutdown of the Electric Boat Division’s work on 688 class submarines until mid-June 1978. (See 13 March listing.)

Secretary of Defense Brown announced the President approved the nomination of Admiral Frederick H. Michaelis, Chief of Naval Material, for transfer to the retired list in his present grade.

27. March Three naval aircraft accidents occurred in the San Diego area. An F-14 crashed on the freeway near Miramar Naval Air Station, killing one crewman and seriously injuring the other crewman; an A-4 crashed into the Pacific ocean about 50 miles from San Diego and the pilot was recovered; and an S-3A exploded and crashed into the Pacific ocean near San Diego, killing the two crewmen.
28. March The Seventh Session of the Third United Nations Law of the Sea Conference began in Geneva, Switzerland.
29. March The 45 1-foot Exxon- operated drilling ship Glomar Pacific began the first oil well drilling off the East Coast, 101 miles east of Atlantic City, New Jersey.

31 March The Department of Defense announced that 74,600 enlistments or 97 percent of the total DOD January-March 1978 quarterly recruiting objective was reached. Navy and Marine Corps quarterly figures were 18,900 or 95 percent and 8,600 or 93 percent, respectively.

Total numerical strength of the Armed Forces on 31 March 1978 was 2,058,459, a decrease of 3,691 from the previous month. Navy and Marine Corps figures were 524,573 and 190,397, respectively, compared to 526,527 and 188,845 one year ago.

I April A Federal District judge ordered Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company to continue to work on the nuclear-powered cruiser Arkansas (CGN-41) while a contract dispute with the Navy awaits a trial set for 1 February 1979- The Navy was ordered to pay the shipyard

its cost of construction, plus a 7 percent profit.

4. April A four-nation naval exercise, RimPac-78, began in the mid-Pacific and included 42 ships, 225 aircraft, and 22,000 men from Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States Third Fleet.
5. April President Carter announced his nomination of General David C. Jones, Chief of Staff, U. S. Air Force, as Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, and Admiral Thomas B. Hayward, Commander in Chief, U. S. Pacific Fleet, as chief of Naval Operations.
6. April President Carter nominated Colonel Margaret A. Brewer to become the Marine Corps’ first woman brigadier general.

General Dynamics Corporation, Electric Boat Division, Groton, Connecticut, was awarded $66.5 million in provisional increases made in conjunction with the Navy Claims Settlement Board’s review of requests for adjustments in SSN-688 class submarine construction. (See 13 and 24 March Listings.)

The nuclear-powered carrier USS Nimitz (CVN-68) became the first U. S. carrier to visit Haifa, Israel.

7. April The Associated Press reported that a three-ship Soviet naval task group, consisting of a destroyer, a tanker and a minesweeper, returned to Cuba after a cruise in the Gulf of Mexico.

America’s last all-passenger oceangoing ship. Pacific Far East Line’s SS Mariposa docked at San Francisco and ended American regular all-passenger ship service.

13. April The Navy announced that the headquarters staffs of the Secretary of the Navy, Chief of Naval Operations, and Commandant of the Marine Corps were undergoing a 20 percent reduction in military and civilian personnel from 3,594 positions to 2,872, with reductions to be completed by June 1978.
14. April Defense Secretary Brown announced that the President had ap

proved the nomination of Vice Admiral Donald C. Davis as Commander in Chief, U. S. Pacific Fleet with promotion to the rank of admiral.

The Navy announced the carrier USS Saratoga (CV-60) would enter the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard late in 1980 for a two and one-half year period to undergo a Service Live Extension Program (SLEP) modernization.

/ 7 April The Wall Street Journal reported that the Navy agreed to pay $252.8 million to Litton Industries, Inc., for the building of five LHA amphibious assault ships, pending resolution of a $1.08 billion in contract claims which Litton filed against the Navy.

21. April Defense Secretary Brown announced the President had approved the nomination of Rear Admiral Sylvester R. Foley, Jr., for promotion to Vice Admiral and assignment as Commander Seventh Fleet. Also announced was the nomination of Major General Edward J. Miller, Commanding General, Fourth Marine Division, to be promoted to Lieutenant General and assigned as Commanding General, Fleet Marine Force, Atlantic Fleet.

The USS Cree (ATF-84) was decommissioned and stricken from the naval register.

22. April The Associated Press reported a Navy study on radiation hazards in shipyards and on nuclear- powered ships indicated that radiation exposure to shipyard workers resulted in less than one death per 100,000 persons, compared to the industrial accident rate at naval shipyards of seven per 100,000. The annual death rate attributed to smoking was 150 per 100,000. The Navy report criticized a Boston Globe-sponsored study which had alleged that Portsmouth, New Hampshire, shipyard workers who were involved in the nuclear areas of submarines had twice the normal cancer rate. (See 19 February 1978 listing.)

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Proceeding’s / Naval Review 1979

The first Trident ballistic missile submarine, the Ohio (SSBN-726), was "rolled out” of an assembly building and on to a pier 500-feet distant at the

Electric Boat Division, Groton, Connecticut, where more work and testing will be done prior to “launching” in

1979.

25. April A fire broke out in the USS Concord (AFS-5) at Palma, Majorca, and burned for five hours in a storeroom area, before being brought under control; there were no crew injuries and the ship was not seriously damaged.

The New York Daily News reported that the decommissioned carrier Intrepid (CV-ll) would become a floating naval memorial and aerospace museum. She would be berthed on the Hudson River in New York City.

26. April Defense Secretary Brown announced approval of Army, Navy, and Air Force proposals to study 85 military installations for possible realignment, reduction, or closure action. If all proposals were fully implemented, annual defense costs would be reduced by over $337 million. The Navy portion of the study proposals affected 33 installations or activities

and could result in a reduction of some 2,300 Navy civilian positions and 3,000 military positions assigned to support functions for an annual Navy savings of about $50 million.

A Navy P-3 aircraft crashed 20 miles northeast of the Azores and there were no survivors among the crew of seven.

29 April The USS John S. McCain (DDG-36) was decommissioned and stricken from the naval register.

10. May Ingalls Shipbuilding Division, Litton Systems, Inc., Pascagoula, Mississippi, was awarded a $31.2 million modification to previously awarded contracts for the construction of four nuclear-powered attack submarines, in accordance with a decision by the Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals.

15. May Defense Secretary Brown announced the President had approved the nominations of Vice Admiral James B. Wilson, Chief of Naval Education and Training and Vice Admiral

Patrick “J” Hannifin, Director Joint Staff, Organization of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, to be placed on the retired list in their present grades.

19. May The seventh session of the United Nations Law of the Sea Conference adjourned in Geneva. Another meeting was scheduled for New York City on 21 August 1978.

Defense Secretary Brown announced the President had approved the nomination of Vice Admiral Pierre N. Charbonnet, Jr., to be placed on the retired list in his present grade.

20. May The USS John Young (DD-973) was commissioned at Pascagoula, Mississippi.

22. May Defense Secretary Brown announced the President had approved the nomination of Lieutenant General Robert L. Nichols, Deputy Chief of Staff for Manpower, Headquarters, Marine Corps, to be placed on the retired list in his current grade.

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Naval and Maritime Events 1978

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23. May In accordance with an

Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals decision, Ingalls Shipbuilding Division of Litton Systems, Inc., Pascagoula, Mississippi, received a $19.5 million modification to a previously awarded contract for construction of four nuclear-powered attack submarines.

24. May The Senate approved the nominations of General David C. Jones, USAF, as Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, and Admiral Thomas B. Hayward, as Chief of Naval Operations.
25.  May The USS Neosho (AO-143) was decommissioned and transferred to the Military Sealift Command (MSC).

27. May The Leftwich (DD-984) was christened at Pascagoula, Mississippi.

30. May The USS Bausell (DD-845) was decommissioned and stricken from the naval register.
31. May Defense Secretary Brown announced the President had approved the nomination of Vice Admiral Donald D. Engen, Deputy Commander in Chief and Chief of Staff, Atlantic Command and Atlantic Fleet, to be placed on the retired list in his present grade.

Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company, Newport News, Virginia, received a $1.6 million contract for design assistance and services in support of the CGN-42 class Aegis cruiser.

1 June The USS Mitscher (DDG-35) and the USS Tawakoni (ATF-114) were decommissioned and stricken from the naval register.

3 June The USS Briscoe (DD-977) was commissioned at Pascagoula, Mississippi.

5. June The United States and Canada began excluding each other’s commercial fishing vessels from their respective waters after talks aimed at solving U. S.-Canadian fishing management problems had broken down.

9. June The Navy and General Dynamics Corporation announced a settlement of Electric Boat Division

claims over construction of SSN-688 class submarines, averting a threatened halt in submarine work and the layoff of about 8,000 Electric Boat workers. The Navy agreed to pay $125 million on a $544 million claim and the Navy and General Dynamics agreed to split a projected $718 million General Dynamics loss on SSN-688 construction through 1984, with the Navy paying $359 million and the company taking a $359 million loss. General Dynamics agreed to waive any claims on the SSN-688 class contracts for 18 submarines and the Navy would take responsibility for any inflation costs higher than an annual rate of 7 percent and 6 percent, respectively for labor and material costs. (See also 13 March, 24 March and 1 April listings.)

Defense Secretary Brown announced the President had approved the nomination of Vice Admiral Alfred J. Whittle, Deputy Chief of Naval Operations (Logistics), for promotion to the rank of Admiral and assignment as Chief of Naval Material.

Defense Secretary Brown also announced the President had approved the nomination of Vice Admiral Robert B. Baldwin as Deputy Chief of Naval Operations (Manpower) and Chief of Naval Personnel; and the nomination of Vice Admiral Parker B. Armstrong, Director, Research, Development, Test and Evaluation, Office of the CNO, for retirement in his present grade.

10. June The USS Cincinnati (SSN-693) was commissioned at Newport News, Virginia.

12 June Defense Secretary Brown announced the President had approved the nomination of Major General Kenneth McLennan, Commanding General, 2d Marine Division, for promotion to Lieutenant General and assignment as Deputy Chief of Staff for Manpower, Headquarters Marine Corps.

The 11,304-ton American bulk carrier Yellowstone collided with the Algerian freighter Ibn Batouta, near the Strait of Gibraltar. Five Yellowstone crewmen were killed. The others were rescued

by the British Navy. Later, after the ships were separated, the Yellou’stone sank. The Ibn Batouta proceeded to port under her own power.

20. June NATO Secretary General Joseph Luns disclosed that NATO had completed plans for the defense of the oil supply sea lines of communication around the Cape of Good Hope and to the United States and Western Europe.

The Navy and Litton Industries, Inc., reached a settlement on a $1.09 billion claims dispute concerning the construction of five LHA amphibious assault, ships. Litton estimated it faced projected losses of $647 million through 1980. The settlement provided for Litton to absorb $200 million and the Navy to pay the remaining $447 million. Under the agreement, Litton released all claims against the Navy under the LHA contract and also the contract for 30 DD-963 class ships.

23 June The Navy announced that three destroyers, the USS William C. Lawe (DD-763), USS Davis (DD-937) and USS Robert A. Owens (DD-827) will conduct a six-week Great Lakes cruise in August 1978 to train Naval Reserve crews and to bring a fleet presence to the Lakes.

25. June A just-released Navy study of Long Beach Naval Shipyard employees indicated that about a third of the employees who had worked at the shipyard for at least 17 years had contracted asbestosis. This lung-scarring disease, caused by breathing asbestos fibers leads to difficulty in breathing, and may be fatal.
26. June The first eight women to graduate from a United States service academy received their diplomas and commissions in the Naval or Coast Guard Reserve at the Merchant Marine Academy, Kings Point, Long Island, New York.

Defense Secretary Brown announced the President had approved the nomination of Rear Admiral Ronald J. Hays, Director, Office of Program Appraisal, Office of the Secretary of the Navy, for promotion to the rank

Proceedings / Naval Review 1979

of Vice Admiral and assignment as Deputy Commander in Chief and Chief of Staff, Atlantic Command and U. S. Atlantic Fleet.

The 5,000-pound ocean research satellite, Seasat-A was launched from Van- denberg Air Force Base, California, with the mission of determining if radar and other sensors in space could provide useful information for oceanographers, weather forecasters, and commercial users of the sea. The project is managed for NASA by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California.

The guided missile cruiser USS Harry E. Yarnell (CG-17) and the guided missile destroyer USS Charles F. Adams (DDG-2) entered the Black Sea for routine operations in international waters.

28. June Defense Secretary Brown announced the President had approved the nomination of Rear Admiral Carlisle A.H. Trost, Director, Systems Analysis Division, Office of the CNO,

for promotion to the rank of Vice Admiral and assignment as Deputy Commander in Chief and Chief of Staff, U. S. Pacific Fleet. Also, announced was the reassignment of Vice Admiral Thomas J. Bigley, Deputy Commander in Chief, Pacific Fleet as Deputy Chief of Naval Operations (Logistics).

30. June Defense Secretary Brown announced the reassignment of Vice Admiral James D. Watkins, Chief of Naval Personnel, as Commander U. S. Sixth Fleet and Commander, Naval Striking and Support Forces Southern Europe.

The Department of Defense announced that 182,500 enlistments or 95 percent of the total DOD quarterly recruiting objective for the April-June 1978 period was reached. Navy and Marine Corps quarterly figures were 19,800 or 92 percent and 9,900 or 99 percent, respectively.

Total numerical strength of the Armed Forces on 30 June 1978 was

2,056,929. Navy and Marine Corps figures were 527,316 and 189,337, respectively, compared to 524,875 and 189,714 one year ago.

I July According to the Maritime Administration, there are 566 vessels of 1,000 tons or over in the active ocean-going merchant fleet as of this date. There is an increase of 11 active vessels and a decrease of 18 inactive vessels as compared to 1 January 1978. The number of vessels in the privately owned fleet is 585. Of these, 544 are active. The total U. S.-flag ocean going merchant fleet, including the ships in the National Defense Reserve Fleet, decreased from 1 January 1978 by seven to 840.

THE OFFICE OF NAVAL INTELLIGENCE

The Birth of America’s First Intelligence Agency, 1865-1918

Jeffery M. Dorwart

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(Continued on page 229)

Admiral Thomas B. Hayward became the 21st Chief of Naval Operations, relieving Admiral James L. Holloway III, at change of command ceremonies at Annapolis, Maryland. Admiral Holloway was placed on the retired list in the grade of admiral.

Secretary of the Navy Clay tor and Secretary of the Army Alexander announced the official transfer of the Army’s former Military Ocean Terminal at Kings Bay, Georgia, to the Navy for development as the Naval Submarine Support Base, Kings Bay.

The USS William R. Rush (DD-714) was decommissioned.

8 July The USS Groton (SSN-694) was commissioned at Groton, Connecticut.

11. July The Washington Post reported that U. S. Navy ocean surveillance satellite data was used to assist the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) and the U. S. Coast Guard in the seizure of 40 ships and boats involved in smuggling over a million pounds of marijuana with a retail value of about $400 million. The joint DEA-USN-USCG operation called “Operation Stopgap” lasted from December 1977 to April 1978, which covered the period of the largest marijuana harvests in South America.

20 July Ships and aircraft of the Atlantic Fleet began the 19th annual Exercise Unitas cruise around South America, during which they would train with the navies of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. They were the USS William V. Pratt (DDG-44), USS Bowen (FF-I079), USS Du Pont (DD-941), USS Scamp (SSN- 588) and aircraft from Patrol Squadron 11, Fleet Support Squadron 52, Helicopter Antisubmarine Squadron (light) 32, and Fleet Composite Squadron 6.

22 July The Bremerton (SSN-698) was christened at Groton, Connecticut.

27. July U. S. District Court Senior Judge John J. Sirica ruled in a suit filed by several Navy women that it was unconstitutional for Congress to bar women arbitrarily from serving on

Navy combatant ships. Instead, the Judge said it should be up to the Navy to assign its personnel—men and women—as it sees fit.

28. July Defense Secretary Brown announced the President had approved the nomination of Vice Admiral Samuel L. Gravely, Jr., Commander Third Fleet, as Director, Defense Communications Agency and the nomination of Rear Admiral David F. Emerson, Commander, Operational Test and Evaluation Force, for promotion to Vice Admiral and assignment as Director, Research, Development, Test and Evaluation, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations.

The Navy announced that it had settled a long-standing shipbuilding claim dispute over construction of five frigates and five amphibious transport docks with Lockheed Shipbuilding and Construction Company, Seattle, Washington. Under the agreement the Navy would pay an additional $12.6 million, which combined with a previous provisional payment of $48.4 million, amounts to a total Navy payment of $61 million on an original claim of $159.8 million.

29. July The Cushing (DD-958) was christened at Pascagoula, Mississippi.

I August The USS Molala (ATF-106) was decommissioned.

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4. August The Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company announced tentative plans to lay off 4,500 workers beginning in 1979 and that the number of workers laid off could increase if the shipyard failed to get a 'contract for a new aircraft carrier.
5. August The USS Mississippi (CGN- 40) was commissioned at Norfolk, Virginia, with President Carter as the principal speaker.

The USS Comte de Grasse (DD-974) was commissioned at Pascagoula, Mississippi.

7 August The House of Representatives, by a 218 to 156 vote, approved the FY 1979 Defense Appropriations Bill which included funding of $2 bil-

lion for a fifth nuclear-powered aircraft carrier.

The USS Preserver (ARS-6) became the first U. S. Navy ship to undergo a routine shipyard repair period in Yugoslavia, at the Tivat shipyard.

11. August Defense Secretary Brown announced that the President had approved the nomination of Vice Admiral Harry D. Train, II, Commander Sixth Fleet, for promotion to the grade of Admiral and assignment as Commander-in-Chief Atlantic and U. S. Atlantic Fleet. His appointment as Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic was also announced by NATO.

16 August The Navy announced that three posts previously held by vice admirals would be held by rear admirals. The Chief of Naval Reserve and the Chief of Naval Education and Training positions were changed from three to two star posts as a result of a congressionally imposed requirement. The post of Superintendent of the U. S. Naval Academy was also changed as a result of a Navy administrative action. Rear Admiral Frederick F. Palmer was named as Chief of Naval Reserve; Rear Admiral Paul C. Gibbons was named as Chief of Naval Education and Training; and Rear Admiral William P. Lawrence was named as Superintendent, U. S. Naval Academy.

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229

Naval and Maritime Events 1978

(Continued from page 57)

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17. August President Carter vetoed the $36.9 billion Military Authorization Bill for FY 1979, citing the $2 billion nuclear-powered aircraft carrier authorized in the bill as the reason for the veto.
18. August Navy Secretary Claytor announced that a new position. Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Equal Opportunity), would be filled by Mr. Alexander A. Silva.

Defense Secretary Brown announced the reassignment of Vice Admiral Kinnaird R. McKee, Superintendent of the U. S. Naval Academy, as Commander Third Fleet.

19. August The USS Stump (DD-978) was commissioned at Pascagoula, Mississippi.

A crippled Soviet Echo II class cruise missile submarine was reported to be on the surface in the Atlantic Ocean, 140 miles off Scotland’s northwest coast, after experiencing trouble with her nuclear power plant.

21. August The seventh session of the United Nations Law of the Sea Conference reconvened in New York City.
22. August The San Francisco Chronicle reported that the unaltered World War II Liberty ship, Jeremiah O’Brien. would be brought out of mothballs, restored, and moored at the old port of embarkation at Fort Mason as part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area. Each of the ship’s five holds was to be refurnished for maritime exhibits.

24 August The London Daily Telegraph reported the Soviet Navy was building in a Baltic shipyard a new class of amphibious ship which appeared to be of about 12,000 tons with facilities for a battalion of troops, helicopters, and landing craft.

30. August The Coast Guard Commandant, Admiral John B. Hayes, announced a new equal opportunity program which removed all restric

tions based solely on sex in training, assignment, and career opportunities of Coast Guard personnel. The new policy included provision that all women graduates of the Coast Guard Academy, like their male counterparts, would initially be assigned to sea duty and that mixed-sex crews might be assigned to any Coast Guard unit, afloat or ashore, which could provide reasonable privacy for each sex in berthing and personal hygiene.

The Wall Street Journal reported that a federal judge had dismissed a $120.6 million suit by the Todd Shipyards Corporation against the Navy for damages resulting from Navy-imposed changes and delays in the construction of four 25,000-ton tankers. The tankers were built in the 1974-75 period under the Military Sealift Command’s build and charter program.

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31. August The International Institute of Strategic Studies in London stated in its 1978-79 Military Balance report that though NATO remained

strong enough to repel any attack by the Warsaw Pact, it was weaker in sea power than before and no longer in a position to control all sea areas of importance to the alliance at the start of a conflict.

1 September The USS Grand Canyon (AR-28), USS Escape (ARS-6), USS Nipmuc (ATF-158), and USS Salinan (ATF-161) were decommissioned.

6. September Defense Secretary Brown announced the President approved the nomination of Lieutenant General Leslie E. Brown, Commanding General Fleet Marine Force Pacific, to be placed on the retired list in his present grade and the reassignment of Lieutenant General Andrew W. O’Donnell, Deputy Chief of Staff For Plans and Policy, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps, as Commanding General, Fleet Marine Force Pacific. Also announced was the promotion of Major General Adolph G. Schwenk to Lieutenant General and assignment as

Deputy Chief of Staff for Plans and Policy, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps.

7. September The House of Representatives voted 206 to 191 to uphold the President’s veto of the $36.9 billion FY 1979 Defense Authorization bill. (See 7 and 17 August 1978 listings.)

Hughes Communications Services, Inc., Culver City, California, received a $335 million contract for work associated with the Fleet Satellite Communications (FltSatCom) Program.

11 September The British passenger liner Queen Elizabeth 2 was hit by 50- foot waves and winds of over 60 knots in the mid-Atlantic enroute to New York City, with 18 passengers suffering minor injuries and two crewmembers seriously injured.

13 September The first Navy- Marine Corps F/A-18 Hornet fighter/ attack aircraft was “rolled out” at the

McDonnell Aircraft Company Division, McDonnell Douglas Corporation facility at St. Louis, Missouri. Following testing flights, the first F/A-18S are planned to join the fleet in 1983.

14. September The Washington Post reported an F-14 Tomcat from the USS Ranger (CV-61) crashed 77 miles west of San Diego, marking the 25th crash of an F-14 since its 1972 fleet introduction. The crew was recovered.
15. September NATO’s annual fall exercise, Display Determination 78, began in Southern Europe with ships and aircraft from the U. S. Sixth Fleet and from the Greek, Italian, Turkish, and British navies participating. An amphibious landing in Greece was conducted by the 34th Marine Amphibious Unit.

The fall meeting of the seventh session of the United Nations Law of the Sea Conference adjourned without agreement. A new session was announced for March 1979 in Geneva.

18 September The Federal Maritime Commission announced a $2.5 million settlement with Seatrain Lines, Inc., in the case of alleged Seatrain involvement in rebate policies to circumvent the regular international conference shipping rates.

22. September A P-3 Orion maritime patrol aircraft from NAS, Brunswick, Maine, crashed near West Poland, Maine, killing all eight crewmen.

CBS News reported the guided missile cruiser USS Richmond K. Turner (CG-20) was ordered to a position off the coast of Nicaragua to monitor radio transmissions during the Nicaraguan civil strife.

The Navy announced the award of a $287.8 million contract for the first Aegis equipped guided missile destroyer, the DDG-47, to Litton Industries, Ingalls Shipbuilding Division, Pascagoula, Mississippi. Aegis is an air defense system. The 563-foot-long, 8,910-ton ship is scheduled to be delivered early in 1983.

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23. September The USS Belleau Wood (LHA-3) was commissioned at Pascagoula, Mississippi.

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26. September The Washington Post reported that France had announced she would construct a new, nuclear- powered ballistic missile submarine which could carry a “new generation” of nuclear missiles, with the launching planned for 1985.
27. September The Wall Street Journal reported Todd Shipyards Corporation appealed the dismissal of its $120.6 million lawsuit against the Navy concerning the construction of four tankers. (See 30 August 1978 listing.)

29 September Ingalls Shipbuilding Division, Litton Industries, Pascagoula, Mississippi, was awarded a $58.4 million contract for long-lead materials and associated engineering support for the 31st Spruance-class destroyer, DD-997.

United States Cruises, Inc., of Seattle, Washington, bought the 26-year-old passenger liner SS United States for $5 million. After refurbishing, the ship

was scheduled to be put back into American-flag service for warm weather cruises between the West Coast and Hawaii.

The Baltimore Sun reported that a Japanese shipyard was prepared to deliver to the Soviet Union a 330-by-84 meter floating dry dock which will be towed to Vladivostok. Japanese defense analysts stated the dry dock could be used to service a Kiev-cWss Soviet aircraft carrier.

30 September The USS Sailftsh (SS- 572), USS Abnaki (ATF-96), USS Cocopa (ATF-101) and USS Hitcbiti (ATF-I03) were decommissioned.

The Defense Department announced that 331,800 enlistments or 98 percent of the total DOD recruiting objective for fiscal year 1978 was reached. Navy and Marine Corps FY 1978 figures were 87,000 or 94 percent and 41,000 or 100 percent of their objective, respectively. During the period July-September 1978,                              107,300

enlisted personnel were recruited into the armed forces or 93 percent of the quarterly objective; Navy and Marine Corps figures were 28,800 or 97 percent and 13,800 or 106 percent, respectively.

Total numerical strength of the Armed Forces on 30 September 1978 was 2,062,402 or 99.7 percent of the fiscal year 1978 objective. Navy and Marine Corps figures on 30 September 1978 both stood at 99 percent of their strength objective with 530,000 and 191,000 personnel, respectively.

The U. S. Navy closed the last United States military station in Africa when the naval communications station at Kenitra, 25 miles north of Rabat, was formally returned to the Moroccan government.

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Naval and Maritime Events 1978

2 October The Supreme Court refused to dismiss an indictment charging Litton Industries Inc., with $37 million in alleged fraudulent claims. These claims involved the construction

of three nuclear-powered attack submarines built between 1968 and 1971. The Court also let stand (by refusing to consider the case) an earlier appeals court ruling forcing the Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company to complete work on the nuclear-powered cruiser Arkansas (CGN-4I).

5. October The Navy announced it settled almost all of $2.7 billion in ship construction contract claims with the signing of a settlement with Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company. Under the settlement, the Navy will pay about $165 million of a $742 million claim filed by Newport News Shipbuilding during 1975 and 1976 period involving the construction of 13 nuclear- powered attack submarines, guided- missile cruisers, and aircraft carriers.

The Federal Bureau of Investigation disclosed the breakup of a plot to steal the nuclear-powered attack submarine USS Trepang (SSN-674) and sell the

submarine to an undisclosed purchaser. Three men were arrested in the investigation. One became a prosecution witness. The others were tried for fraud in U. S. district court, St. Louis, Missouri.

6. October A Navy C-118 aircraft crashed while making a landing approach at Santiago, Chile, and all 18 persons aboard were killed.
7. October The destroyer Harry W. Hill (DD-986) was christened at Pascagoula, Mississippi.

10 October The first United States scientific research satellite built and launched to observe the world’s oceans, called SEASAT-A, suffered a massive short circuit and was rendered useless, according to NASA officials. (See 26 June 78 listing.)

12 October The House and Senate passed a $117.5 billion FY 1979 defense appropriations bill.

13 October The U. S. Navy celebrated its 203rd Birthday.

Captain Joan Bynum, Nurse Corps, became the first black woman to be promoted to the rank of Captain, U. S. Navy, in a ceremony at Yokosuka, Japan.

Navy Secretary Claytor disclosed that the Soviet amphibious ship Ivan Rogov, which is almost three times larger than any other Soviet amphibious ship, is operational in the Baltic Sea. The ship is reported to be about 500- feet long and displaces about 13,000 tons. She has bow doors, a stern gate attached to a well deck, and a helicopter landing and hangar area. According to Mr. Claytor, this ship which is capable of handling three air- cushioned landing craft, marks the beginning of a Soviet “blue water amphibious capability.

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Lockheed Shipbuilding and Construction Company, Seattle, Washington, received a $2.9 million contract for ship system design support for the

new LSD-41 class dock landing ships.

14 October The destroyer USS Con- oily (DD-979) was commissioned at Pascagoula, Mississippi.

16. October The Journal of Commerce reported that the American Institute of Merchant Shipping and the Marine Section of the National Safety Council presented their highest award for service “above and beyond the call of duty” to the U. S.-flag tanker Sealift Mediterranean for participation in three rescues over a four-day period in June 1977. The ship operates under charter to the Navy's Military Sealift Command.

20 October The President signed into law the Fiscal Year 1979 Department of Defense appropriations authorization act which included the provision to amend 10 U. S. Code to permit permanent assignment of Navy women to specified non-combatant ships, and temporary duty to any Navy ship for periods of 180 days or less, provided a combat mission is not

foreseeable during the period of temporary duty. The act also designated the Commandant of the Marine Corps as a full member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

The 125-foot U. S. Coast Guard training cutter Cuyahoga (WIX-157) collided with the 521-foot Argentinian freighter Santa Cruz II in the Chesapeake Bay, about 3 miles from Smith Point, Virginia. The cutter sank with 1 1 of her crew. The freighter rescued 18 others. There were no injuries and only minor damage to the freighter.

21 October The Navy announced its plans for assigning women to sea duty with 55 officers and 375 enlisted women to be assigned to 20 ships during Fiscal Year 1979.

The nuclear-powered guided missile cruiser Arkansas (CGN-41) was christened at Newport News, Virginia.

26 October A Navy P-3 Orion maritime patrol aircraft crashed at sea

about 690 miles west of Adak, Alaska, with five crewmen killed. The ten survivors were rescued by the Soviet fishing trawler Senyavina.

28 October The U. S. Navy said that the second Soviet V/STOL aircraft carrier, the Minsk, had entered full fleet service in the Black Sea.

1. November For the first time in the history of the U. S. Navy, nine women reported for regular sea duty in ships other than hospital or troop transports. The women, all ensigns, reported aboard the Atlantic Fleet ships L. Y. Spear (AS-36), Vulcan (AR- 5), and Puget Sound (AD-38); and the Pacific Fleet ships Dixon (AS-37) and Norton Sound (AVM-l).
2. November The Chief of Naval Operations redesignated the Commander Carrier Striking Force Sixth Fleet as Commander Battle Force Sixth Fleet (ComBattleForSixthFlt).

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frigate Mclnerney (FFG-8) was christened at Bath, Maine.

9 November The Navy announced that four Atlantic Fleet frigates would be homeported in Newport, Rhode Island. The four would be the Connote (FF-1056), Miller (FF-1091), Valdez (FF- 1096) and Capadanno (FF-I093) with all ships to be in Newport by the summer

of 1979.

The prototype of the U. S. Marine Corps’ AV-8B VSTOL aircraft flew for the first time at McDonnell Douglas Corporation, St. Louis, Missouri.

14.  November A major Atlantic Fleet exercise, Gulf Ex-79, began in the Gulf of Mexico and Northwestern Caribbean. It involved 20,000 men of the U. S. Navy, U. S. Air Force, and U. S. Coast Guard, both active and reserve, as well as of the British Navy. Over a score of U. S. ships, a dozen British, and nearly 300 Air Force and Navy aircraft were involved.
15.  November       A four-ship task group from the Seventh Fleet entered the Indian Ocean on a routine deployment. The ships were the USS Sterett (CG-31), USS Waddell (DDG-24), USS Bradley (FF-1041) and USNS Passumpsic (TAO-107).

17. November The Christian Science Monitor reported that the Soviet Union was building two new ballistic missile submarine bases on the eastern coast of Siberia.

United Press International reported the Soviet cruiser Dzerzhinsky, with the Commander of the Black Sea Fleet embarked, arrived in Istanbul, becoming the first Soviet warship to visit that Turkish port in 40 years.

18. November The nuclear-powered attack submarine Jacksonville (SSN-699) was christened at Groton, Connecticut.

The Navy’s newest fighter/strike aircraft, the F/A-18 Hornet flew for the first time in a flight from St. Louis, Missouri, to Springfield, Illinois.

21 November The aircraft carrier USS Saratoga (CV-60) and the Military

Sealift Command oiler USNS Wac- camaw (TAO-109) collided during refueling operations about 50 miles south of Crete in the Mediterranean Sea, with only minor damage to both ships and no injuries.

22 November The USS Biddle (CG-34) began a six-day port visit at Constanta, Romania.

9 December The Navy announced that the USS Lexington (CVT-I6) which had been slated for decommissioning in mid-1979 (see 22 Feb 1978 listing) will continue in active service and remain homeported at Pensacola, Florida.

16 December The USS Moosbrugger (DD-980) was commissioned at Pascagoula, Mississippi, and the USS Bir- minghan (SSN-695) was commissioned at Newport News, Virginia. Also, the George Philip (FFG-12) was christened at San Pedro, California.

31 December Total numerical strength of the Armed Forces on 31 December 1978 was 2,040,751. This represents a decrease of 9,606 from the previous month. Navy and Marine Corps figures were 529,176 and 187,928 respectively compared to 526,676 and 190,751 one year ago.

According to the Maritime Administration, there are 572 vessels of 1,000 tons or over in the active oceangoing merchant fleet as of this date. There is an increase of 17 active vessels and an increase of 15 inactive vessels as compared to 31 December 1977. The number of vessels in the privately owned fleet is 546.

The Defense Department announced that 64,800 men and women, or 90 percent of the Total DoD quarterly recruiting objective for October- December 1978 were enlisted. Navy and marine Corps quarterly figures were 18,400, or 85 percent, and 8,200, or 86 percent, respectively.