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Sailing and Small Craft Down the Ages
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National Security and International Trusteeship in the Pacific
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Naval Regulations 1802
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Night Action off Cape Matapan
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On the Spanish Main
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Q Ships and Their Story
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Queens of the Western Ocean
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Sailing Ships of the Romantic Era
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Sea Life in Nelson’s Time
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Soldiers of the Sea
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Soviet Naval Strategy
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Book Reviews
The Limits of Coercive Diplomacy:
Laos-Cuba-Vietnam
Alexander L. George, David K. Hall, William R. Simons. Boston: Little,
Brown, 1971. 268 pp. $3.50. (paper).
Reviewed by Lieutenant (j.g.) Dan E. Caldwell, U. S. Naval Reserve
(Lieutenant (j.g.) Caldwell attended Stanford University under the NROTC program, and was awarded his A.B. degree in history, and was commissioned in the Naval Reserve program in 1970. He was then given a delay in reporting for active duty from the Navy, in order to pursue graduate studies in international affairs at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University.
Receiving his Master’s degree in June 1971, he reported to the Department of Government and Humanities at the Naval Postgraduate School, where he is teaching two courses on international relations.)
Since the end of World War II, American military policy has been suspended somewhere between the polar opposites of war and peace. Diplomatic historians have produced literally thousands of volumes that attempt to explain the complex events and happenings of the "Cold War,” while military and civilian defense strategists have produced an almost equal number of models, scenarios, paradigms, and theories. Only rarely have the historians and the policy-oriented theoreticians collaborated to produce an analysis of the problems of limited war. One such effort is The Limits of Coercive Diplomacy by Professors Alexander George and David Hall of Stanford University and Colonel William Simons of the U. S. Air Force. The authors’ avowed purpose is ". . . to bridge the gap between the perspectives of the academically-oriented inves
tigator and those of the policy maker.” They attempt to fulfill this purpose by tracing the development of the doctrine and strategy of limited war and applying this theoretical framework to three historical case studies, the Laos crisis of I960 and 1961, the Cuban missile crisis of 1962, and the Vietnam intervention, 1964 and 1965.
In his introduction to the book. Professor George points to the Korean War as setting the historical stage for later limited war involvements. The Eisenhower administration introduced the doctrine of massive retaliation in January 1954, as an alternative to the "no win” limited war policies of the Truman administration. But massive retaliation was a rather short-lived policy. In 1957, a young, relatively unknown professor at Harvard, Henry Kissinger, published Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy which presented the advantages of a limited war strategy. Two years later, former Chief of Staff of the Army, General Maxwell Taylor, published The Uncertain Trumpet, a book in which Taylor expressed his doubts about the doctrine of massive retaliation. In its place, General Taylor proposed a strategy of "flexible, controlled response.” After the accession of John F. Kennedy to the presidency, flexible response (or what the authors refer to as the strategy of coercive diplomacy) became the cornerstone of American political-military planning.
Many theoretical studies were produced in the early 1960s to provide a theoretical framework for the implementation of the doctrine of flexible response. Thomas Schelling, Morton Halperin, Fred Ikle, and other academicians produced studies of bargaining techniques, communication, and the
process of limitation in limited war. Using the theoretical foundation laid by these civilian strategists, particularly the work of Schelling, the authors of the book under consideration analyze the outcome of three crises in order to develop a "policy-oriented theory” of coercive diplomacy, designed to aid the policy-makers in making effective decisions.
David Hall analyzes the Laos crisis of I960 and 1961. President Eisenhower had considered Laos to be the most difficult and dangerous situation that he was passing on to Kennedy. Control of the Laotian government was, depending upon the time, in the hands of the pro-Communist Pathet Lao, anti- Communist General Phoumi, and various neutralist coalitions. The Soviets were supplying large amounts of aid to the pro-Communist forces, and Kennedy was most anxious to halt Soviet influence in the area, particularly considering the fact that Laos could be used as a staging area for attacks on Thailand. In March 1961, the Pathet Lao unleashed a major offensive against the pro-Western government in power at that time. According to Hall, Kennedy faced four alternatives: he could do nothing and allow the Pathet Lao to over-run the country; he could send troops to shore up the pro-American government; he could settle for a partition of Laos; or he could continue negotiating for the restoration of an independent, neutral government. Kennedy favored the last alternative, and adopted the "try and see” approach of negotiating with the various powers involved in the crisis. During the first three weeks of March, representatives of the American and Soviet governments met to discuss the crisis in Laos with no
110 U. S. Naval Institute Proceedings, March 1973
Table 1
| Laos 1961 | Cuba 1962 | Vietnam 1965 |
(1) Strength of United States motivation | + | + | + |
(2) Asymmetry of motivation favoring United States | + | + |
|
(3) Clarity of American, objectives | + | + |
|
(4) Sense of urgency to achieve American objective | + | + |
|
(5) Adequate domestic political support | + | + |
|
(6) Usable military options | + | + | + |
(7) Opponent’s fear of unacceptable escalation | + | + |
|
(8) Clarity concerning the , precise terms of settlement | + | + |
|
signs of a breakthrough. On 23 March, Kennedy appeared on national television and delivered an ultimatum to the Soviets: "If there is to be a peaceful solution, there must be a cessation of the present armed attacks by externally supported Communists ... I think the matter, of course, becomes increasingly serious as the days go by.” Only after Kennedy’s ultimatum was delivered was an effective settlement for the neutralization of Laos reached.
In the second case study of "coercive diplomacy,” Alexander George presents the history of the decisions made during the Cuban missile crisis. Kennedy’s crisis management group, the Executive Committee (ExCom) presented the President with options ranging from do-nothing to a "surgical” air strike. As we know, the President chose a blockade of Cuba and announced the U. S. intention to impose a quarantine of Cuba on 22 October 1962. This alternative had several advantages over others: it was a signal to the Soviets that the United States was determined to act; it left the next move up to the Soviets; and it^vas
a middle course between the extremes of inaction and an air strike. The blockade, however, did not remove the missiles already within Cuba. Six days after the blockade had been announced, the original missiles were still in Cuba and the ExCom was discussing what further actions to take. On 27 October, Robert Kennedy, representing the President, delivered a clear, concise ultimatum to the Soviet Ambassador in Washington. In Kennedy’s words, "We had to have a commitment that those bases would be removed ... if they did not remove those bases, we would remove them. . . . Time was running out. We had only a few more hours—we needed an answer immediately from the Soviet Union. I said we had to have it by the next day.” Within 24 hours, Khrushchev had accepted quid pro quo settlement relating a pledge by the United States not to invade Cuba for removal of the missiles. In George’s view, the successful outcome of the crisis in large part was a result of the President’s use of a specific ultimatum that specified what was demanded of the Soviets (removal of the missiles), what action the United States was prepared to take unilaterally (removal of the missiles), and a specific time limit (24 hours).
In his analysis of the Vietnam intervention during 1964 and 1965, Colonel Simons attempts to explain the Johnson Administration’s decision to intervene
first with air power and later with ground forces. Colonel Simons primarily examines the period between February and July of 1965 in analyzing the administration’s decisions. He concludes that coercive actions were employed by the United States only in an ambiguous and inhibited manner. In contrast to the ultimatum delivered to the Soviets during the Cuban missile crisis, only vague threats were made by the United States to the North Vietnamese and the Soviet Union.
George, Hall, and Simons end their analysis of coercive diplomacy by attempting to draw certain lessons from their individual case studies. They conclude that there are eight conditions that favor the successful implementation of the strategy of coercive diplomacy. The eight conditions and a summary of the three case studies appear in Table 1.
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While the authors admit that these conditions are highly "context dependent,” they contend that these conditions at least identify some of the variables that any policy-maker should be aware of and should take into consideration when making important decisions. The Limits of Coercive Diplomacy does not provide any magic formula for using the strategy of coercive diplomacy. It does, however, specify the conditions that policy-makers should consider in light of American experience in the Laotian, Cuban, and Vietnamese crises.
Professional Reading
in
Compiled by Robert A. Lambert, Associate Editor
America Faces Defeat
Lewis W. Walt. Woodbridge. Conn.: Apollo Books, 1972. 209 pp. Ulus. $1.25 (paper).
The retired Marine Corps general is blunt 2nd plainspoken in his concern over America’s deficiencies, but some will find his thesis is more overstated than reasonable.
The American Steel Navy
John D. Alden, Ed Holm, Arthur D. Baker,
III. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1972. 396 pp. Illus. $29.95.
Many of the illustrations in this photographic history, covering the Navy from the introduction of the steel hull in 1883 to the cruise of the Great White Fleet, will be unfamiliar to even the most avid student. The narrative is as crisp as the photos which make up this large-format album, and there are 50 profile line-drawings as well. This is a superb compilation and is a must for any naval collection.
The Battle of Leyte Gulf
Edwin P. Hoyt. New York: Weybright and Talley, 1972. 314 pp. Illus. $8.95.
An interesting, though sometimes confusing, retelling of the often-confusing series of battles during the invasion of the Philippines which effectively destroyed the Japanese fleet in World War II.
v
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Captain Cook
Alistair MacLean. New York: Doubleday, 1972. 192 pp. Illus. $9.95.
A readable, almost novelistic, account of Cook’s three voyages; while it does make some shrewd appraisals of the Captain’s character and his reasoning process, the book cannot be considered in the same league with Alan Villier’s fine biography, Captain James Cook, of five years back.
The Cod
Albert C. Jenson. New York: Crowell, 1972.
182 pp. Illus. $7.95.
The cod served as one of the first lures to North American shores for the Vikings, Portuguese, English, and French, and was an important item in international trade after the American Revolution. In this history of the common codfish, the author shows how the presence of vast schools of cod off the Grand Banks has shaped the country’s history and economic growth. Also described are mating habits, diet, how cod is caught, and processing methods.
A Distant Challenge
Editors, Staff of Infantry Magazine. Fort Bcnning, Ga.: Infantry Magazine, 1971. 400 pp. Illus. $6.50.
Illustrated with maps and pictures and including a detailed glossary and summary of unit histories, the many and diverse articles form a collection of detailed personal accounts of combat actions by infantrymen in Vietnam between 1967 through 1970.
Encyclopedia of American Shipwrecks
Bruce D. Berman. Boston: The Mariners Press, 1972. 308 pp. $7.95 (paper).
Divided into six geographic areas, then arranged alphabetically, over 13,000 wrecks in the coastal and inland waterways of the continental United States, Alaska, and Nova
Scotia are listed from the late 18th century to the present.
Great Maritime Routes
Bruno Tavernier. New York: Viking, 1972. 285 pp. Illus. $18.95.
A lavishly illustrated history of the ocean highways that haye carried man for trade and plunder from the time of the Odyssey through the voyages of Sinbad to the giant oil tankers of today.
H.M.A.S. Hobart
L. J. Lind, M. A. Payne. Garden Island, N.S.W.: The Naval Historical Society of Australia, 1971. 76 pp. Illus. $1.50 (paper).
A detailed, operational account of the Australian light cruiser that fought in both the Mediterranean and the Pacific during World War II.
H.M.A.S. Sydney
L. J. Lind, M. A. Payne. Garden Island, N.S.W.: The Naval Historical Society of Australia, 1971. 76 pp. Illus. $1.50 (paper).
Sister ship to the Hobart, this light cruiser did not survive World War II. Following service in the Mediterranean in 1940, she returned to Australia where she was sunk with all hands during a gun duel with the German raider Kormoran in November 1941.
Haunted New England
Mary Eastman, Mary Bolte. Riverside, Conn.: The Chatham Press, 1972. 128 pp. Illus. $8.50.
Photographs and text bring together weird tales of witches, ghosts, pirates, and strange shipwrecks.
Insignia of the Israel Defence Forces
Mamaroneck, N.Y.: Globe & Anchor Militaria Shop, 1972. Unpaged. Illus. $2.50 (paper).
Black and white illustrations of flags, badges, shoulder patches, and rank designations;
U. S. Naval Institute Proceedings, March 1973
unfortunately, not all pictures are identified, although, when appearing, captions are in Hebrew and English.
The International Journal of Nautical Archeology and Underwater Exploration
Joan du Plat Taylor (ed.). New York: Seminar Press, March 1972. 247 pp. Illus. $8.00.
To be published annually in March, this new journal has a variety of articles covering the techniques of underwater archeology, the finds and the legal ramifications surrounding the field.
International Law for Seagoing Officers
Burdick H. Brittin, Liselotte B Watson. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1972.
536 pp. Illus. $16.00
A readily understandable text covering international law as it affects those who use the sea and the air space above. This third edition has been revised and expanded, incorporating changes that have occurred since the previous edition appeared in I960.
Jane’s Fighting Ships 1972-1973
Raymond V. B. Blackman (cd.). New York: McGraw-Hill, 1972. 745 pp. Illus. $55.00.
Some 800 new illustrations, a 40% increase in the Russian section alone, appear in this massive 75 th edition. Besides the editorial, which is the best in recent years, there are two short papers by the Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Defence for the Royal Navy and by the Flag Officer Submarines for the Royal Navy. Neither paper is particularly incisive, but it is interesting to note the 180-degree difference in the assessment of the Royal Navy’s capabilities between the first paper and the editorial. Neither the Royal nor the U. S. navies can take much comfort from the editorial, which says ", . . the U.S.S.R. can snap its fingers at the maritime powers. The Soviet Navy has given the victory sign to all.”
Kingdom of the Seashell
R. Tucker Abbott. New York: Crown, 1972.
256 pp. Illus. $14.95.
Displaying some truly fine color photographs of mollusks in their natural habitat, as well as splendid specimens as part of shell collections, this comprehensive survey delves into all of the shells’ intriguing facets from their biology through collecting to their historical Influence on art and religion to their uses in medicine and archeology ^nd, of course, as food. •
Lady in the Navy
Joy Bright Hancock. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1972. 289 pp. Illus. $9.00.
The history of the WAVES as experienced by a woman who enlisted as a Yeoman (F) in World War I, re-enlisted at the start of World War II and served as the Assistant Chief of Naval Personnel for Women from 1946 to her retirement in 1953.
The Mallorys of Mystic
James P. Baughman. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1972. 496 pp. Illus. $17.95.
A detailed history of an American shipping family whose two centuries of activity reflect this country’s maritime past. Beginning in the Revolution with a privateersman, the line runs unbroken from fathers to sons to the present day.
Maps & Man
Norman J. W. Thrower. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1972, 184 pp. Illus. $5.95.
i Beginning with the maps of pre-literate peoples, the author traces the chronological development of cartography and its interplay with man’s scientific and cultural history.
A Modern Geography of the United States
Robert Estall. Chicago: Quadrangle, 1972. 401 pp. Illus. $10.00.
Geographical patterns and problems of present-day America are displayed in this comprehensive survey covering population growth and change, land use, patterns of economic activity, agriculture, mining, manufacturing, and the geographical impact of federal government activity.
Naval and Maritime History
Robert Greenhalgh Albion. Mystic, Conn.:
Mystic Seaport, 1972. 370 pp. $15.00.
A most useful reference, a partially annotated bibliography, revised and expanded into its fourth edition.
Naval Engineer’s Guide
James V. Jolliff, Hollis E. Robertson. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1972. 336 pp. Illus. $8.50.
This handy book will provide engineering personnel with an outline for the best methods and alternatives for accomplishing their jobs and handling the multitude of problems confronting the shipboard engineer. The clear writing style by which complexities are explained is a credit to the authors.
Navigation and Operations
Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1972.
351 pp. Illus. $10.00.
The art and science of navigation, as well as the many administrative requirements for navigating a U. S. Navy ship, are detailed.
Nelson the Commander
Geoffrey Bennett. New York: Scribners, 1972. 322 pp. Illus. $12.00.
A thorough biography that neither excuses nor glosses the man’s weaknesses while extolling his virtues.
Net Making
Charles Holdgate. New York: Emerson, 1972. 136 pp. Illus. $5.95.
The techniques outlined, with step-by-step illustrations, show how to make finishing nets, tennis nets, hammocks, crab pots, scarves, shopping bags, bottle carriers, and the like.
The New Ocean Explorers
Howard Pennington. Boston: Little, Brown, 1972. 282 pp. Illus. $5.95.
The illustrations are the most interesting features of this book which discusses the problems and the promises in the field of oceanography.
The Panama Canal
Jon P. Speller. New York: Robert Speller, 1972. 164 pp. Illus. $5.95.
A legalistic history of the Canal, along with an appeal for continued assertion of American sovereignty in the Zone and a call for engineering improvement rather than the construction of a sea-level canal at any other location in Latin America.
Pollution: An International Problem for Fisheries
New York: UNIPUB, 1971. 85 pp. Illus. $1.50 (paper).
This pamphlet deals with technical and legislative means by which the process of deterioration of fresh and salt waters can be prevented, reduced, and reversed. It also shows the possibilities of using some pollutants for constructive ends.
Portrait of Power
G. B. Jarrett, Robert J. Icks. Forest Grove,
Ore.: Normount Technical Publications, 1971. 146 pp. Illus. $5.95 (paper).
Including experimental designs, prototypes, standard models and variations, this photograph album covers just about all U. S tanks, armored vehicles, and self-propelled guns since World War I to the present.
Professional Reading 113
Return to the Sea
William Albert Robinson, Tuckahoe, N.Y.:
John dc Graff, 1972. 232 pp. Illus. $8.95.
A New Englander describes his sailing to Tahiti in a 70-foot brigantine, even before World War II was completely over, to begin a new life on an uninhabited island which he had purchased; he also describes his lifestyle and his research into Polynesian history and the causes of elephantiasis.
Royal Navy Coastal Forces 1939-1945
A. J. D. North. London: Almark, 1972. 72 pp. Illus. £1.25 (paper).
All classes of the small, fast patrol craft are illustrated complete with data, class lists, scale drawings, cutaway views, camouflage drawings, and photographs.
Sea Fever
Robert F. Marx. New York: Doubleday, 1972. 250 pp. Illus. $7.95.
Each of the 16 chapters details the respective adventures and discoveries of a scientist, treasure hunter or archaeologist involved in deepwater diving.
Seamanship
Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1972.
141 pp. Illus. $7.50.
Knight’s |
q modern. Oeamansnip
FIFTEENTH EDITION I
REVISED BY JOHN V. NOEl, JR. CAPTAIN.U.S NAVY (RET.)
For three-quarters of a century, through fourteen previous editions and many printings, this remarkable and classic book has been a practical guide for all those who follow the sea. This fifteenth edition of Knight's Modern Seamanship has, like its predecessors, been revised, updated and expanded to reflect the most recent developments. Comprehensive new material in this edition includes information on weather elements, instruments and services, the revised Inland and International Rules of the Road, and descriptions of the latest naval and merchant ships, including nuclear-powered and guided missile submarines. New chapters have been added on oceanography, ice seamanship, and the newer electronic methods of navigation. Also included is current information on ship communications, cargo handling, and replenishment at sea.
Compiled by John V. Noel, Jr., author of Division Officer's Guide (sixth edition) and the Naval Terms Dictionary.
Profusely illustrated. Index. Bibliography.
Publisher's price: $14.95 Member’s price: $11.95
A Naval Institute Press Book Selection.
(Please use order form in book list section)
Marlinspike seamanship, deck seamanship, and boat seamanship are treated in detail in this guide for a junior officer.
Sea Sense
Richard Henderson. Camden, Me.: International Marine, 1972. 307 pp. Illus. $12.50.
Diagrams and drawings complement the simple text in this common sense approach to the handling of safety problems in small craft.
Ship Organization and Personnel
Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1972.
129 pp. Illus. $7.50.
Designed for the midshipman and officer candidate, this reference should answer nearly all questions concerning life on board a U. S. ship from the routine to the ceremonial.
Small Arms of the Sea Services
Robert H. Rankin. New Milford, Conn.:
N. Flaydcrman, 1972. 227 pp. Illus. $14.50.
Usually found scattered through weapons books of fairly general coverage and just as usually only in partial detail, the firearms and edged weapons of the Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard have taken second place to the Army’s. Illustrated with over 350 photographs, none in color, this reference covers the handguns, pikes, dirks, cutlasses,
axes, signal pistols, shot guns, and much more, both regulation and non-regulation types, from the pre-Revolutionary period to Vietnam.
Soviet Naval Power
Norman Polmar. New York: National Strategy Information Center, 1972. 106 pp. $1.00 (paper).
A useful summary of Russian naval history from the Revolution to the present, with emphasis on the Khrushchev period, is combined with a commentary on the ships, missions, and operations likely in the 1970s. Very light on analysis, and firm conclusions on the long-term role of the Soviet Navy whether offensive or defensive in nature are not stated.
This is the Coast Guard
H. R. Kaplan, James F. Hunt. Cambridge, Md.: Cornell Maritime Press, 1972. 304 pp. Illus. $12.95.
This narrative pictorial presents an interpretive history, describes the missions, and tells of the outstanding personalities that have been part of America’s oldest continuous, seagoing Armed Service.
The Wall: A Tragedy in Three Acts
Eleanore Lansing Dulles. Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press, 1972. 105 pp. No price given.
President John F. Kennedy and the State Department’s bureaucracy are severely criticized for their bumbling of the 1961 Berlin crisis.
The Whale
Jacques-Yves Cousteau, Philippe Diole. New York: Doubleday, 1972. 304 pp. Illus. $9.95.
A fascinating look at the earth’s largest mammals, an absorbing narrative backed by amazing, close-up photographs of these creatures who stand so close to extinction through man’s thoughtlessness.
RE-ISSUES
The Life Savers of Cape Cod
J. W. Dalton. Chatham, Mass.: The Chatham Press [1902], 1967, 152 pp. Illus. $2.95 (paper).
Shipwrecks on Cape Cod
Isaac M. Small. Chatham, Mass.: The Chatham Press [1928], 1971. 86 pp. Illus. $2.50 (paper).