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^lent Victory: The U. S. u Marine War Against Japan
Y0r^®*a*r> Jr., Philadelphia and New ln, ' J- ®- Lippincott Company, 1975.
’ 2 PP- Illus. $24.95.
|j V^c‘wcd by Captain Paul R. Schratz, ,5>' Navy (Retired)
^av‘fn ^ralz graduated from the U. S. d'Uin ^.Ca^emy ’n 1939 ar>d established a diir' ^U!s^ record in the submarine force be ^ "'S naval caner. Of particular note, du°’nmanded ‘he USS Pickerel (SS-324) fr°rn\i>er wor^’s record submerged cruise Holaf0^ KonS t0 pearl Harbor in 1950. l]njv* °J a PhD. from Ohio State forej rSU^’ ^e's w‘dely known as a writer on trjj’1 P»‘icy and national security affairs.
Uias ant 'd July of this year, he
member of the joint White 0fJ Congressional Commission on the Qmd^Zat'°n °f the Government for the joined °f foreign Polity- He has recently Sch0i t e Brookings Institution as a Guest ior a research project on modem “lrn*strategy.)
Somewhere between the power and the glory is a need for thorough analysis of the Pacific war. Clay Blair comes close to providing this analysis in many ways. On the dust cover, Captain Edward L. Beach, world renowned as both submariner and author of Run Silent, Run Deep, praises Blair’s detailed research and his ability to tap sources unknown even to insiders. Submarine material problems— poor torpedoes, primarily—are hardly unknown, but perhaps the full story, well told, merits frequent reexamination. More important than equipment is the story of the men, what they thought and did, why they did what they did, and, frequently, how they could have done better. The heroes and the unfortunates, the daring and the timid, come vividly alive in this chronicle of iron men and their incredibly magnificent undersea warships.
A Japanese destroyer sinking off Yokahoma was seen through the periscope of the USS Nautilus in 1942.
It
tor 30 as be
years the U. S. submarine force
it)-\^een glorying in its deeds of valor 2% War II. Representing less than J*° ^ U. S. Navy, it accounted for by ^ JaPan’s maritime losses—paid for tiese heavy price 0f almost 22% casualty * e .^'ghest f°r any branch of the Strate ^‘litary. The prestigious U. S. again^lc bombing Survey called the war cis;Ve r S^‘PP‘ng perhaps "the most de- t>eseactor *n the collapse of the Japa- ofja^COn°my and the logistic support Sortie nCSe military an£l naval power.” that uanalysts went further, claiming a Japa ^ straregic airpower destroyed Parai aaese Industrial capacity already 2ed by the naval blockade.
Blair carefully examines leadership failures and criticisms of the strategic conduct of the submarine war, particularly in the early years. The number of skippers relieved for cause will surprise many readers—40% in the first year and 20% (a total of 110) for the war as a whole. The names and the details are here, most of which, for the sake of the professional and emotional disasters involved, the average reader may prefer to leave unresurrected.
about the same length. Both aut)^ picture. In World War II they ^
Escort Group, commanded by MaC'nt‘ 0[ succeeded in destroying the U-b°a two aces (Schepke, U-100, and schmer, U-99). Both authors desC (
the incident—Bekker gives the narn
not'
&
The criticisms of the war strategy have some validity and are well worth careful review. If, for example, we accept the common belief that Pearl Harbor happened because we failed to anticipate a Japanese capability for a major offensive against the fleet in the Hawaiian Islands, then there is reason to be critical of similar failure in the Philippines where we did anticipate a Japanese offensive. The other major strategic criticism is plausible in hindsight, although less so if one considers the dramatic circumstances and the dark unknown in which those early decisions were made. Blair criticizes the near universal failure by Admirals King, Edwards, Nimitz, Hart, Wilkes, Withers, English, Lockwood, Christie, and Fife to set up a broad, unified strategy for Pacific submarines, rather than chasing all over the ocean pursuing "ultra” contacts developed from breaking Japanese codes. It is questionable whether the "failure” here merits the excoriation it receives. In the war’s early phases, in particular, critically needed submarine support for amphibious operations, reconnaissance to assist imperiled fleet units, evacuation, and scores of special operations utilized every man and ship available. A plausible case can be made for the argument that the submarines should have been withdrawn from their important missions in the southwest or central Pacific in order to mount a long-range strategic campaign of attrition in far-off Empire waters or the
Luzon Strait. But given the state of the torpedoes and the immediate tactical requirements while the fleet gathered its strength, the choices may have been more complex than suggested here. Neither choice would be free of criticism. The decision was a judgment between a long-term strategic need balanced by the immediate need to save the fleet from destruction.
A study of this magnitude, relying heavily on interviews and personal correspondence, is understandably subject to human error. Memories fade in some cases, play tricks in others. Blair maintains, for example, that Admiral Dan Gallery’s dramatic capture of the German U-505 made Admiral King furious enough to want to court-martial Gallery if the story got out and caused the Germans to change their code books. Admiral Gallery maintains no such thing happened; he saw King immediately after and was warmly praised for his remarkable feat.
Perhaps a general criticism of the book would be that Blair becomes too involved with sensationalism. His writing style is lively, nontechnical, and makes a cracking good sea story for general readership. Thanks to Blair’s painstaking compilations from both Japanese and American sources the wives—widows—and youngsters who often wondered about the silent war their heroes fought, can learn of every ship and patrol, the top skippers, the best patrols, and the most successful
submarines. But the drama of strange undersea war is far more compilations of data. An officer of [-:£ current generation, looking to ^ future and the challenges it may bfin?’ will learn vividly, the value of red*st,c training exercises, weapons testto? under combat conditions, and pt0!^ mental preparation for war in whate'ct form it may evolve.
Reviewed by Vice Admiral Friedrk Ruge, Federal German Navy (ReC*re
(Now retired, Admiral Ruge was first commissioned an officer in the German P 1 in 1916. He served in cruisers, battleship’ and destroyers and rose to command the Western Defenses from 1941 to 1943■ ^ naval adviser on Rommel’s staff until the Normandy invasion, he served as Chief °j' Naval Construction from that time unit end of the war. From 1956 until 1961’ j was Chief of Naval Operations of the ?e German Navy. He is the author of books, including Scapa Flow 1919 >
now available through the Naval Inst"
The two books treat the samesu from somewhat different angles, an ^
strive to present a historically in their respective navies, Macintyr® a British escort commander, 'v^£r. Bekker (1924—1975) joined the man Navy during the war.
On the night of 15 March, 19^’
the commander, Macintyre does There are more differences, of C°q!Cp Macintyre’s recurring theme lS Britain’s utilization of sea power* ^ to survive, and then to win. j scribes the main events in this light, besides giving a gtea tactical details.
the
Probli
'mportant events, developments, and
|je j main events. In seven chapters Efface
thJ °Peration, the naval activity after jJ” campaign in France, the Mediterra- ., n’ the events which led to Grand-
tije . ^-aeder’s dismissal, the climax in ®ach t, ant'c’ an<^ the final operations.
c°nclusions.
j. e^er> more writer perhaps than |.^St°rian and very interested in people, <j's t0 start with vividly written scenes, j t*len works out the greater lines, th ^ be Pu^tshed his first book on • e German Navy in the war, after ^terrogating hundreds of officers and n- When the German war diaries ,We leased he planned to describe all
cms °n the German side. On a purely walk in the Black Forest high ^°Ve military archives in Freiburg a° a long discussion on how to
the'”6™ and w^at to wr*te- Flowever, e Wealth of detail in the war diaries proved r •
he r .t0° tempting. As a consequence tl lm*ted himself to colorful descrip- tl°ns of, • F
dcals with the first operations of ■vessels and submarines, the Nor-
’ a<^tniral ]
Atlantic,
and CdaPter *s followed by a summary
Although Bekker interviewed many participants, and gives new and interesting details, some of his conclusions should be taken as a stimulus to more historical research rather than as incontestable results of such research. An example is his sweeping statement that the German Navy built the wrong ships for that war. In his eyes Raeder should have relied on submarines right from the beginning, as Donitz, Senior Officer Submarines, wanted. Actually, the types and numbers of submarines which could be built were fixed by the 1935 treaty with Great Britain. Submarine construction was also delayed to a certain extent because Donitz objected to a larger type unit which the German Admiralty wanted for ocean warfare, and which would have been useful in the first years of the war. Bekker tends to be rather critical and does not make much allowance for the difficulties of conducting naval warfare without a dedicated air support force or for the problem of finding enough qualified men for a quickly expanding navy.
Macintyre provides a short prologue on sea power before starting with the Norway operation. He then goes on to discuss three main areas, Atlantic, Mediterranean, and Arctic, each in several chapters. Macintyre, writing from much personal experience, is fair in his judgment, reliable in his facts, and interesting in his details. Altogether he gives an excellent picture of the war as conducted by the British. Like Bekker, he does not deal with auxiliary cruisers, torpedo boats, minelayers, and minesweepers. The difference between these authors’ outlooks is shown by the fact that Macintyre dedicates 110 pages to the Mediterranean, Bekker only 20. Of course, it was a decisive feat that the Royal Navy resolutely remained in that landlocked sea and succeeded in maintaining its sea power there.
A great number of photos and sketches add to the value of the two books which complement each other very well. They are good reading, give insight into a number of important events and help to clarify the history of the naval war 1939-1945.
HOW TO SURVIVE ©IV LAIVD AND SEA
1iqUpc ^ comprehensive information on the tech- survival under unusual conditions. It
“lues lfeats ,
^>is text
serial 1 W3S PreParefi t0
of
cip]es *ar'ival on a global basis, emphasizing prin- 31 can be grasped quickly and easily to the ’'ature *^ any Person subjected to the hazards of This
•n thet11aaual was made as complete as is practical Hjectrea'‘2at*0n that a thorough knowledge of this °f the ^1Ves confidence, aids in conquering fears Tahiti n no'vn’ an<l will serve as the foundation for aPPlied S°Und decisions. General and universally v'ith n Principles formulated out of man’s contact andor,.Ur.e lbroughout the ages have been set down tna*niZed so as t° enable the individual to make hepenj mum use of this knowledge at a time when survival may
r In Pren tHe abiUty t0 aPP1T.U;
r°fti , Paring such a text, it is impossible to rely upon formation ■ °ne source. For this reason, the authors consulted a
experts and govern- book. Much of
the material included is based on an actual survival survey of the Pacific areas made during World War II by the authors. Other contributions came from the Smithsonian Institution, the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, the Bureau of Plant Industry, the Fish and Wildlife Service, the Special Forces Service, and the Department of Agriculture.
The book includes practical instructional details regarding food, clothing, shelter, protection from the elements, from animals, sealife, and insects. There are also special sections on atomic, chemical, and biological attack survival.
1956. 366 pages. 187 photographs.
215 line drawings. Glossary.
Bibliography. Index. Paperbound.
List price: $5.50. Member’s Price: $4.40.
A Naval Institute Press Book
j
iflS'
"it
iral idcs
Carrier Operations in World War II: The Royal Navy
David Brown. London: Ian Allan, Ltd., 1974. 160 pp. Illus. $12.50 (Member’s price: $10.00).
Carrier Operations in World War II: The Pacific Navies
David Brown. London: Ian Allan, Ltd., 1974. 152 pp. Illus. $12.50 (Member’s price: $10.00). Set of both volumes: $24.00 (Member’s price: $19-00).
Reviewed by Vice Admiral Malcolm W. Cagle, U. S. Navy (Retired) (Vice Admiral Cagle is a naval aviator who has written extensively on aviation subjects.
He is the author of Sea War in Korea,
Task Force 77 in Action Off Vietnam, and Hydrofoils and Hovercraft. His last naval tour was as Chief of Naval Education and Training in Pensacola. Presently he is Executive Director of the Naval Aviation Museum Association, Inc.)
These two volumes present a capsu- lated history of World War II aircraft carrier operations—primarily those of the Royal Navy, but also of the U. S. Navy’s Pacific operations from Pearl Harbor through Guadalcanal. (Presumably, another volume will cover the remainder of World War II in the Pacific and fill gaps in the Atlantic war.)
The account of the Royal Navy’s carrier operations in the first volume will be interesting and rewarding to American readers and naval aviation buffs. For example, this reviewer found the appendix in volume I entitled "The Aircraft Carriers” most revealing. Therein is told how the Royal Navy, having the great advantage of early naval aviation pioneering during World War
I, lost that advantage during the 19201940 period. As a result, the Fleet Air Arm began World War II with antique aircraft and six carriers, only two of which—HMS Ark Royal and Hermes—had been designed as carriers. The far more effective Illustrious class came into service early in the war.
Even so, the different ship design philosophy of the Royal Navy made the British carriers quite different from the American ones. In the Royal Navy, numbers of aircraft were sacrified to ship protection, particularly from air attack. On the Illustrious class carriers, for example, the hangar area was an armored box, with 3 inches of steel atop, 2% below, and no less than 4% on the sides. As a result, aircraft capacity was reduced to about half of the 100-odd carried by American carriers. However, the Illustrious class ships could, and indeed did absorb damage, especially air attack damage, of a severity which would have put a U. S. flattop out of action, if not sunk her.
In the early years of World War II, also, the Fleet Air Arm suffered from antiquated naval aircraft or modified land aircraft, or both—Swordfishes, Sea Gladiators, Seafires, Sea Hurricanes, Fulmars, and Albacores. Not until American Wildcats, Hellcats, Corsairs, and Avengers were provided did the Royal Navy inventory begin to match their aircraft carrier capability. The answer to why the Royal Navy’s Fleet Air Arm started ahead and ended behind is found in the introduction to the second volume. "The United States and Imperial Japanese Navies,” writes the author, "were fortunate in having been able to retain complete administrative and operational control of their respective navies from the time of their forma
tion until they were called upon to into action.” It is a lesson the U- Navy will hopefully not have to rele®10'
Regarding the history in these t*0 volumes, the writing is quiet and e01” petent. Names of prominent pilots $ conspicuously omitted. In volume ■ carrier operations in the Atlantic, AmtlC’ the Mediterranean (Force H), the In^ Ocean, and the Pacific are reporte. Much of the latter two sections will new to American readers.
In the second volume, largely a tecJP of the first two years of American cart operations, the author calls the shots he sees them. Vice Admiral Frank J3 Fletcher is described as "unentetp1
ing,” "overcautious,” one whose parture was welcome.” Vice Adn111 Robert L. Ghormley is given low gra<^ for "marked caution,” while one ^ group commander during the Battle Santa Cruz is roasted for displaying J thusiasm but little tactical sense.” ™ ^ deserved criticism, Brown recounts ^ miserable performance of American pedoes, both air delivered and destr ) types. He describes the flying death ttaP we ineptly called the TBD Devastat0^ On the technical side, I would 3 ^ the two books for a complete lae ^ maps. This omission makes it dim to follow such complex battles as j Sea and Midway. An interpretation ^ assessment of the vital Midway aC ^ is particularly lacking. And I was ^ stantly thumbing back through c ^ chapters to remind myself that a J nese G4M was a "Betty,” an H8K^ . an "Emily,” and a D3A was a ^ Nonetheless, the two volumes P ^ vide a readable and rapid revie^ ^ carrier operations in World Wat } seen from the fresh perspective 0 Briton.
Paries
for
Mai
, R- Hobbs, U. S. Navy. Annapolis, aval Institute Press, 1974. 322 pp. Illus.
Bo
oks of Interest to the Professional
91
Naval affairs
Tv, •
jj. *'°8raphy of Maritime and Naval 'yr- Periodical Articles Published
'972-1973
R- Schultz. College Station, Tex.: Center Pr0 '“r*ne Resources, Sea Grant College jh iv[ani’ ^exas A&M University, 1974. 56 pp.
^ ,U0 (paper).
autPhically arranged, with separate indexes for , 0rs> subjects, and vessels, this bibliogra- n»valPr°H,deS 3 .rcad?r guide to articles of °f A 3nd mar't*me intcrcst from a variety Ctej. merican periodicals, including the Pro- 3, ln£s' The compiler is university archivist
1 Texas A&M.
Ele ,^ar'ne Navigation 2: Celestial and cttonic
i
<ts.00).
1>an *s t‘le second in a two-volume
"'•th 3 0‘marine navigation. Volume 1 dealt in an^e sa‘e navigation of a surface vessel ^olum near coastal and intracoastal waters. telemc 2 sets forth the basic principles of to aar"f electronic navigation required viSUa]rtain a ship’s position when beyond nail °r ra<‘ar range of land. It was origi- tHenWritten as a text for use by midship- at the U. S. Naval Academy.
A/e-«oiders in Modern Britain IV: Iralty Officials, 1660-1870
Iristit, lnT' '-°ndon: University of London tig 5qCC °f Historical Research, 1975. 161 pp.
Of ri
Jt!S j mary interest to institutional histori- is Jrit^le feld of naval administration, this Ploy ,a^.PfiaE>etical register of officials em- E.eSto *n 'fie British Admiralty from the rat'°n to 1870. There is also a brief introduction discussing the development of the Admiralty and notes explaining the various offices and grades within it.
Swamp Sailors: Riverine Warfare in the Everglades 1835-1842
Cdr. George E. Buker, U. S. Navy (Retired). Gainesville, Fla.: The University Presses of Florida, 1975. 152 pp. Illus. $6.50.
Although it has never attracted a great deal of historical attention, the Second Seminole War was in terms of forces committed, casualties, cost, and duration one of the major Indian wars. It was also the only one in which the U. S. Navy played a prominent role, developing techniques of riverine warfare to carry the war into the Everglades and patrolling the Florida Straits to interdict rumored arms shipments from Cuba. Riverine warfare operations employed at this time are strikingly similar to those used in Vietnam. The author retired from the Navy in 1963 and is presently a member of the history faculty at Jacksonville University.
MARITIME AFFAIRS Antifouling
Iver Lunn. London: BCA Publications, 1974.
86 pp. Illus. £2.85.
The origins and development of the marine antifouling industry, from the earliest times to the present, are reviewed by an author who has worked in the industry since 1933-
The Atlantic Ocean
Charles H. Cotter. Glasgow, Scotland: Brown, Son & Ferguson, Ltd., 1974. 164 pp. £3.75.
Addressed primarily to the general reader, this volume provides an overview of the physical and human aspects of the Atlantic region. Part I surveys the geography, geology, weather and climate, water movements, seas, and islands of the Atlantic Basin. Part II deals with its political and maritime history, economic resources, and trade.
The Floor of the Sea: Maurice Ewing and the Search to Understand the Earth
William Wertenbaker. Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown and Company, 1974. 275 pp. Illus.
$10.00.
Maurice Ewing, who died in May 1974, was founder of the Lamont-Doherty Geological Laboratory, the world’s leading center for marine geophysical research. In this book, written in language a layman can understand, a New Yorker staff member considers the man and explains his achievements.
Law of the Sea: Third United Nations Conference
Department of State. Washington, D.C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1974. 48 pp. $1.10 (paper).
Reprinted from The Department of State Bulletin, the official record of U. S. foreign policy, this publication outlines the U. S.
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writers reviews the war of attrition followed the 1967 Arab-Israeli War. ^ concludes that the sophisticated U. S. 3" Soviet weaponry furnished Israel and EgjP ’
elee-
both
derti
11
ilitary
position at the Third United Nations Law of the Sea Conference at Caracas, Venezuela, 20 June to 29 August 1974, and reviews the proceedings.
Limits to National Jurisdiction over the Sea
George T. Yates, III and John Hardin Young (Editors). Charlottesville, Va.: University Press of Virginia, 1974. 236 pp. Illus.
This volume, which appeared on the eve of the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, focuses on the question of national jurisdiction over the sea. It is divided into three sections of two essays each. The first deals with jurisdiction over the continental shelf; the second with jurisdiction over the seabed; and the third examines the contemporary state practices of the U.S.S.R. and Canada.
This Living Reef
Douglas Faulkner. New York: Quadrangle,
1974. 179 pp. Illus. $27.50.
The islands of Belau, a Micronesian archipelago, provide the subjects for 107 beautiful color photographs which portray the life and ecology of a Pacific coral reef. The text describes the natural history of the islands and there is a commentary on each illustration.
Sailing Boats of the World: A Guide to Classes
Rhonda Budd (Editor). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1974. 1,237 pp. Illus. $19.95.
Over 1,800 classes of sailboats, from offshore racers to sailing surfboards, are described in this encyclopedic reference. Most entries include the designer, year and country of origin, specifications, price range, and a plan of each sailboat. Indexes of boat names, manufacturers, and suppliers (complete with addresses) are also included.
West Coast Lighthouses
Jim Gibbs. Seattle, Wash.: Superior Publishing Company, 1974. 207 pp. Illus. $13.95.
The history of the lighthouses and lightships of the California, Oregon, and Washington coasts are described and illustrated with over 275 photographs in this large-format pictorial. The text includes accounts of shipwrecks, storms, and acts of gallantry, such as that of the lady lighthouse-keeper who struck a bell by hand for 20 hours when a mechanical warning device broke down during a dense fog.
MILITARY AFFAIRS
Arms Trade Registers: The Arms Trade with the Third World
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1975. 176 pp. Illus. Sw. kr. 49.50.
A companion work to SIPRIs The Arms Trade with the Third World (1971), this volume is a register of major arms deals with 97 third world countries from 1950 through 1974. Detailed appendices consolidate the information presented in the national registers in tables by suppliers, recipients, values, and regional aggregates. These tables provi e an easy reference to determine who export® what, to whom, and when. There is also 3 glossary of the specific weapons involve - SIPRI is convinced that this trade represent a major threat to world peace.
The Electronic War in the Middle EjSl
1968-70
Maj. Edgar O’Ballance, British Army. Hanick11’ Conn.: Archon Books, 1974. 148 pp. HluS' $8.00.
One of Britain’s most prolific mil*131;
v which
He
respectively, made this the first truly tronic war in that, unlike Vietnam, sides’ operations revolved around mo1 technology.
A History of Air Power
Basil Collier. New York: Macmillan, 1974- ^ pp. Illus. $10.95.
One of the British official World War historians reviews the history of mi aviation, from the wars of the French lution (in which captive balloons wefC_ . used for aerial observation) to the Six- War in the Middle East. He concludes 1 3 air power has proven considerably less ^ sive than its advocates expected and t^ airmen have often misled their govern®® by exaggerating its efficacy. Mr. 60 served in World War II as an intelligen^ officer at Headquarters, Fighter Com®311
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ar,d on the staff of Supreme Headquarters, Allied Expeditionary Force.
Problem of Chemical and Biological Warfare. Volume VI: echnical Aspects of Early Warning and Verification
Stockholm International Peace Research nstitute (SIPRI). New York: Humanities Press, ^5. 308 pp U|us gw. kr. 75.00.
volume is the sixth of a SIPRI study °nginally undertaken in 1966 of the histori- cai> technical, military, legal, and political aspects of chemical and biological warfare Q possible means of disarmament. It preSents a technical account of SIPRI research
°.n methods of early warning and identifica- tt0n CB attack and verification of the
"“"production of CBW agents.
Oil, Politics, and Seapower: The Indian Ocean Vortex
W.A.C. Adie. New York: Crane, Russak & Company, Inc., 1975. 98 pp. $4.95 ($2.95 for paper).
This monograph explores the growing involvement of the great powers in the politics of the oil-rich Indian Ocean area. It concludes that the U.S.S.R. and the P.R.C. can be counted on to seek to exploit the tension between the nations of the Western World and the oil-rich, but economically frustrated, developing nations of the region. The author, a veteran of British Military Intelligence and the Foreign Office, is presently Senior Research Fellow in the School of Pacific Studies at Australian National University. This is a publication of the National Strategy Information Center, Inc.
military thought, and the future of reserve officer training programs are examined by three British and nine American contributors.
GENERAL
Collins Guide to the Sea Fishes of Britain and North-Western Europe
Bent J. Muus (Translated by Gwynne Vevcrs). LondomCollins, 1974. 244 pp. Illus. $10.00.
The structure, habits, distribution, and economic importance of the fishes of the Northeastern Atlantic are described in this exquisitely illustrated guide. There is also a chapter on the development of the fishing industry from ancient times to present. The author is a member of the Danish Institute of Fisheries and Marine Research.
Scorching of Washington: The
Alan
ar of 1812
Lloyd, Washington, D.C.: Robert B. Luce
C°-, Inc.
A1 k
. Lough the obvious reference of its title t0 the burning of Washington by a British a°^ce under Admiral Sir George Cockburn th' ,^enera^ Robert Ross in August 1814, 0j.'s ‘s actually a general history of the War The author, British himself, is a i lflc popular historian whose previous S *nc*u<k t*ae well-received Drums of a narrative of the Ashantee Wars.
-p
°tvard A Realistic Military Assistance
r°gram
rt J- Pranger and Dale R. Tahtinen.
Ins . *nSton, D.C.: American Enterprise 48tltute for Public Policy Research, 1974.
PP- Ulus. $2.00 (paper)..
s
t^le fundamental assumptions of I Crican military assistance policy are chal- thef6^ *n t*1*S m°nograph, which argues that ^o^Pr°gram as a whole needs retooling.
,ert J- Pranger was formerly a Deputy Tah1Stant Secretary Defense. Dale R.
tinen served with the Defense Intelli- gCOce Agency.
1974. 216 pp. Illus. $8.95.
Robert
^TERNATIONAL affairs
^ tXv Era of Ocean Politics
Ba|". ** Uollick and Robert E. Osgood.
Pres'm°re' Md.: The Johns Hopkins University Th'S' D1 pp. $8.00 ($2.75 for paper). atla'|S v°lume consists of two essays which COii^2e U- S. policy regarding the currently A: ,r°vcrsial question of national juris-
di,
Of
lction
the
over the sea. Its publication is a part
“ Oceans Policy Project at the Johns P lns University School of Advanced
Vrn;
ational Studies.
The Soviet Union and the Middle East: The Post-World War II Era
Ivo J. Lederer and Wayne S. Vucinich (Editors). Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1974. 302 pp. Illus. $9.95.
These essays are revisions of papers delivered at a conference sponsored by the Center for Russian and East European Studies at Stanford University in 1969. Together they examine the shifting political and ideological objectives of Soviet involvement in the Middle East since the close of World War II. The contributors agree that Soviet policy is basically opportunistic, not a deliberate drive for control. They are also in agreement that the establishment of a powerful Soviet presence in the Mediterranean has fundamentally altered international relationships there.
Strategy for Tomorrow
Gen. Andre Beaufre, French Army (Retired). New York: Crane, Russak & Company, Inc., 1974. 91 pp- $7.50.
General Beaufre, Director of the French Institute of Strategic Studies, analyzes the current status and lines of development of Western Europe’s military deterrence and defense. His particular concern is the impact, tactical as well as strategic, of nuclear weaponry on military planning and posture. This is a publication of the Strategic Studies Center of the Stanford Research Institute.
War in the Next Decade
Roger A. Beaumont and Martin Edmonds (Editors). Lexington, Ky.: The University Press of Kentucky, 1974. 214 pp. $11.00.
The social, political, and administrative framework in which warfare is conducted, not strategy or tactics, is the theme of this collection. Topics such as civil-military relations, the political influence of retired officers, the impact of technological change on
I Was a Kamikaze
Ryuji Nagatsuka. New York: Macmillan, 1974. 212 pp. Illus. $6.95.
The author entered the Japanese Air Force in 1944. In the spring of 1945 he was one of the cadet pilots induced, if not actually ordered, to become a kamikaze. Failure to find any American ships to crash into led him to abort his suicide mission. Disgraced by this decision, he was nevertheless returned to regular flying duties and was badly wounded in a dogfight over Japan. He insists that the kamikazes were motivated not so much by fanatic samurai spirit but by their desire to protect their families.
Mao’s Way
Edward E. Rice. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1974. 613 pp. Illus. $4.95 (paper).
An old China hand, U. S. Consul General in Hong Kong at the time of the Cultural Revolution, reviews the career of Mao Tse- tung in a narrative history which focuses on the turbulent events of 1965-1971. The reprint of a work first published in 1972, this edition includes a new chapter on the Lin Piao affair.
Plenty Ocean, Little Land
Nel-Douris Pacific Editors. Livermore, Calif.: Nel-Douris Pacific Publications, 1974, 102 pp. Illus. $7.95.
This is a tourists’ guide to the American Pacific Trust Territory—the Marshall Islands, Ponape, Truk, Yap, Palau, and the Marianas, names which will be familiar to any veteran or student of the Pacific war—as it is today. The text, with its information on where to go and what to see, is complemented by 32 fine full-page color plates.