After an average amount of such reading, the writer found that his knowledge of what had actually been done at the Washington Conference was still vague. The experts simply refused to bring themselves down to a discussion of the simple points of the treaty, such as how long it will remain in force, when will the allowed replacements bring the capital ship fleet of Great Britain down to the same number of ships as our fleet, what peace time war-construction is permitted on merchant vessels—in short the many elementary points which are of interest to the practical naval officer.
The writer’s interest along these lines was stimulated very effectively when he made the discovery that the Naval Examining Board has lately displayed a marked curiosity regarding the Limitation of Armaments Treaty, as evidenced by some of the questions appearing in recent professional examinations for line officers. Judging from these examination questions, the Board is not so much interested in discussions of the international balance of power as it is in finding out whether an officer knows the answers to definite questions regarding some practical stipulation of the treaty. In search of such definite information, the writer made a visit to a well equipped naval library with the notion of finding some brief summary of the points covered by the Conference, and particularly those covered by the Limitation of Armaments Treaty. The obliging librarian stated that the information requested was available, and he thereupon produced several volumes that varied from about the size of the well-known work on seamanship to the dimensions of a small suitcase. Since the librarian could not be persuaded to bring out any nice thin books on the subject, the treaties themselves were consulted in the hope of finding a short cut. It soon became apparent that the treaties had to be studied very carefully and laboriously, in order to follow out the intricate technical language and miss none of the involved cross references between articles and sections.
After a considerable amount of such work the writer compiled in non-technical language a set of notes which he believes covers the main points of the Limitation of Armaments Treaty. With the idea of saving others who may be similarly interested the labor of compiling this information, these notes are presented as briefly as possible in the following paragraphs. In all cases where the words are quoted directly from the treaty, they are inclosed in quotation marks.
“Treaty between the United States of America, the British Empire, France, Italy and Japan, Limiting Naval Armaments”
The treaty will come into force on the date of the deposit of all ratifications, of the five contracting powers, in the archives of the United States Government at Washington, D. C.
(Writer’s note: The deposit of all ratifications took place, and the treaty came into force, on August 17, 1923.)
The treaty will remain in force until December 31, 1936; and in order to terminate it on that date, or any subsequent date, the power wishing to terminate must give two full years previous notice to the other contracting powers. In case any one power gives such notice, the treaty automatically terminates at the end of the two-year period for all the contracting powers.
“A capital ship, in the case of ships hereafter built, is defined as a vessel of war, not an aircraft carrier, whose displacement exceeds 10,000 tons standard displacement, or which carries a gun with a caliber exceeding eight inches.”
It must be borne carefully in mind that the above treaty definition of a capital ship applies, as stated, to ships that are built after the treaty comes into force, and not to ships already built or building. When the treaty speaks of capital ships and is referring to ships already built or building, it means only battleships and battle cruisers, without regard to displacement or gun power. A reader of the treaty must decide which meaning is intended, when a capital ship is mentioned, by noticing whether the reference is to a capital ship to be built after the treaty comes into force, or to one which is already built or building.
In the meaning of the treaty, retained capital ships are the particular ships, already built or building, that each power is allowed to retain until they are ready to be scrapped due to age; and replacement capital ships are the ships that will be built, after the treaty is in force, to replace the retained ships when the latter have reached the age limit set by the treaty. The distinction between retained capital ships and replacement capital ships must constantly be borne in mind, because the two are handled quite differently throughout the treaty.
The powers agree to limit capital ship and aircraft carrier tonnage as follows: the United States to a replacement tonnage of 525,000 for capital ships and 135,000 for aircraft carriers; the British Empire to a replacement tonnage of 525,000 for capital ships and 135,000 for aircraft carriers; Japan to a replacement tonnage of 315,000 for capital ships and 81,000 for aircraft carriers; France to a replacement tonnage of 175,000 for capital ships and 60,000 for aircraft carriers; and Italy to a replacement tonnage of 175,000 for capital ships and 60,000 for aircraft carriers.
The powers agree to limit the tonnage and gun power of replacement capital ships to 35,000 and sixteen-inch caliber, respectively.
The tonnage of aircraft carriers is limited to 27,000, except that any power may build not more than two aircraft carriers of tons, provided the total aircraft carrier tonnage for the power is not thereby exceeded. No aircraft carrier can mount a gun larger than eight-inch. If an aircraft carrier is of greater displacement than 27,000 tons, and if any of its guns are larger than six-inch, then the total number of guns shall not exceed eight. If an aircraft carrier is not of greater displacement than 27,000 tons, and if any of its guns are larger than six-inch, then the total number of guns shall not exceed ten. If an aircraft carrier has no guns larger than six-inch, then the total number of guns is not limited. Irrespective of displacement and guns larger than six-inch, there shall be no limitation for any aircraft carrier as to the number of anti-aircraft guns or guns not exceeding five-inch—any number of these may be carried.
No replacement capital ship or aircraft carrier can itself be replaced by a new one until it is at least twenty years old. By special provisions of the treaty, however, certain retained ships can be replaced by new ones before they are twenty years old. These special provisions will be noted in later paragraphs.
The powers agree that any aircraft carrier in existence, or building, on November 12, 1921, shall be considered experimental, and that all such can be replaced at any time, irrespective of age, provided the maximum tonnage allowed for each vessel and the total maximum aircraft carrier tonnage are not exceeded.
In case of loss or accidental destruction of a capital ship or aircraft carrier, it may be replaced at once, regarding only tonnage requirements.
The retained capital ship tonnage for the United States is as follows: West Virginia, Colorado, Maryland, California, Tennessee, Idaho, New Mexico, Mississippi, Arizona, Pennsylvania, Oklahoma, Nevada, New York, Texas, Arkansas, Wyoming, Florida and Utah—a total of eighteen ships aggregating a retained tonnage of 525,850.
The retained capital ship tonnage for the British Empire is as follows: Battleship A, Battleship B (the treaty permits these two ships to be built at any time, but they are limited to the standard displacement of 35,000 tons), Ramillies, Royal Sovereign, Royal Oak, Resolution, Revenge, Valiant, Malaya, Queen Elizabeth, Warspite, Barham, Benbow, Emperor of India, Iron Duke, Marlborough, Hood, Renown, Repulse and Tiger—a total of twenty ships, aggregating a retained tonnage of 558,850
Until Battleships A and B are completed, Great Britain is permitted to retain the Thunderer, King George V, Ajax and Centurion. (Writer’s note: The British have, since signing the treaty, laid down the Nelson and the Rodney, as the two battleships A and B, and these two vessels are to be completed in 1925.)
The retained capital ship tonnage for Japan is as follows: Mutsu, Nagato, Hiuga, Ise, Yamashiro, Fu-So, Kirishima, Haruna, Hiyei and Kongo—a total of ten ships, aggregating a retained tonnage of 301,320.
The retained capital ship tonnage for France is as follows: Lorraine, Provence, Bretagne, Paris, France, Jean Bart, Courbet, Condorcet, Diderot and Voltaire—a total of ten ships, aggregating a retained tonnage of 221,170. France may lay down new tonnage in 1927 and in 1929, not to exceed 35,000 tons either year.
The retained capital ship tonnage for Italy is as follows: Andrea Doria, Caio Duilio, Conte Di Cavour, Guilio Cesare, Leonardo Da Vinci, Dante Alighieri, Roma, Napoli, Vittorio Emanuclo and Regina Elena—a total of ten ships, aggregating a retained tonnage of 182,800. Italy may lay down new tonnage in 1927 and in 1929, not to exceed 35,000 tons either year.
It is agreed that all other capital ships, built or building, of the United States, the British Empire and Japan shall be scrapped, except that these powers are permitted to use any two of their ships, built or building, which would otherwise be scrapped, for the purpose of converting them into aircraft carriers, these latter not to exceed 33,000 tons each; provided the United States is permitted to retain the Oregon and the Illinois for noncombatant purposes, the British Empire is permitted to retain the Colossus and Collingwood for noncombatant purposes, and Japan is permitted to retain the Shikishima and Asahi for noncombatant purposes. France and Italy will eventually be allowed two noncombatant capital ships, by the provision which permits them to save two ships out of those which would otherwise be scrapped in or after the year 1931. France is permitted to keep two of the Jean Bart class; Italy is permitted to keep one of the Dante Alighieri class and one of the Guilio Cesare class.
None of the retained ships named in the treaty can be reconstructed, except that a maximum increase in the displacement of each ship is permitted of 3,000 tons, solely for improvements in protection against aircraft and submarines, which may include the construction of a bulge or blister or an anti-aircraft deck.
“No alteration in side armor, in caliber, number, or general type of mounting of main armament shall be permitted.”
The powers agree that they will not, in time of war, use any vessel or vessels which may be under construction within their jurisdiction for a foreign power.
It is agreed that, excepting the two battleships A and B (Nelson and Rodney) which the British Empire is permitted to build at any time and with the further exception of the new tonnage that France and Italy are permitted to lay down in 1927 and in 1929, there shall be no capital ships laid down by any of the contracting powers until ten years from November 12, 1921.
During a period of fifteen to twenty years after the ratification of the treaty, retained ships will gradually be displaced by replacement ships; and the powers agree to definite replacement schedules setting forth the earliest times vessels may be replaced, the number of replacement vessels that each power can add to its fleet in any one year, and the number of retained vessels that must be scrapped per year. When all retained vessels have been replaced, there will be no further need of replacement schedules, because the powers will then be governed by the general stipulations of the treaty that: (a) all capital ships and aircraft carriers must be twenty years old before they can be replaced; (b) the keels for replacement vessels can not be laid earlier than seventeen years from the date of completion of the tonnage to be replaced; (c) no capital ship or aircraft carriers can exceed 35,000 tons and 27,000 tons, respectively; and (d) the total replacement tonnages for capital ships and aircraft carriers must not be exceeded.
The treaty schedule for the United States permits keels to be laid for capital ships, to make replacements, as follows:
two in 1931 to replace Wyoming, Florida and Utah;
two in 1932 to replace New York, Texas and Arkansas;
one in 1933 to replace Oklahoma and Nevada;
two in 1934 to replace Pennsylvania and Arizona;
one in 1935 to replace Mississippi;
two in 1936 to replace New Mexico and Idaho;
one in 1937 to replace Tennessee;
two in 1938 to replace California and Maryland; two in 1939 to replace Colorado and West Virginia.
The schedule for the British Empire permits keels to be laid for capital ships as follows:
two in 1931 to replace Benbow, E. India, I. Duke and Marlborough;
two in 1932 to replace Tiger, Q. Elizabeth, Barham and Warspite;
one in 1933 to replace Royal Sovereign and Malaya;
two in 1934 to replace Revenge and Resolution;
one in 1935 to replace Royal Oak;
two in 1936 to replace Repulse and Valiant;
one in 1937 to replace Renown;
two in 1938 to replace Hood and Ramillies;
two in 1939 to replace Nelson and Rodney.
The schedule for Japan permits keels to be laid for capital ships as follows:
one in 1931 to replace Kongo;
one in 1932 to replace Haruna and Hiyei;
one in 1933 to replace Kirishima;
one in 1934 to replace Fu-So;
one in 1935 to replace- Yamashiro;
one in 1936 to replace Ise;
one in 1937 to replace Hiuga;
one in 1938 to replace Nagato;
one in 1939 to replace Mutsu.
The number of new ships allowed each year, in the above schedules for the United States, the British Empire and Japan must not be exceeded, irrespective of tonnage considerations. If, for example, a schedule for one of these three powers permits two ships to be laid down during a certain year, these ships may have any displacement up to 35,000 each, or a total of 70,000 tons; but the schedule would not permit more than two ships to be laid down in that year, even though their total tonnage were kept within 70,000. The treaty does not place this limitation upon France and Italy. The schedules for these two powers give the total replacement tonnage allowed for certain years, and this tonnage may be alloted as France and Italy consider advisable, subject solely to the limitations that the displacement of individual ships shall not exceed 35,000 tons, and the total capital ship tonnage must be kept within the limits set by the treaty.
The schedule for France permits tonnage to be laid for capital ships as follows:
35,000 tons in 1927 to replace Jean Bart and Courbet;
35,000 tons in 1929 to replace France;
35,000 tons in 1931 to replace Paris and Bretagne;
35,000 tons in 1932 to replace Provence;
35,000 tons in 1933 to replace Lorraine.
The schedule for Italy permits tonnage to be laid for capital ships as follows:
35,000 tons in 1927 to replace Dante Alighieri;
35,000 tons in 1929 to replace Leonardo Da Vinci;
35,000 tons in 1931 to replace Guilio Cesare;
45,000 tons in 1932 to replace Conte Di Cavour and Duilio;
45,000 tons in 1933 to replace Andrea Doria.
Of the ten capital ships that the treaty permits France to retain, the Condorcet, Diderot and Voltaire are old type battleships, and the seven others are dreadnaughts; of the ten which Italy is permitted to retain, the Roma, Napoli, Vittorio Emanuelo and Regina Elena are old type battleships, and the remaining six are dreadnaughts. The replacement schedules for these two powers provide definitely for the scrapping of the dreadnaughts when new capital ship tonnage is completed, but no definite provision is made for scrapping the old type battleships. In fact they are not considered at all in any part of the treaty except where they are named among the vessels that may be retained. This will permit France and Italy to retain these old type battleships for an indefinite period—until the mounting total of newly constructed tonnage makes it necessary to scrap them in order to keep within the tonnage limits set for each power by the treaty.
The wording of the treaty is such, regarding these replacement schedules, that the years set forth for laying down the keels of new capital ships represent the earliest possible times within the limitations of the treaty for beginning the construction of these ships; but none of the powers is obligated to construct new tonnage at any certain times or within any specified periods—the schedules act merely as a brake on new construction. The treaty provides, however, that in case a keel is laid for an authorized replacement, the scrapping of the old vessel shall be commenced within four years from the laying of the keel of the replacement vessel, whether the new one is completed or not.
The replacement schedules are based on ages of ships, but the treaty provides that any power may retain an older ship and scrap a newer one when making replacements, so long as the number of ships called for in the schedule are scrapped each year.
All the ships which are to be scrapped immediately upon ratification of the treaty must by the end of six months from the date of ratification be rendered unfit for war service of any kind, and they must be totally scrapped by the end of eighteen months. These same limiting periods apply when a vessel is to be scrapped to make way for replacement tonnage. In the meaning of the treaty a ship is totally scrapped when it is either permanently sunk in deep water or entirely broken up. The only exception to this is the provision which permits each Power to retain one capital ship that would otherwise be totally scrapped, for use as a target vessel. When this is done, the ship so used must at all times be in a condition unfit for war services, which means that its guns, ammunition and explosives must be removed, its turret machinery must be wrecked or taken off, and it must be stripped of all fire control and aircraft gear.
Following is the agreement between the United States, the British Empire and Japan, regarding fortifications in the Pacific, taken word for word from the treaty:
“The United States, the British Empire and Japan agree that the status quo at the time of the signing of the present treaty, with regard to fortifications and naval bases, shall be maintained in their respective territories and possessions specified hereunder:
“(1) The insular possessions which the United States now holds or may hereafter acquire in the Pacific Ocean, except (a) those adjacent to the coast of the United States, Alaska and the Panama Canal Zone, not including the Aleutian Islands, and (b) the Hawaiian Islands;
“(2) Hong Kong, and the insular possessions which the British Empire now holds, or may hereafter acquire in the Pacific Ocean, east of meridian no degrees east longitude, except (a) those adjacent to the coast of Canada, (b) the Commonwealth of Australia and its territories, and (c) New Zealand;
“(3) The following insular territories and possessions of Japan in the Pacific Ocean, to wit: the Kurile Islands, the Bonin Islands, Amami-Oshima, the Loochoo Islands, Formosa and the Pescadores, and any insular territories or possessions in the Pacific Ocean which Japan may hereafter acquire.
“The maintenance of the status quo under the foregoing provisions implies that no new fortifications or naval bases shall be established in the territories and possessions specified; that no measures shall be taken to increase the existing naval facilities for the repair and maintenance of naval forces, and that no increase shall be made in the coast defenses of the territories and possessions above specified. This restriction, however, does not preclude such repair and replacement of worn out weapons and equipment as is customary in naval and military establishments in time of peace.”
TABLE OF REPLACEMENTS
The following table shows from 1922-42, for the five treaty powers, the number of pre-Jutland and post-Jutland capital ships that each power will possess for any one year. The total number of capital ships possessed by any of these powers can be determined for any one year by adding the pre- Jutland and post-Jutland ships of the power for that year. Replacement tonnage does not affect the figures of the table until the years in which new ships are due for completion, and the treaty estimate is that all the powers will complete new ships within three years after laying their keels, except in the case of Italy, for which the treaty estimate is four years.
UNITED STATES | GREAT BRITAIN | JAPAN | FRANCE | ITALY | |||||||||||||||||
| Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre | Post | |||||||||||
| Jutland | Jutland | Jutland | Jutland | Jutland |
| |||||||||||||||
1922........15 | 3........21 | 1........8 | 2........7 | 0........6 | 0 | ||||||||||||||||
1923........15 | 3........21 | 1........8 | 2........7 | 0........6 | 0 | ||||||||||||||||
1924........15 | 3........21 | 1........8 | 2........7 | 0........6 | 0 | ||||||||||||||||
1925........15 | 3........17 | 3........8 | 2........7 | 0........6 | 0 | ||||||||||||||||
1926........15 | 3........17 | 3........8 | 2........7 | 0........6 | 0 | ||||||||||||||||
1927........15 | 3........17 | 3........8 | 2........7 | 0........6 | 0 | ||||||||||||||||
1928........15 | 3........17 | 3........8 | 2........7 | 0........6 | 0 | ||||||||||||||||
1929........15 | 3........17 | 3........8 | 2........7 | 0........6 | 0 | ||||||||||||||||
1930........15 | 3........17 | 3........8 | 2........5 | *........6 | 0 | ||||||||||||||||
1931........15 | 3........17 | 3........8 | 2........5 | *........5 | * | ||||||||||||||||
1932........15 | 3........17 | 3........8 | 2........4 | *........5 | * | ||||||||||||||||
1933........15 | 3........17 | 3........8 | 2........4 | *........4 | * | ||||||||||||||||
1934........12 | 5........13 | 5........7 | 3........2 | *........4 | * | ||||||||||||||||
1935........9 | 7.........9 | 7........5 | 4........1 | *........3 | * | ||||||||||||||||
1936........7 | 8.........7 | 8........4 | 5........0 | *........1 | * | ||||||||||||||||
1937........5 | 10........5 | 10.......3 | 6........0 | *........0 | * | ||||||||||||||||
1938........4 | 11........4 | 11.......2 | 7........0 | *........0 | * | ||||||||||||||||
1939........2 | 13........2 | 13.......1 | 8........0 | *........0 | * | ||||||||||||||||
1940........1 | 14........1 | 14........0 | 9........0 | *........0 | * | ||||||||||||||||
1941........0 | 15........0 | 15........0 | 9........0 | *........0 | * | ||||||||||||||||
* Number of vessels not fixed—the treaty permits France and Italy to employ the capital ship tonnage allotment as they see fit, subject solely to the limitations that displacement of individual ships shall not exceed 35,000 tons and that they keep within their total tonnage allotments of 175,000 tons each.
THE RETAINED CAPITAL SHIP FLEET OF THE UNITED STATES
Year was Finished | Name | Displacement | Armor | Speed Knots | Main Battery |
1923 | West Virginia | 32,600 | 16-18" | 21 | 8 16"-45 Cal |
1923 | Colorado | 32,600 | 16-18" | 21 | 8 16"-45 Cal |
1922 | Maryland | 32,600 | 16-18" | 21 | 8 16"-45 Cal |
1921 | California | 32,300 | 14-18" | 21 | 12 14"-50 Cal |
1920 | Tennessee | 32,300 | 14-18" | 21 | 12 14"-50 Cal |
1919 | Idaho | 32,000 | 14-18" | 21 | 12 14"-50 Cal |
1918 | New Mexico | 32,000 | 14-18" | 21 | 12 14"-50 Cal |
1917 | Mississippi | 32,000 | 14-18" | 21 | 12 14"-50 Cal |
1916 | Arizona | 31,400 | 14-18" | 21 | 12 14"-45 Cal |
1916 | Pennsylvania | 31,400 | 14-18" | 21 | 12 14"-45 Cal |
1916 | Oklahoma | 27,500 | 13-18" | 21 | 10 14"-45 Cal |
1916 | Nevada | 27,500 | 13-18" | 21 | 10 14"-45 Cal |
1914 | New York | 27,000 | 12-14" | 21 | 10 14"-45 Cal |
1914 | Texas | 27,000 | 12-14" | 21 | 10 14"-45 Cal |
1912 | Arkansas | 26,000 | 11-12" | 21 | 12 12"-50 Cal |
1912 | Wyoming | 26,000 | 11-12" | 21 | 12 12"-50 Cal |
1911 | Florida | 21,825 | 11-12" | 21 | 10 12"-45 Cal |
1911 | Utah | 21,825 | 11-12" | 21 | 10 12"-45 Cal |
THE RETAINED CAPITAL SHIP FLEET OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE
Year was Finished | Name | Displacement | Armor | Speed Knots | Main Battery |
1925 | Nelson | 35,000 | 10-13" | 23 | 9 16"-.. Cal |
1925 | Rodney | 35,000 | 10-13" | 23 | 9 16"-.. Cal |
1917 | Ramillies | 25,750 | 10-13" | 23 | 8 15"-42 Cal |
1916 | R. Sovereign | 25,750 | 10-13" | 23 | 8 15"-42 Cal |
1916 | Royal Oak | 25,750 | 10-13" | 23 | 8 15"-42 Cal |
1916 | Resolution | 25,750 | 10-13" | 23 | 8 15"-42 Cal |
1916 | Revenge | 25,750 | 10-13" | 23 | 8 15"-42 Cal |
1916 | Valiant | 27,500 | 10-13" | 25 | 8 15"-42 Cal |
1916 | Malaya | 27,500 | 10-13" | 25 | 8 15"-42 Cal |
1915 | Q. Elizabeth | 27,500 | 10-13" | 25 | 8 15"-42 Cal |
1915 | Wars pile | 27,500 | 10-13" | 25 | 8 15"-42 Cal |
1915 | Barham | 27,500 | 10-13" | 25 | 8 15"-42 Cal |
1914 | Benbow | 25,000 | 10-12" | 21 | 10 13.5"-45 C |
1914 | Emp. of India | 25,000 | 10-12" | 21 | 10 13.5"-45 C |
1914 | Iron Duke | 25,000 | 10-12" | 21 | 10 13.5"-45 C |
1914 | Marlborough | 25,000 | 10-12" | 21 | 10 13.5"-45 C |
1920 | *Hood | 41,200 | 6-12" | 32 | 8 15"-42 Cal |
1916 | *Renown | 26,500 | 6- 9" | 30 | 6 15"-42 Cal |
1916 | *Repulse | 26,500 | 6- 9" | 30 | 6 15"-42 Cal |
1914 | *Tiger | 28,500 | 6- 9" | 28 | 8 13.5"-45 C |
* Battle cruisers.
THE RETAINED CAPITAL SHIP FLEET OF JAPAN
Year was Finished | Name | Displacement | Armor | Speed Knots | Main Battery |
1922 | Mutsu | 33,800 | 12" | 23 | 8 16"-45 Cal |
1921 | Nagato | 33,800 | 12" | 23 | 8 16"-45 Cal |
1918 | Hiuga | 31,260 | 12" | 23 | 12 14"-45 Cal |
1917 | 1st | 31,260 | 12" | 23 | 12 14"-45 Cal |
1917 | Yamashiro | 30,600 | 12" | 22 | 12 14"-45 Cal |
1915 | Fu-So | 30,600 | 12" | 22 | 12 14"-45 Cal |
1915 | *Kirishima | 27,500 | 8-10" | 27 | 8 14"-45 Cal |
1915 | *Haruna | 27,500 | 8-10" | 27 | 8 14"-45 Cal |
1914 | *Hiyei | 27,500 | 8-10" | 27 | 8 14"-45 Cal |
1913 | *Kongo | 27,500 | 8-10" | 27 | 8 14"-45 Cal |
* Battle cruisers.
THE RETAINED CAPITAL SHIP FLEET OF FRANCE |
Year was Finished | Name | Displacement | Armor | Speed Knots | Main Battery |
1915 | Bretagne | 23,500 | 10-17" | 21 | 10 13.4"-45 C |
1915 | Lorraine | 23,500 | 10-17" | 21 | 10 13.4"-45 C |
1915 | Provence | 23,500 | 10-17" | 21 | 10 13.4"-45 C |
1914 | Paris | 23,500 | 11-12" | 21 | 12 12"-45 Cal |
1914 | tFrance | 23,500 | 11-12" | 21 | 12 12"-45 Cal |
1913 | Jean Bart | 23,500 | 11-12" | 22 | 12 12"-45 Cal |
1913 | Courbet | 23,500 | 11-12" | 21 | 12 12"-45 Cal |
1911 | *Condorcet | 18,890 | 10-12" | 20 | 4 12"-45 Cal |
1911 | *Diderot | 18,890 | 10-12" | 20 | 4 12"-45 Cal |
1911 | * Voltaire | 18,890 | 10-12" | 20 | 4 12"-45 Cal |
t The France foundered in Quiberon Bay in August, 1922.
* Pre-dreadnaught battleships.
THE RETAINED CAPITAL SHIP FLEET OF ITALY |
Year was Finished | Name | Displacement | Armor | Speed Knots | Main Battery |
1915 | Andrea Doria | 22,700 | 8-11" | 21 | 13 12"-46 Cal |
1915 | Caio Duilio | 22,700 | 8-11" | 21 | 13 12"-46 Cal |
1915 | Conte Di Cavour | 22,500 | 8-11" | 22 | 13 12"-46 Cal |
1914 | Guilio Cesare | 22,500 | 8-11" | 22 | 13 12"-46 Cal |
1914 | L. Da Vinci | 22,500 | 8-11" | 22 | 13 12"-46 Cal |
1912 | Dan. Alighieri | 19,500 | 6-11" | 22 | 12 12"-46 Cal |
1908 | *Roma | 12,600 | 8- 9" | 21 | 2 12"-40 Cal |
1908 | *Napoli | 12,600 | 8- 9" | 21 | 2 12"-40 Cal |
1907 | *V. Emanuele | 12,600 | 8- 9" | 21 | 2 12"-40 Cal |
1907 | *Regina Elena | 12,600 | 8- 9" | 21 | 2 12"-40 Cal |
*Pre-dreadnaught battleships.