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The F-lll swing-wing interceptor was plagued with problems during its development. An F-lllB takes off here with a Phoenix missile.
Arming America:
How the U. S. Buys Weapons
J- Ronald Fox. Boston, Mass.: Division of Research, Harvard Business School, 1974. <84 pp. $15.00.
The Superwarriors:
The Fantastic World of Pentagon Superweapons
James W. Canan. New York, N. Y.: Weybright and Talley, Inc., 1975. 375 pp. $12.50.
Reviewed by Vice Admiral John T. Hayward, U. S. Navy (Retired)
(A graduate of the U. S. Naval Academy with the Class of 1930, Vice Admiral Hayward retired from the U. S. Navy on 1 September 1968. His last Naval assignment Mas as President of the Naval War College.
He had many technical assignments in his c“reer, being the Commander of the Naval Ordnance Laboratory, Head of Weapons Research for the Military Applications division of the Atomic Energy Commission, and the first Deputy Chief of Naval operations for Development. He is the author °f many technical papers relating to 'mtrumentation, weapons, and their development. Since retiring from the Navy Admiral Hayward has been the Vice President for International Operations for the General Dynamics Corporation and a private insult ant.)
These two books discuss subjects related to arms acquisitions that pertain t0 the defense of the United States. Dr. J- Ronald Fox’s effort is a follow on to two books (Weapons System Acquisition Process: Economic Analysis, and Weapons Systems Acquisition Process: Economic Incen- Hves) previously published by the Harvard Business School, Division of Research. The Superwarriors by James W. Canan is a very intriguing book with a reportorial overview of Department of Defense weapons and systems, as well as a brief, but close, analysis of the problems existing in DoD and service research and development programs.
Arming America is definitely a business school product, providing a great deal of data and only a limited amount of information—data are often confused with information. This book will be used by the Proxmires ind the Aspins to continue their attacks on some Defense Department programs. While there is no proof to substantiate Fox’s claims that if his recommendations were followed the United States could save 30% in the cost of arms acquisitions, many people will likely use such an unsubstantiated opinion as hard evidence of poor planning and management. Like so rhany books on this subject, Arming America never really discusses the entire range of problems associated with such acquisitions.
Fox aligns himself with those individuals who assume that commercial programs are similar in nature to the process of arms acquisitions and tries to cdmpafe tbe two systems. The fact that the many major weapons systems have government furnished equipment (GFE) is hot brought out in Fox’s book and demonstrates that the two systems are not equal. The example of the F-m that the author discusses is a classic case of the impact of such GFE. Fox criticizes the government for failure to hold the contractor to performance specifications for the aircraft. He completely ignores the fact the government furnished the engine. DoD and its systems analysts decided to use a substitute engine, rather than the General Electric one that
HUGHES AIRCRAFT
had been designed for the aircraft. The facts of this engine are well known to me technically, for I was Chief of Naval Development when this program began. The F-111 was equipped with the first U. S. fanned engine which had originally been designed for use in the subsonic Eagle Missileer program that was canceled when Secretary MacNamara was appointed. This was a case in which the analysts said it would be cost-effective to put a subsonic engine with an afterburner—in a supersonic designed aircraft they expected no trouble, either technically or money-wise. Its performance in the areas of thrust and cost was a disaster. An airplane with an engine that cannot deliver the required thrust can never achieve its desired performance specifications, thus the F-iu problem. The solution to this problem was worked out years and many dollars later.
An outstanding and well developed chapter of Arming America is the one on how Congress operates in this process. It is an indictment, well known to those who operate in this environment. It will be obvious from this book to see that it is really the congressional staffs that, in fact, control this process and not the senators or the congressmen. Fox’s chapters on the contracting process and the evaluation of a contractor’s performance are very useful to anyone not familiar with this business.
Fox’s recommendations and conclusions are sound from his point of view, but have little hope of accomplishment in the real world. They would involve many changes in basic laws and political processes and would encounter severe opposition in many quarters. His assumption that there are actually real effective program managers in the Department of Defense is open to question. Many people believe the only real DoD program manager is Admiral Rickover. He has authority, responsibility, and accountability, and is involved in all facets of a project, from financing to the technical aspects of the work. ■
It is unfortunate, in the light of the author’s experience as Assistant Secretary of the Army, that Fox offers no detailed analysis of one of the major
Army systems, such as the SAM D program. It would have been a very worthwhile exercise for his book, and would have shown the complete complexity of the entire process. Fox would have been able to show the unrealistic and complex requirements involved with the whole process, and how in fact the roles and missions become very involved. The unrealistic escalation process and a program that has gone from $3,810,000,000 to $6,389,000,000 would have been a challenge to the 30% saving program he promotes. It was not poor "management” that brought this about.
Japan, despite its commercial bustle and rising national pride, would simply be no match for the armies of Tisar Nicholas II.
But Nicholas was to be the last tsar of Russia: his realm was in an advanced state of decay, his government corrupt, his troops inept and demoralized. Japan was in the hands of zealous warlords who saw it as their destiny to lead the Orient to victory over the long-oppressive West. The Rising Sun was indeed rising.
At every turn, the Russians were outfought and outgeneraled. In The Tide at Sunrise, Denis and Peggy Warner have written a sweeping work of history, lucidly rendering the battles, personalities, and complex web of international politics that shaped this pivotal conflict- Here is the definitive and totally absorbing account of the war: the opening round (a Sunday surprise attack by Japanese ships, anticipating Pearl Harbor by ^ years); the great land battles at the Yalu and Liaoyang and Mukden; the bloodbath siege of Port Arthur; the climactic destruction of the Russian fleet at Tfeushim3 after it had steamed desperately around the world to meet its fate; and the intervention of American President Theodore Roosevelt in the peacemaking at Portsmouth, New Hampshire.
1974. 625 pages. Illustrated. Bibliography. Index.
List price: $17.50. Member’s price: $14.00.
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By Denis and Peggy Warner. It was fought in the waters of the Yellow Sea and the Straits of Tsushima dividing Japan from Korea, and in the mountains and plains of Manchuria, borrowed without permission from China for the occasion. It was the most stunning war the world had ever known, dwarfing the wars of antiquity, the holy wars, and the Napoleonic campaigns. It was the first war fought with modern weaponry, from electrified barbed wire to the machine gun to the leviathan battleship.
Around the world, no one doubted the outcome. Little
THE TIDE AT SUNRISE
A History of the Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905
Fox’s recommendation on civilian control, as he states his case, has no validity in fact. Civilians have all the authority they need for control. His statement, "When decision-making authority resides with the military services, no such easily observable measures of performance are available” such as the profit and loss responsibilities of commercial firms, is not true. The military services are committed to the development of systems that are reliable and usable by the operating forces and poor
performance is readily apparent to all hands. I agree with Admiral Rickover ln his statement that over dependence on management systems has been an important factor in the loss of technical competence by the services.
Canan’s coverage of fighter aircraft in che U. S. shows some of the interplay that is completely missing in Fox’s hook. Canan’s second chapter, "Tally Ho m The Pentagon,” is a fine review of the whole arms process. The Superwarriors was written before the General Dynamics F-16 was selected by the Air Force as its choice for an air combat fighter. Although Canan fails to give Dave Packard and Bob Seamans, the Former Secretary of the Air Force, the teal credit for the program which produced the F-16, it is an outstanding example of the prototype approach.
The problem discussed in The SuperWarriors about the government laboratories and the independent research and development of the industry is one we W'H hear about in the future. It is obvi- °us that the reduction of the Navy’s Seagoing forces will likely prevent the Navy from maintaining its current commitment to its own laboratories.
Canan’s story on Captain Locke’s submarine-launched cruise missile program being a defeat for Admiral Ricker is not really in accordance with the facts. Admiral Rickover’s stand was not tfi'at he wanted an excuse for a large submarine, but like most people in the business knew the Los Angeles-clm submarine was pretty under armed with only tQrpedoes. Canan may believe, as many People do, that the classic torpedo is obsolete! His idea that the congressional committees have rolled over the wise old admiral is wrong. His information that kickover blocked the steel required by 'be Todd Corporation so the company’s Galveston venture would be stopped is False. The high interest rates and the availability of money were the real reasons it did not proceed. Recent events ln the tanker world show the decision made by Jack Gilbride, Todd’s chief executive officer, a wise one.
Canan also follows the old story that advances in ASW will make it impossible to count on the Trident system or any sea-based system as the major U. S. Capons deterrent. Yet he states that the °viets could launch a successful nuclear attack on this submarine fleet and still maintain a strong restrike capability against the U. S. proper. He considers that only an attack on our land based systems would constitute an unequivocal act of "war.” This undeveloped idea detracts from an otherwise imaginative and complete look of the new approaches to weapons of the future.
Both these books should be read by professional military officers. Readers with experience and training in this area will see a lot of obvious mistakes in the technical sides of these works and may take exception to some of the conclusions advanced. The reader who does not have a background in this area, but is, nevertheless, seeking greater knowledge, will benefit by reading these works. I am sure readers of Arming America and The Superwarriors will better understand the never ending process involved in the world of technology, politics, and the Defense Department.
Eisenhower: Portrait of the Hero
Peter Lyon, Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1974. 937 pp. Illus. $15.00.
The Papers of General Lucius D. Clay: Germany 1945-1949
Jean Edward Smith (Editor).
Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1974. 1,210 pp. (two vols.) Illus. $35.00.
Patton: A Study in Command
Major General H. Essame. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1974. 280 pp.
Illus. $8.95.
The Patton Papers, 1940-1945 (Volume II).
Martin Blumenson. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1974. 889 pp. Illus. $20.00.
Reviewed by Alfred Beck
(Doctor Beck is a Historian with the. U. S. Army Center of Military History,
Washington, D.C. He is currently working on a forthcoming book on the U. S. Army Engineers’ role in World War II.)
These four offerings of the past year, different in scope and approach, have a certain common aspect. They deal, each in turn, with the rarified levels of the
American command structure in Europe during World War II and its aftermath. Taken together, they present a broad picture of three leading American Army officers, of their successes and failings, and of their collective effect on the shape of an era.
Given the current and continuing national mania for popular or serious histories of that great crusade, it is not surprising that the name of the flamboyant Patton still exercises a commanding hold on a general readership. Recent biographies, most notably Ladislas Farago’s Patton; Ordeal and Triumph (basis for an overdrawn motion picture on his subject), have not only tended to reaffirm and even increase the military reputation of the man, but also have opened examination of less advertised aspects of his character and essence. Professor Blumenson’s much-awaited sequel and conclusion to the first volume of The Patton Papers carries on in this vein, continuing more as a loose biography liberally interspersed with extended quotations of Patton’s actual commentary. In this volume, covering the events of the last five years of his life and his spectacular service in the Mediterranean and on the Continent, Patton in private lives up to his public and larger-than-life reputation. He is as colorful as his contemporary press releases made him. His outlandishly rash judgments on his fellows and subordinates, his nearly consuming ambition and impetuosity, his professional and instinctive pique with Montgomery as a timorous plodder all appear in unvarnished detail, as does his own commentary in the wake of the infamous slapping incident during the Sicilian campaign, all by now familiar elements of the Patton mystique. But Blumenson’s contribution provides balance between the image of the single-minded war-horse, the cold technician of war, and the paradoxical character writing warmly to his wife of his hopes in the midst of destruction. The Papers reveal some human depth to the man whose unquestioned ability to motivate soldiers was based on a deep study and understanding of the psychology of war and its moral element through the ages. This, combined with a technical mastery of his profession, Blumenson concludes, is the basis for the Patton legend
Washington agencies during service in Europe. For scholars, the
col-
General Eisenhower meets with Lieutenant General George Patton in Tunisia in 1943.
and the source of his military genius.
General Essame, who fought as Patton’s admiring ally in the British invasion force at Normandy, concurs in the high evaluation of Patton’s prowess in his Patton; A Study in Command. There is perhaps nothing really compelling about yet another biography of the man that declares Patton to have outshone his contemporaries "with startling brilliance” in mobile warfare, and ranks him among Stonewall Jackson, Manstein, and Rommel as a great battlefield commander, but not necessarily a strategic mastermind of Napoleonic character. Essame specifically seconds the interpretation of Patton as deeply religious and oddly sensitive, yet unforgiving to the incompetent, the unwilling, or the uncommitted. But Essame is also a military analyst of wider viewpoint. If he interests himself in Patton’s early and formative career and mental make-up, he subordinates them to his examination of what he regards as wasted tactical opportunities on the Continent in the last year of the war. He covers more concisely the same ground as does Blumenson’s compilation, sustaining in the process his own arguments that on five separate occasions from Normandy to the final thrust into Czechoslovakia, Eisenhower, as Supreme Commander, failed to use Patton’s superb abilities to the advantage of the Allied cause, whether to destroy German armies or to forestall Soviet control of large tracts of eastern European territory. Within this framework, it is novel, for example, to have from the pen of a Briton a further defense of Montgomery’s proposed and controversial narrow front thrust (as opposed to Eisenhower’s broad front advance across northern France) but with the belated judgment that for a variety of reasons Patton should have led it as the Allies broke out of the Normandy beachhead. While much of this interpretation relies on hindsight and the analysis seems to dismiss logistical and political factors even after reviewing them, Essame points to the agreement at the time among German commanders in their full expectation that Patton’s Third Army would exploit their every weakness.
Where General Essame regards Eisenhower as a rear area manager who never really got the feel of the battle, the Allied Supreme Commander receives slightly more understanding for the nature of his office in Peter Lyon’s Eisenhower: Portrait of the Hero, the first serious birth-to-death biography on the man. Hardly intended to supplant such standards as Stephen Ambrose’s work on Ike’s wartime service, Lyon relies on it to note the political character of the command in Europe, the difficulties of pursuing Allied strategy, and the burden that pure soldiers, such as Patton, could be amid the delicate etiquette of coalition war. However, Lyon too is critical of Eisenhower’s reluctance to push Montgomery to more violent assaults in breaking out of Normandy. On a wider plane, and beginning with the strong self-reliance induced by Eisenhower’s straitened adolescence, Lyon delineates the personal qualities and the developed abilities that made the general a surrogate father in war and in national politics. With no small contrivance on Eisenhower’s part, his Presidential style and image was that of a simple, guileless, and honest soldier, Lyon, though he maintains a sober respect for Eisenhower and his legend throughout, reveals with a sure and critical eye the inadequacies of an often lackluster Presidency which in reality battled for the status quo at home and abroad. Thrust into national and international wartime prominence from a suffocating obscurity, Eisenhower came equipped with a fund of leadership that went untapped during his presidential tenure, Lyon suggests, and feels that even the aging and ailing hero, with no penchant for self-aggrandizement or delusion, came to judge himself in this fashion in his twilight years.
If Eisenhower and Patton prosecuted the successful war in the field against Germany, General Lucius D. Clay, less public a figure, took a commanding part
General Clay posed for this picture immediately after his return from Germany in 1949- in forging the postwar peace in that economically and politically ruine country as military governor of the American-occupied zone from Aprl 1945 to September 1949. Jean Smith, 3 Canadian political scientist, has assert* bled nearly 750 of Clay’s exchanges wit
ciay’s
lection heralds change in the conceptions of cold war historiography, as Smith insists in his foreword; the descent into bipolar hostility was not nearly so inevitable nor so sudden as some have made out with vacuous rhetoric, nor so one-sided as revisionist ideologues have preached. For the professional officer, Clay’s record offers a model of performance. For four years his Word was supreme, his policies and advice governed the timing of the German currency reform that set off the Wirt- xhaftswunder and presaged the reestablishment of sovereignty in West Germany. On his own authority, Clay began the Berlin Airlift to the tune of dismayed cries in Washington. Even a cursory review of his papers reveals his solid grasp of the possibilities of his command, his acuity in political- economic affairs nurtured by his previ- °us wartime stint as deputy director of material procurement for the Army Service Forces, and his balance in resist- mg not only Soviet demands, but also grand French designs. In short, Lucius Clay is responsible for much of the healthy foundation of postwar Europe; vdth the wealth of his intellect recorded here publicly for the first time in documentary form, he represents the all-too- mre case of the right man in the right place at the right time.
^he Ultra Secret
h W. Winterbotham. New York: Harper & Row, 1974. 199 pp. $8.95.
Panaris
^udre Brissaud (Translated from the French and edited by Ian Colvin). New ^ork, Grosset & Dunlap, 1974 (Published *n France, 1970). 347 pp. $8.95.
Reviewed by Commander Robert E. bublitz, U. S. Navy (Retired)
Commander Bublitz’ 15 years in intelligence 'eluded assignments in the Far and Middle ^ast as well as Europe. He was also an Office °f Naval Intelligence collection desk officer “nd, later, head of the naval attache system.
^n intelligence specialist, graduate of the avol Intelligence Postgraduate School,
^erman and Arabic linguist, he retired in l96s and is now a vice president of The (-base Manhattan Bank.)
Well, as they say, there’s some good ncws and some bad news. The good
news is that, with the publication of The Ultra Secret and its revelations of British success in breaking Germany’s most important high-grade cipher system during World War II, we should soon see some realistic appraisals of the performances of the leading Allied generals of the war. Ultra doesn’t provide that analysis, but is a key source document for those authors who, no doubt, will soon do so.
The bad news—Canaris—is that what can only have been a poor book when originally published in French has been badly rendered into a third-rate English edition. The editing is inexcusable and the translation inconsistent and distracting. For instance, SS ranks are sometimes given in the original German, but more frequently appear to be the literal English equivalent of the French translation of the German term, making it almost impossible to connect the English translation with either the German rank or its commonly-used English translation. Similar distractions abound.
From a scholastic point of view, Canaris is pop history of the worst sort. Brissaud does present a series of descriptive episodes which provide insight into the complex personality of Admiral Canaris, who is remembered for his role as the head of German military intelligence during World War II. However, the bulk of the book’s 347 pages is a general rehash of World War II history. It is replete with great quantities of direct quotations of dubious authenticity and no source documentation other than a vague one- and-a-half page list of useless generalities ("Various personal memoirs”). It is difficult to accept this book as a contribution to responsible intelligence literature.
Reading The Ultra Secret is a far more satisfactory experience. Winterbotham has written of the breaking of the Enigma cipher, Germany’s highest grade cryptosystem of World War II. He tells the story as seen from his own personal vantage point, having been responsible for the dissemination and security of the cryptanalytic product to the British and later Allied field commanders, as well as to the Prime Minister and the British Government. Included in the book are summaries of many messages which passed through the system of "Special
Liaison Units” Winterbotham established and controlled throughout the war.
Winterbotham provides some fascinating insights into the characters of many of the leading Allied generals. Mark Clark, for instance, rapidly grew bored when Winterbotham was briefing him on Ultra, the code name applied to the materials obtained from the Enigma system. After some 15 minutes, General Clark excused himself and his staff on the grounds of more important business elsewhere. Winterbotham notes with some justice that in his advance up the boot of Italy, Clark three times failed to exploit German disarray even though the weakness of the German position was known to the Allied commanders (including Clark) from Ultra messages at the time. Winter- botham’s summaries of the use, or nonuse, of Ultra by other generals, including Montgomery, Dempsey, Patton, and Alexander, should be the key that opens a whole new area of research into the conduct of World War II.
Although Winterbotham has provided a great deal more information than one might have expected, there remains a great deal more to tell. Perhaps someone who was in a better position will someday expand on the cryptanalytic techniques which enabled the British— often in less than 24 hours—to recover Ultra materials when the cypher keys were changed. Other stories, including Ultra’s role in the maritime war in the Atlantic and the effect Ultra’s exploitation had on the strategic bombing campaign, will surely come now that the basic disclosure has been made.
One point must be made about the significance and limitations of intelligence on the outcome of World War II. Remembering that the Allies read the most secret diplomatic and military codes of the Germans and the Japanese throughout the war, and that the British totally controlled the German espionage effort in Great Britain, one can only reflect with great respect on the military abilities of the Germans and the Japanese which carried them to their peak advances in 1942.
My recommendation to serious students of history, warfare, and intelligence is read and think about The Ultra Secret.
Pepper, Rice, and Elephants
A SOUTHEAST ASIAN JOURNEY FROM CELEBES TO SIAM
by Ruth Masters Rickover
Pepper, Rice, and Elephants is the entertaining, illustrated account of the travels of the H. G. Rickovers through Southeast Asia on the eve of Pearl Harbor. Ruth Masters Rickover was a keen observer with a real sensitivity to local tradition and folklore. Somehow she manages to evoke in the reader a nostalgia for gentler times which we now know were rushing toward a disastrous end.
As the author notes in her preface, “Without suspecting it, we witnessed the end of an era that has since been swept away in the turbulence of war and conquest, emancipation from colonial rule, and the desperate struggle to ward off Communism. After thousands of years of misgovernment by native rulers, and centuries of struggles between rival colonial powers, the area was enjoying a long period of peace. . . .”
This peace enabled the Rickovers to travel freely to areas infrequently visited by Americans, and to meet with warm and friendly people so seldom understood. In accord with their wishes to sample “the great variety of patterns of living fashioned by mankind,” the Rickovers spurned the assistance of tourist offices and are found in these pages traveling on elephant back and collecting data on colonial and pre-colonial history.
The skill and observational powers with which Mrs. Rickover writes are evident in her chapters on visits to Bali, Java, Sumatra, Bangkok, French Laos, Tonkin, and other areas of the Asian continent. More than a travelogue, this work is an evocation of a time now lost to history, and one that takes on even greater meaning in light of the events which have so dramatically changed the people and their lives. 1975. 328 pages. Illustrated. List price: $12.00. Member’s price: $9.60.
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Books of Interest to the Professional
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naval affairs
H.M.S. Hood, Her Life and Loss
Eddy Rodwell. Cook, Australia: A.C.T. Chapter, Naval Historical Society of Australia, 1974. 18 Pp. Illus. $1.00 (paper).
The destruction of the battle cruiser Hood, the largest and best-known ship of the Royal Navy between the world wars, by the fifth salvo of the German battleship Bismarck on 24 May 1941 appalled the Empire. Of her company of 95 officers and 1,323 men, only °ne officer and two men survived. Although the ensuing sinking of the Bismarck avenged the loss of the Hood, it did not allay interest 'n the events which caused her end. This paper, the transcript of a lecture presented to the A.C.T. Chapter of the Naval Historical Society of Australia in May 1974, examines the course of the 1941 action and speculates °n the technical and tactical reasons for her loss.
Nelson
E-Oy Hattersley. New York: Saturday Review Pr«s, 1974. 223 pp. Illus. $12.50.
^Then the news of Horatio Nelson’s death teached England, men who had never known him felt as though they had lost their best friend. The spell this improbable hero—frail, vain, often seasick, easily ensnared by Emma Hamilton’s aging charms "cast over his contemporaries continues to beguile posterity. In this copiously illustrated pictorial biography the author, Britan’s last Labour Government Minister of defense (Administration), presents a bailed account of the commander and the nian.
No Man’s World: Memoirs
Vicente Taijeron. Hicksville, N.Y.: Exposition Ness, 1975. 171 pp. Illus. $7.50.
®orn in Guam in 1920, the author was serving as a mess attendant in the Pacific Neet at the outbreak of World War II. during the early months of the war he survived the sinkings of the carriers Lexington and Hornet and the heavy cruiser North- arnpton—no mean feat for a non-swimmer.
This breezy memoir, which opens with a brief account of his childhood in Guam, concludes with his return to his war-ravaged home in 1946. ‘
Sea Battles: A Reference Guide
Michael Sanderson. Newton Abbot, England: David & Charles, 1975. 199 pp. Illus. £6.50. Over 250 major sea battles, from Lade (494 b.g) to Leyte Gulf (1944), are concisely described in this abundantly illustrated guide. The entries, alphabetically ordered, are complemented by a chronological table placing each action in its historical context.
The Submarine AE2 in World War One
Captain Dacre Smyth, Royal Australian Navy Cook, Australia: A.C.T. Chapter, Naval Historical Society of Australia, 1974. 9 pp. Illus. $1.00 (paper).
The AE2 ("A” for Australia) was the second submarine, commissioned in February 1914, built for the Royal Australian Navy. In April 1915 she became the first Allied submarine to run the gauntlet through the Dardanelles into the Sea of Marmora, sinking a Turkish cruiser en route. The report of her success seems to have been an important influence in General Sir Ian Hamilton’s decision to persevere in the landings on the Gallipoli peninsula, which had gotten off to a disappointing start that same day. Five days later the AE2 was forced to the surface by an enemy torpedo boat and scuttled to prevent her capture.
MARITIME AFFAIRS
Children of Cape Horn
Rosie Swale. New York: Walker and Company, 1974. 242 pp. Illus. $7.95.
In December 1971, Colin and Rosie Swale and their two children, Eve and James, set out from Gibraltar in the 30-foot catamaran Anneliese on an extraordinary voyage which would last for 18 months and cover 30,000 miles—to Australia via Panama and then from Australia to England via Cape Horn. Their hardships and adventures are recounted by the photogenic Ms. Swale, a model, broadcaster, and journalist, who wrote two books and twice underwent major surgery, as well as caring for the children and helping crew the Anneliese during the voyage.
A Dictionary for Yachtsmen
Francis H. Burgess. North Pomfret, Vt.: David & Charles, 1974. 176 pp. Illus. $10.95.
Nautical terms of every sort are concisely defined in language understandable to the uninitiated, as well as to experienced sailors.
Ferryboats on the Columbia River: Including the Bridges and Dams
Robert H. Ruby and John A. Brown. Seattle, Wash.: Superior Publishing Company, 1974. 176 pp. Illus. $13.95.
Over 260 photographs with unusually extensive captions highlight this large format, pictorial history of the ferryboats and river- men of the Columbia River and the bridges and dams which eventually superceded them. Only four public-use ferries remain in service today.
Narrow Boat Painting: A History and Description of the English Narrow Boats’ Traditional Paintwork
A. J. Lewery. North Pomfret, Vt.: David & Charles, 1974. 144 pp. Illus. $10.95.
The "narrow boat” of the English canals was
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just that; while attaining a length of 70 feet, to pass through the locks of the Midland canals she could be no more than eight feet in beam. Generations of canal-boat dwellers enlivened these cramped quarters with bright, contrasting paint-work which became a genuine folk art. This book, believed to be the first devoted solely to this subject, traces its development and themes. Twelve full-color plates and over 80 halftone illustrations complement the text.
Ocean Floor Mining
John S. Pearson. Park Ridge, N.J.: Noyes Data Corporation, 1975. 201 pp. Illus. $24.00.
Exploitation of the rich mineral reserves known to exist on the ocean floor is limited primarily by the technological problem of their recovery. The object of this book is to collect and collate available information on the state of the art of deep-sea mining. The environmental impact and legal aspects of such operations are also treated.
Offshore Drilling Technology
Frank R. Carmichael. Park Ridge, N.J.: Noyes Data Corporation, 1975. 392 pp. Illus. $36.00.
One consequence of the energy crisis has been to sharpen interest in the problem of extracting petroleum deposits from the ocean floor. This book describes over 190 processes and equipment designs for modern offshore oil drilling. Varieties of drilling ships, platforms, and subsea facilities are discussed.
Sail Power: The Complete Guide to Sails and Sail Handling
Wallace Ross with Carl Chapman. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1975. 492 pp. Illus. $20.00.
The subject is sails and the treatment—from design and selection to handling and repair—is virtually encyclopedic. The author, for years president of Hard Sails and Seaboard Marine, has made sails for over 100 national and international smallboat champions and has worked on many larger craft.
Scottish Sail: A Forgotten Era
Robert Simper. North Pomfret, Vt.: David & Charles, 1974. 96 pp. Illus. $9.95.
Although a few deep-water sailing ships are included, the main theme of this book is the smaller sailing vessels of the Scots’ coasting trades. At the turn of the century there were literally hundreds of these craft. Today all that remains of them are photographs such as those reproduced (with exceptional clarity) to illustrate this pictorial history.
Voyaging Under Power
Captain Robert P. Beebe, U. S. Navy (Retired). New York: Seven Seas Press, 1975. 256 pp.
Illus. $12.50.
This is the story of the author’s quest for a new type of seagoing motorboat, one able to cross oceans safely and still provide a comfortable home when in port. It culminated in the construction of the Passage- maker, whose concept Captain Beebe successfully tested by sailing almost around the world. The book also contains designs by 20 other naval architects and five chapters on operation of seagoing motorboats.
Westcountry Shipwrecks:
A Pictorial Record 1866-1973
John Behenna. North Pomfret, Vt.: David & Charles, 1974. 112 pp. Illus. £3.50.
The reef-strewn coasts of the English West Country—Devon, Cornwall, and the Scilly Isles—are among the most treacherous in the world. The author of this shipwreck pictorial survey has combed public and private sources, as well as his personal collection of over 2,000 shipwreck photographs, to provide a geographically and chronologically representative selection. All photographs are accompanied by historical notes on the ships and wrecks, many of which have never been previously published.
AMERICAN
NAVAL
BROADSIDES
A Collection of Early Naval Prints (1745-1815) by Edgar Newbold Smith
AMERICAN NAVAL BROADSIDES
From the British landing at Cape Breton in 1745 through the War of 1812, the turbulent early naval history of the United States was captured by American, British, and European artists in line engravings, etchings, woodcuts, aquatints and lithographs. Sea battles of that time were especially dramatic, as the sailing vessels with decks of cannons maneuvered at close quarters, firing broadside after broadside. The advent of steam in the early nineteenth century signaled the end of a long naval tradition, and at the same time the old art forms disappeared.
Newbold Smith has over many years acquired the most extensive private collection of early American naval prints, depicting significant and colorful battles at sea, individual heroes and ships, and related naval actions. This book treats each of the 184 prints, and reproduces 115 of them, 92 in full color. The author provides historical background to the wars and to each engagement, in addition to detailed information about the prints. The work must be considered the authoritative work on the subject of early naval prints, as well as a fascinating and, until now, unpublished aspect of naval history-
Vividly recreated in magnificent art are the famous ships and men who made maritime history: the Constellation, Constitution, United States, Philadelphia, Hornet, Bon Homme Richard, HMS Serapis, John Paul Jones, James Biddle, Gustavus Conyngham, Stephen Decatur, Commodore Perry. Battles take place on the Atlantic, the Mediterranean, the Gulf of Mexico, Lake Champlain, and the Great Lakes. Among the 74 artists and engravers represented are Thomas Birch, John Brooks, Nathaniel Currier, M. F. Corne, Louis Haghe, Edward Savage and Gilbert Stuart.
1974. 225 pages. Illustrated. Bibliography. List price: $35.00. Member’s price- $24.00.
A Naval Institute Press Book Selection
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Whistle Up the Inlet: The Union Steamship Story
Gerald A. Rushton. North Pomfret, Vt.: David & Charles, 1974. 236 pp. Illus. $10.95.
For almost 70 years, from its beginning in July 1889 to the sale of its fleet in July 1959, the Union Steamship Company served as a lifeline linking the rugged, 4,000-mile coast °f British Columbia to the outside world. The story of the 50-plus ships which wore its colors and the resourceful men who sailed them is told by a veteran of 38 years’ service with the line.
military affairs
The Achievement of the Airship:
A- History of the Development of Rigid, Semi-Rigid and Non-Rigid Airships
Guy Hartcup. North Pomfret, Vt.: David & Charles, 1974. 296 pp. Illus. $18.95.
It has been over 35 years since the Hinden- ^urg disaster ended the era of rigid airship transportation and 15 years since the crash °f the ZPG-3W (No. 144242) off the coast of New Jersey led the U. S. Navy to ground the last of its non-rigid patrol ships. Since the onset of the energy shortage, however, 't has been suggested that the airship may still have a future, at least as a freight carrier. This narrative traces the history of the airship from its beginnings in the late 19th century and speculates on its potential for what remains of the 20th century. An introductory chapter outlines the principles of buoyant flight and airship systems.
Atlas of the American Revolution
Renneth Nebenzahl and Don Higginbotham. Chicago, 111.: Rand McNally & Company, 1974. 2,8 pp. Illus. $35.00.
^he title of this book is an understatement, h is very definitely an atlas—an imposing l51/4" by 11" format—with color reproductions of 54 contemporary, campaign and battle maps of the revolution, many of which have never been republished since (heir original appearance nearly 200 years a8°- It is also a handsomely illustrated narrate history of the events traced on the maps, °ver a dozen of which depict naval or amphibious operations.
Deutsches Soldatenjahrbuch 1975
iRlmut Damerau (Editor). Munich:
^child-Verlag, 434 pp. Illus. 30 dm.
^he contents of the 23rd edition of this n°ted German annual deal primarily, but n°t exclusively, with military history and affairs. Among the articles of naval interest ls s biographical sketch of Admiral Guido v°n Usedom, the man principally responsible for the repulse of the Royal Navy’s attempt to force the Dardanelles at the beginning of the Gallipoli campaign. Forty-eight of the 378 illustrations are in color.
Proceedings of the Interagency Workshop on Lighter than Air Vehicles
Joseph F. Vittek, Jr. (Editor). Cambridge, Mass.: Flight Transportation Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1975. 692 pp. Illus. $35.00 (paper).
The revival of interest in lighter-than-air (LTA) transportation brought about by the energy crunch is reflected in the proceedings of the LTA Workshop sponsored by NASA, the Navy, the Department of Transportation, and the FAA at Monterey, California, in September 1974. Topics of the papers presented range from economic and market analysis to technology and design. Several deal specifically with military applications of LTA craft, especially ASW. There is also a bibliography of airship publications.
Soldiers in Revolt: The American Military Today
David Cortright. Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1975. 317 pp. Illus. $7.95.
The acts of indiscipline and sabotage which plagued the armed services at the height of America’s involvement in Vietnam are described by an Army veteran who was active in the G.I. movement. Although the bulk of the book is devoted to the Army experience, similar problems within the Navy and the Air Force are noted. The author, currently a fellow at the Center for National Securities in Washington, D.C., also discusses reforms which he feels must be made to make the military a more flexible and socially relevant institution.
INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS
Arab-American Relations in the Persian Gulf
Emile A. Nakhleh. Washington, D.C.:
American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1975. 82 pp. Illus. $3.00 (paper).
The complex fabric of American policy and relations with the vital oil-producing countries of the Persian Gulf is the subject of a critical analysis. The social, political, and economic dynamics of the individual states, their transformation from traditional tribalism to modern government, and the various ideological movements underway in the region are also discussed. The author’s thesis is that a successful U. S. policy vis-a-vis the Gulf states must be founded on a comprehensive system of Arab-American partnership. Professor Nakhleh teaches at Mount St. Mary’s College, Emmitsburg, Maryland.
Lion by the Tail: The Story of the Italian-Ethiopian War
Thomas M. Coffey. New York: The Viking Press, 1974. 369 pp. Illus. $12.50.
By exposing the impotence of the League of Nations and the indecision of the Western democracies in the face of a singularly naked aggression, Italy’s brutal conquest of Ethiopia in 1935-1936 helped open the door to World War II. The author contends in this narrative history of the Ethiopian tragedy that a reasonable show of firmness in Washington, London, or Paris would have stayed Mussolini from the undertaking, and warned Hitler against adopting the Duce’s reckless means.
Oil, Power and Politics:
Conflict in Arabia, the Red Sea and the Gulf
Mordechai Abir. London: Frank Cass (Distributed in U. S. and Canada by International Scholarly Book Services), 1974.
221 pp. Illus. $18.00.
In the past few years the growing importance of its oil reserves has catapulted Southern Arabia from relative obscurity to stage center of international affairs. This study, written by a professor at Hebrew University, analyzes the conflicting forces at work in the region, both at the local level and in the wider context of Arab-Israeli and East-West rivalries.
Soviet Penetration of Latin America
Leon Goure and Morris Rothenberg. Coral Gables, Fla.: Center for Advanced International Studies, University of Miami, 1975. 204 pp.
$9.95 ($6.95 for paper).
The thesis of this monograph is that, despite the highly publicized Soviet-American detente, the USSR has continued to pursue an ambitious and optimistic program of subverting U. S. influence in Latin America. It notes, for example, that Moscow is championing the nationalization of the Panama Capal, encourages the expropriation of U. S. business interests, has urged the Latin American oil producers to use the energy crisis against the U. S., and is enthusiastically supporting anti-U. S. political movements. Both authors belong to the University of Miami’s Center for Advanced International Studies.
Turkey, the Straits and U. S. Policy
Harry N. Howard. Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974. 337 pp. Illus. $14.50.
U. S. interest in the Turkish Straits is not new; until the onset of the cold war it was primarily commercial in character. This account finds that U. S. interest in this area has shown a basic consistency in its insistence on the freedom of commercial passage of the straits, and in maintaining the open character of the Black Sea. The author, a U. S. State Department veteran, is currently associated with the Middle East Institute in Washington, D.C. This is his fourth book on Middle Eastern affairs.
GENERAL
Airman’s Information Manual
Aeronautical Staff of Aero Publishers, Inc., Fallbrook, Calif.: Aero Publishers, Inc., 1974.
149 pp. Illus. $2.50 (paper).
The Aircraft Information Manual (AIM) is issued as Parts 1, 2, 3, 3A, and 4 on an annual subscription basis by the Federal Aviation Administration (faa) for use by pilots in the National Airspace System of the United States. This reprint contains the full text of Part 1 (Basic Flight Manual and ATC Procedures) and excerpts of Parts 2, 3, 3A, and 4, which are normally not needed until an actual flight is being planned.
Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1972: Chronology of Science, Technology, and Policy
Science and Technology Division, Library of Congress. Washington, D.C.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Government Printing Office), 1974. 580 pp. Illus. $4.85 (paper).
NASA’s twelfth annual chronology provides a detailed day-by-day record of astronautics and aeronautics in 1972. The source of every entry is noted, and the thoroughness of the coverage is reflected by the fact that the index alone (which includes abbreviations and acronyms) is 83 pages.
Winston Churchill
Henry Pelling. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co.,
1974. 724 pp. Illus. $12.95.
The sheer sweep of Churchill’s long life— from lancer subaltern at the end of the reign of Queen Victoria to Prime Minister at the beginning of the reign of Elizabeth II—must daunt all but the most diligent biographer. Dr. Pelling, a fellow of St. John’s College, Cambridge, narrates Sir Winston’s 90 years in the first full-scale, single-volume biography of this fantastic man.
RE-ISSUES
Britain’s Clandestine Submarines 1914-1915
Gaddis Smith. Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books,
1975. 155 pp. Illus. $7.50.
In November 1914, Charles Schwab, President and Chairman of the Board of Bethlehem Steel, personally contracted with Admiral "Jackie” Fisher to build and deliver 20 submarines to the Royal Navy in less than half the usual construction time. In December Schwab publicly announced that, owing to President Woodrow Wilson’s conviction that the transaction would violate American neutrality, he was cancelling the contract. Actually, he merely sent north the men and material necessary to build the boats in Canadian yards. The author, professor of history at Yale University, interprets this Anglo-American-Canadian undertaking as an early operation of the North Atlantic triangle which was to play so vital a role in both world wars. The book was originally published by Yale University Press in 1964.
Posted Missing: The Story of Ships Lost Without Trace in Recent Years
Alan Villiers, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1974. 310 pp. Illus. $7.95.
This re-issue of Captain Allan Villiers classic 1956 account of ships which were "posted missing”—that is, simply vanished—by Lloyd’s of London in the course of the preceding 20 years has a new introduction. In this introduction Captain Villiers covers the lost ships (exactly 70 vessels, carrying over 1,000 persons) of the Hst decade, and speculates that one reason f°r their disappearances, in an age of air search, radar, and instantaneous communication, is that the stress on many seamen today lS greater than ever before in human history-
Spanish Rehearsal: An Eyewitness in Spain During the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)
Sir Arnold Lunn, Old Greenwich, Conn.: The Devin-Adair Company, 1974. 231 pp. Illus. $8.95.
This is the eyewitness account, originally published in 1937, of a conservative British author and sportsman who visited both sides of the lines in the Spanish Civil War. He concluded that, labels notwithstanding, the Spanish choice was between a dictatorship under which Christianity could survive (the Nationalists) and a dictatorship which had already suppressed organized religion in the territory it controlled (the Republicans)- There is a new introduction by Sir Arnold, who died in 1974, and a foreword by William F. Buckley, Jr.
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