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Tides,[1] like weather, can be studied as a physical science; but scientific knowledge is distinctly less useful for purposes of practical tidal or weather prediction than the empirical art of divining. Tide tables can be reliably computed years, even centuries, in advance wherever sufficient observational data on past tides are available for scrutiny and extrapolation. The Analysis of Tides details the manner in which standard Fourier and spectral analysis techniques have been pressed into service to give a new look to the art of tidal prediction. The jealously-guarded family secret methods of the 18th century, regarded as but a step away from astrology and witchcraft, have been replaced by a new branch of applied mathematics.
Newtonian mechanics and gravitation are the two underlying physical principles that govern tides, but the theory built on them has utterly failed
to meet practical needs. It still cannot decide whether high water or low water level occurs at a given place and time, nor whether the range from high to low is two feet or 20. Arago well described the theory as "the tomb of human curiosity;” Airy branded it "contemptible.” Erratic and irregular short-period variability characterizes tides and frustrates physical theory; extremely durable average values observationally determined make a most inviting set-up for diviners and data analysts alike. Neither aided nor impeded by the physics of tides, they furnish the best predictions now available—grossly in error only when upset by such anomalies as severe storms or earthquakes.
The book consists of two principal chapters, supplemented by a Preface, an Introduction, two short closing chapters on continuous spectra and analysis of tidal records, plus one addendum on the prediction of tides and six appendices plus a Select [sic] Bibliography. Mathematical notions are presented in the first chapter, the bulk of which applies as well to optics, turbulence, population studies, or any other subject represented by data varying in regular and random manners as it does to tides. Here then are Fourier Series, Fourier Transform, Digitization and Truncation of Band- Limited Functions, Convolution, Filters, Windows, Power and Cross-Spectra, Noise, Deterministic and Random Processes. The second chapter, on Line Spectra, analyzes low-frequency spectral bands, least squares fitting, linear combinations, expected error, smoothing and low passing, nodal modulation, and related concepts of spectral theory. Short
closing chapters focus on the particularities of tide data. Appendices present capsule-length reviews of equilibrium tide theory and some very elementary mathematics (complex numbers, matrix calculus). The work is unquestionably authoritative, and is valuable reading for tide predictors and others responsible for analyzing large masses of data.
Different workers on oceanic tides study Laplace’s Dynamical Theory and wholly reject the earlier Newton- Bernoulli Equilibrium Theory that is the sole source of physical knowledge employed by Godin and other tide predictors. The uninitiated reader is easily confused at noting that each category of tidal specialist writes as if the other were non-existent. Godin’s bibliography, in fact, includes only one reference to the hydrodynamic investigations basic to all of classical tide theory— Laplace’s celebrated memoirs, published almost 200 years ago.
The independence of data analysis from clear physical insight is well demonstrated in the introductory chapter. Here, acceleration in an inward direction is erroneously identified as "outward” (page 5), movement of the earth in space is dismissed—"being virtually
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immobile” (page 5), and again the eccentricity of the moon’s orbit is dismissed as "a very nearly circular ellipse” (page 24), which it is certainly not, for purposes of tidal calculations. Printer’s errors are easily found, as well, and occasional language peculiarities that may betray imperfect translation. A final peculiarity of the printing style should be mentioned, which consists in appending the letter ”s” after mathematical symbols that carry an indefinite index. Thus to indicate the plural of a quantity ai (as on page 45), we find ats, an innovation seen for the first time by this reviewer.
In spite of these minor criticisms, however, the book is unquestionably a valuable contribution to literature on data analysis. Only time will tell whether the quality of tidal predictions will be measurably improved by the new mathematical paraphernalia that it elucidates so ably.
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THE JUNKS Sv 8 SAMPANS W OF THE -5 YANGTZE Alt
THE JUNKS & SAMPANS OF THE YANGTZE
by G. R. G. Worcester
"Without doubt or question this is one of the handsomest and best books of the year, and in its field it surpasses anything that has ever appeared."
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626 pages. Over 900 two-colour illustrations including 174 scale drawings, photographs and sketches. Appendixes. Fully indexed.
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Acquisition of Major Systems
Commission on Government Procurement. Washington, D.C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1972. Part C of a 10-part Report. Volume 2. $2.60. Summary of the Report, $1.25.
Reviewed by Lieutenant Commander Robert J. Massey, U. S. Navy (Retired)
[Lieutenant Commander Massey, a naval aviator during both World War II and the Korean War, holds a B. A. degree from San Diego State College, and an M.A. and a Ph.D. in public administration from The American University. Presently a consultant in defense research and development management, he is the editor of the Department of the Navy RDT&E Management Guide (NAVSO P-2457).)
The Commission on Government Procurement (COGP) was created by Public Law 91-129 in November 1969. Chaired by Representative Chet Holi- field (Dem., Calif.), the Commission included members from both houses of Congress, the Executive Branch, and industry. The Comptroller General was designated a member by statute and took an active part in the Commission’s work. Almost 500 persons provided well over 100 man-years of staff effort in this massive rethinking on how the federal government handles all aspects of procurement.
Acquisition of Major Systems provides a comprehensive, conception-to-use proposed framework for acquisition of all major systems. In so doing, it manages to capture most of what has been learned about the process by other commissions, think tanks, scholars, and years of bitter experience of practitioners.
Basically, the report says that former Secretary of Defense David Packard was right in his attempt to lead Defense Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation (rdt&E) out of the paper desert in which it had wandered for a decade. Packard’s ideas, codified in DoD Directive 5000.1, "Acquisition of Major Defense Systems,” are reaffirmed without a quibble. These include: management by objectives based on the Development Concept Paper (DCP) "contract;” performance demonstration milestones; a "stud poker” sequential funding strat-
egy; and an open season on massive documentation, layers, and reviewers, and the whole "acres of engineers” approach.
While the Commission subscribes to the reforms former Secretary Packard was attempting to bring about, it advances a whole framework for organizing that part of the life cycle of systems which precedes Defense Systems Acquisition Review Council (DSARC) I, the Program Initiation Decision.
The Commission recommended restructuring the acquisition process into four phases: establishing needs and goals; exploring alternative systems; choosing preferred system; and implementation: final development, production and use. The DSARC I Program Initiation Decision, under the current DoD framework would generally fall in the third phase of the COGP structure.
The initial phase of the COGP structure is entirely concerned with mission needs and determining the relative importance of various needs in terms of resources to be invested in meeting them. Hardware first appears in the second phase as alternative means of meeting needs are advanced and examined- A central theme of the Commission’s Report is opening the process up to competition and innovation.
This Report seems to be the focus of a well-developed consensus within the federal government concerning what to do to "clean up the systems acquisition mess.” On hearings before the House Armed Services Committee on "Cost Growth in Major Weapons Systems” >n March 1973, both Elmer Staats, head of the General Accounting Office (GAO)> and Defense witnesses supported the general way of going about system5 acquisition recommended by the Com' mission in this Report.
One clear implication of Acquisition of Major Systems, and the support i(S reform recommendations enjoy, is ths( the changes former Secretary Packaf^ was trying to bring about are not goir$ to go away. It should be must readiu£ for anyone wanting an understanding 0 how the acquisition process will proN' bly evolve in the Department of thc Navy in the next few years.
Professional Reading
Compiled by Robert A. Lambert, Associate Editor
Admirals, Generals and American Foreign Policy 1898-1914
Richard D. Challener. Princeton, N.J.:
Princeton University Press, 1973. 433 pp.
$16.00.
The civil-military relationships of this pre- World War period are examined in order to determine to what extent military men had developed opinions on foreign policy and to what extent these men were allowed to participate in the decision-making process. The conclusion reached is that military leaders were somewhat reluctant to take an active part in an area where they had traditionally followed and implemented policy, but slowly came around and joined their civilian counterparts in search for an informal empire based on continental United States and extended to market areas by means of small naval bases to extend the range of the coal-burning fleet.
Alexander of Tunis as Military Commander
W. G. F. Jackson. New York: Dodd, Mead,
1972. 344 pp. Illus. $12.95.
As he has done so often in his other works concerning World War II, the author has pulled together a vast array of detail and presented it in a most readable fashion. These features are quickly apparent along with the non-adulatory manner in which he presents the military career of a man for whom he has a high personal regard and for whom he worked as a member of his staff during the Italian campaign.
American Civil War Navies:
A Bibliography
Myron J. Smith, Jr.. Metuchen, N.J.: The Scarecrow Press, 1972. 347 pp. $10.00.
More than 2,800 entries spanning the period between the 1850s and the 1970s are arranged alphabetically by authors or titles sided by cross-references and an index. Mate
rials included are books, scholarly papers, periodical or magazine articles, documents of both American and English origin, general works, and doctoral and master’s degree papers. Annotations of a non-critical nature are supplied as needed to clarify the title.
American-East Asian Relations: A Survey
Ernest R. May and James C. Thomson, Jr.
(eds.). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1972. 425 pp. $15.00.
This collection of 18 essays represent an historiographical survey of American literature on American-East Asian relations between the 1780s and the 1960s.
American Military Commitments Abroad
Roland A. Paul. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1973. 237 pp. $10.00.
An extremely fair and balanced appraisal of the military aspects of foreign policy that also examines the interconnecting problems of troop reductions, cost saving, and balance of payments.
The Battleship Era
Peter Padfield. New York: David McKay, 1972. 321 pp. Illus. $9.95.
The evolution, use and eclipse of the battleship as the queen of sea power is traced through the simultaneous developments in the technology of armor and armament and their effects on strategy and tactics as seen mostly through the battles that were fought.
Beyond Conflict and Containment
Milton J. Rosenberg (ed.). New Brunswick,
N.J.: Transaction Books, 1972. 341 pp. $6.50.
U. S. strategic arms policy, military assistance, and foreign aid, along with their consequences, contributing to international instability, are the targets of the articles contained in this anthology.
Captains and Cabinets
David F. Trask. Columbia, Mo.: University of Missouri Press, 1972. 396 pp. Illus. $12.00.
A splendid dissection of the personalities and politics involved in the naval relationship established between the United States and Great Britain in the last year of World War I.
The Conquest of the Air
Frank Howard, Bill Gunston. New York: Random House, 1972. 264 pp. Illus. $25.00.
An encyclopedic pictorial of man’s history of flight.
Eisenhower as Military Commander
E. K. G. Sixsmith. New York: Stein and Day, 1973. 248 pp. Illus. $10.00.
The whole of Eisenhower’s military career, starting with his West Point training, moving through his assignment to MacArthur’s mission in the Philippines, and ending with his World War II campaigns which occupy the greater part of the book. Most analytical content revolves around his role as manager of Allied strategy in Western Europe.
Europe Leaves the Middle East, 1936-1954
Howard M. Sachar. New York: Knopf, 1972.
687 pp. Illus. $15.00.
Social and political complications are given relatively minor coverage as compared to the battles and military campaigns that occurred during the period.
Eyewitness
Robert Payne. New York: Doubleday, 1972.
397 pp. Illus. $10.00.
The author tells of his experiences, as a student and later as a journalist, during the years from 1937 to 1946 when he wandered from his home in England through Europe
to India, Burma, and China; along the way he managed to meet Hess, Hitler, Nehru, and Mao Tse-tung,
Foam Sandwich Boatbuilding
Peter Wynn. Camden, Me.: International Marine, 1972. 128 pp. Illus. |9.95.
Described in detail is a simple method of light, nearly rigid, plastic foam between skins of glass-reinforced plastic to form boat hulls.
Foch as Military Commander
James Marshall-Cornwall. New York: Crain, Russak, 1972. 268 pp. Illus. $13.50.
More a history of World War I as fought in France than it is a biography of the marshal.
George C. Marshall: Organizer of Victory, 1943-1945
Forrest C. Pogue. New York: Viking, 1973.
683 pp. Illus. $15.00.
In this third volume of a projected five- volume official biography, the same precision of detail and perception of the man that mark the previous books is quite apparent. This unit covers the period from the beginning of the Casablanca Conference up to May 1945 when Germany surrendered.
Guide to United States Machine Guns Konrad F. Schreier, Jr. Forest Grove, Ore.: Normount Technical Publications, 1971. 178 pp. Illus. $4.00 (paper).
Starting with the forgotten Billinghurst- Requa of 1861 and the more familiar Gatling, nearly 50 designs and variations are
detailed over the past 110 years, down to the most recent version of the Gatling known as the Vulcan.
Into the Hidden Environment: The Oceans
Keith Critchlow. New York: Viking, 1972. 125 pp. Illus. $10.95.
The past, present, and future of the oceans and their dynamic role in the total functioning of life on earth is explained in simple, intelligent language backed by large-scale, detailed illustrations.
Know Your Congress 1973
Diosdado M. Yap (ed.). Washington, D.C.: Capital Publishers, 1973. 148 pp. Illus. $3.95 (paper).
A useful reference covering the First Session of the 93rd Congress, featuring illustrated profiles on the senators and representatives for each state and providing, among other items, complete lists of all committees with their memberships as well as civics-type descriptions of the legislative process.
Martello Towers
Sheila Sutcliffe. London: David & Charles,
1972. 181 pp. Illus. £2.95.
These squat, circular structures on lonely stretches of beach have been part of the English coastal scenery for more than 150 years; in considerably fewer numbers, they have cropped up as defensive fortifications at various places around the world including the United States and Canada. This history of the towers’ construction and their armament and their adaptation for different uses
in different parts of the world is fully illustrated. In a small way, this book is an interesting supplement to Seacoast Fortifications of the United States by Emanuel Raymond Lewis.
Instrument Flying
Richard L. Taylor. New York: Macmillan, 1972. 276 pp. Illus. $6.95.
For the experienced pilot and the novice the practical aspects of the IFR operations are related to the theoretical and the various FAA regulations.
Mobility, Support, Endurance
Edwin Bickford Hooper. Washington, D.C.: Naval History Division, 1972. 278 pp. Illus. $4.25.
Much in the same fashion as World War II’s Beans, Bullets, and Black Oil, this tells the story of Navy logistics in the Vietnam war from 1965 through 1968. For sale by the U. S. Government Printing Office.
A New Isolationism: Threat or Promise?
Robert W. Tucker. New York: Universe Books, 1972. 127 pp. Illus. $6.00.
A sometimes iconoclastic call for selective disengagement from foreign meddling rather than a return to classical isolationism.
Pacem in Maribus
Elisabeth Mann Borgese (ed.) New York:
Dodd, Mead, 1972. 382 pp. $10.00.
Papers presented at an international convocation in Malta in 1970 consider the problems of developing the resources of the seas,
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Professional Reading 105
the international controls necessary, the demilitarization of the sea bed and control of the mounting threats of pollution.
The Polaris System Development
Harvey M. Sapolsky. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1972. 260 pp. $9 95.
A case study of an extremely rare event, the marriage of bureaucracy and technology in a government project that produced a successful weapons system.
The Politics of the Ocean
Edward Wenk, Jr. Seattle, Wash.: University of Washington Press, 1972. 590 pp. $14.95.
An advisor to three presidents and to the Congress during the 1960s, the author draws on his experience to present a history of governmental decision-making in the formulation of policies concerning the oceans; he also offers suggestions for improving the policy-making procedures and calls for more forceful political action.
Problems of Modern Strategy
The Institute for Strategic Studies. New York: Praeger, 1970. 219 pp. $7.50.
The general thought running through the essays in this collection is that the management and control of force in international politics as practiced prior to World War II is no longer valid and requires new methods to take advantage of the latest technology to stabilize international relations.
Robert Blake
J- R. Powell. New York: Crane, Russak, 1972.
362 pp. Ulus. $12.75.
A fine biography of a Cromwellian general who was instrumental in defeating King Charles and later, as an admiral, was equally adept at defeating the great Dutch admirals °f the day—Tromp, De Ruyter, and De With,
The "SAFN” Model 49 F.N.
Automatic Rifle
Uonald B. McLean (ed.). Forest Grove, Ore.: Normount Technical Publications, 1971. 52 pp. Plus. $2.50 (paper).
Complete step-by-step instructions, to load, fire, strip, and maintain both the semiautomatic and the fully-automatic models, are given in words and pictures along with ^formation on design and production.
Scale Model Fighting Vehicles
Kenneth M. Jones. London: Almark, 1972. 80 Pp. Illus. £1.50 (paper).
A detailed guide to the building of realistic miniature tanks, armored cars, and trucks from either plastic kits or from "scratch.”
The Seas in Motion
F. G. Walton Smith. New York: Crowell, 1973. 248 pp. Illus. $7.95.
The complex patterns of the oceans are explained in terms of heat exchanges at the air-sea interface with further explanations of the relationships between the movements of the sea, the weather and the climate and how oceanic movements affect marine life and man’s endeavors from navigation to yacht design.
The Ship's Bell
Karl Wede. New York: South Street Seaport Museum, 1972. 60 pp. Illus. $1.75 (paper).
An interesting monograph chronicles the history of this common piece of ship’s equipment in both historical background and specific instances in which a bell played a part.
SM Torpedo Boat BllO
F. Ruge. Windsor, England: Profile, 1972. 24 pp. Illus. 50 p.
The author, the first chief of the post-war German Navy, and a Naval Institute Distinguished Visitor, calls on his own memories as a member of BllO’s crew during World War I to tell of this small German warship in particular and, in general, the exploits of the class of which she was part.
SMS Emdert
Friedrich Forstmcier. Windsor, England: Profile,
1972. 24 pp. Illus. 50 p.
A nicely handled pictorial history of the famed World War I surface raider that, in a very short career, did so much to disrupt British communications in the Far East before her sinking by HMAS Sydney.
Small Arms in Profile, Volume I
A. J. R. Cormack (ed.) New York: Doubleday,
1973. 290 pp. Illus. $22.50.
The first section of this collection contains articles on the Webley and Scott Automatic Pistols, Browning Automatic Pistols, the Luger, Thompson Submachine Guns, the Colt .45 Automatic, Walther Automatics and Flare Pistols, Heckler & Koch weapons, Erma Submachine Guns, the Beretta, the SIG Service Pistol, the Winchester, and Russian Submachine Guns; the second section contains details of the small arms ammunition used by the major powers from 1890 to 1972.
Strategic Power and National Security
J. I. Coffey. Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1971. 214 pp. $9.50.
The whole argument running through this book is that American national security does
not require superior strategic offensive forces—only weaponry sufficient to inflict unacceptable losses on the opponent is needed.
The Tower of London
A. L Rowse. New York: Putnam, 1972.
280 pp. Illus. $12.95.
A fast-paced, popular history that focuses on the lives and deaths of the many people who resided there over the centuries rather than on the architecture of the Tower.
United States Polar Exploration
Herman R. Friis and Shelby G. Bale, Jr. (cds.). Athens, O.: Ohio University Press, 1970. 299 pp. Illus. $10.00.
Papers presented at the 1967 Conference on U. S. Polar Exploration inaugurating the Center for Polar Archives in the National Archives discuss various aspects of Arctic research.
Wellington in India
Jac Weller. London: Longman, 1972. 338 pp. Illus. £5.50.
An alternate title to this very fine book could well be The Wellesley Brothers Create the British-lndian Empire, so interwoven are the activities and the personalities of the three—Arthur, Richard, and Henry. However, the author never loses his focus on Arthur and around him builds an exciting military biography that delves into the relationships between the brothers and the influence these relations had on Wellington, that describes Wellington’s personal character and its development under the stress of battle, and analyzes Wellington’s campaigns with special emphasis on how the lessons he learned in India were put to eventual use on the battlefields of Europe.
The West and the Middle East
John C. Campbell and Helen Caruso. New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1972. 71 pp. $1.50 (paper).
The military postures of the United States and the Soviet Union, the politics of the Arab-Israel conflict, and the economics of oil are treated separately in an effort to arrive at a modest proposal for greater cooperative policies among the concerned nations to maintain peace in the area.
RE-ISSUE
Pictorial History of Firearms to 1905
U. S. Cartridge Company Forest Grove, Ore.: Normount Technical Publications (1905), 1972. 143 pp. Illus. $4.00 (paper).