U. S. Naval Institute
Naval History/Proceedings:
Some authors of history articles ask whether their pieces will appear in Naval History or Proceedings, and others state their preference up front. No article’s fate, however, is determined upon receipt.
Incoming history articles are evaluated by the publisher, editors-in-chief of both magazines, the managing editor of both magazines, and the assistant editor who slates manuscripts for publication. The staff’s recommendations for accepting and rejecting manuscripts are reviewed by the Editorial Board. In some cases, the article will move directly into the editing cycle. More often, the manuscript, if accepted, will move to a bank of articles that is shared by both publications.
Proceedings articles are slated three months in advance, as a rule; Naval History’s lead time is even longer. In slating, the editors try to maintain balance in both magazines, covering as many areas of reader interest as possible. The process is flexible, however, and slates are made to be changed. Manuscripts can always be flip-flopped between the two magazines if the editors agree. The ultimate goal is to make each magazine, in its own way, as strong as possible.
Oral History: Once again, oral history has proven its value to naval historians. In his recently published book The Iowa-class Battleships (Dorset, England: Blandford Press,) Professor Malcolm Muir has made extensive use of the Naval Institute’s oral history collection, with many firsthand accounts by commanding officers and others who served in these magnificent ships.
Researchers’ legwork has been made easier by the lending library program. Oral history volumes can now be borrowed through the mail for a charge of $12 per volume plus return postage.
Four new volumes have been completed in recent months and are now available for research use:
► Rear Admiral Roy S. Benson, U. S. Navy (Retired) Volume II. He served as Commander Submarine Force Pacific Fleet and Commandant First Naval District in the 1960s. Among subjects discussed are the Military Sea Transportation Service and the reorganization of the Navy Department.
► General James H. Doolittle, U. S. Air Force (Retired), who gives his recollections of the daring April 1942 air raid on Tokyo that was a rallying point for sagging American morale.
► Captain Robert E. Domin, U. S. Navy (Retired), a successful World War II submarine skipper, who gives brief recollections of his service as aide to Commander in Chief U. S. Fleet/Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Ernest King toward the end of the war.
► Captain John V. Noel, U. S. Navy (Retired), a respected surface commander, who discusses, among other topics, the moral leadership program he instituted Navy-wide in the mid-1950s and the civilian-versus-military debate over a potential Judge Advocate General’s Corps in the early 1960s. A prolific writer on naval science, several of Captain Noel’s articles form an appendix at the end of this volume.
For more information on oral history projects under way, the lending library, or to order the $3 catalog of transcripts, contact the director of oral history.
Naval Institute Press: This spring the Naval Institute Press will offer a rich array of books dealing with the Navy in many different historical periods. David Long, a foremost naval historian, takes readers back to a time when naval officers were charged with more than navigation and military strategy and tactics. From the earliest days of the U. S. Navy until the end of the 19th century, naval officers, as the ranking American representatives in distant lands, were often called on to conduct diplomatic negotiations with foreign countries. Gold Braid and Foreign Relations: Diplomatic Activities of U. S. Naval Officers, 1798-1883 is an excellent account of this important aspect of the “Old Navy.” It updates and expands upon the standard work on the topic written in 1912 by Charles O. Paul- lin. Arranged geographically and chronologically. Gold Braid lucidly describes 85 years of naval diplomatic negotiations, from the hard-line approach taken by men such as Edward Preble and John Rodgers with the Barbary pirates in the early 1800s to the careful discussion of Commodore Robert Shufeldt in constructing America’s first treaty with Korea in 1883.
During the opening days of World War I, the German cruiser Emden attracted world-wide attention by sinking 19 allied merchant ships in just 12 weeks. Her story is told by R.K. Lochner in The Last Gentleman-of-War: Raider Exploits of the Cruiser Emden, the most comprehensive book ever written about this ship. The Emden cleverly eluded larger warships and her bold and gallant feats won her the admiration of friend and foe alike.
Today her name conjures up images of a lost era of chivalric adventure on the high seas. The author was a young German naval officer candidate captured by the Americans in the last months of World War II. Now translated for the first time, this fascinating story of the Emden and her crew is at last accessible to English- speaking readers.
A much smaller ship in another war is the subject of Edward P. Stafford’s Subchaser to Sicily. In a wartime navy of giant carriers and battleships, tiny wooden subchasers did not command much attention. Yet these 110-foot warships, manned mostly by inexperienced reservists, performed vital chores for the fleet. Subchaser 692, which participated in the invasion of Sicily in July 1943, was commanded by Edward Stafford, then a lieutenant (junior grade) in his first warship. Stafford brings to life the subchaser and her crew of 30 diverse young men to give readers a taste of what it was like to be in a very big war in a very small ship.
Lieutenant Commander Thomas J. Cutler takes readers to Vietnam with his compelling Brown Water. Black Berets: Coastal and Riverine Warfare in Vietnam. Cutler, who was an in-country naval advisor to South Vietnamese forces, combines the immediacy of on- the-scene action with the calm analysis possible only with the passage of time. He makes clear how difficult the job was for the men of this unorthodox navy as they patrolled the jungle-lined canals, rivers, and coastal areas of Vietnam, often poorly equipped and virtually untrained in guerilla warfare. This is a dramatic, authoritative history of the brown- water navy based on personal experience. I interviews with participants, and official documents.
The Naval Institute Press will also be launching a new series this spring. Classics of Sea Power. The key works of professional naval thought over the centuries will be available in uniform editions. ; These books have been chosen for their significance in illustrating major themes of naval warfare in the areas of theory, strategy, tactics, and operations. The first volume, which will be published in March, is Some Principles of Maritime Strategy by Sir Julian Corbett. Originally published in 1911, this book established Corbett as an authority on the subject. Readers will find that many of Corbett’s concepts are standard in current U. S. maritime strategy.
NAVY HISTORY
By G. Wesley Pryce III, Naval Historical Center
The Contemporary History Branch was established on 1 April 1987 to respond to the Navy’s need for current historical information on the period from World War II to the present. The branch is working on a number of major volumes and shorter monographs, including continuation of the projected six-volume series. The United States Navy and the Vietnam Conflict. Other subjects being covered are the history of naval mine countermeasures, naval operations in the Mediterranean and the Pacific, origins of the Navy’s maritime strategy, the Navy’s role in the Caribbean, naval-industrial relations involved in the submarine construction program, the history of women in the Navy, and the service’s role in national security affairs.
In July 1987, Dr. Ronald H. Spector, the Director of Naval History, embarked with Cruiser-Destroyer Group Two in the Caribbean for eight days to observe operations in USS Iowa (BB-61), Ticonderoga (CG-47), and Saipan (LHA-2). The purpose of Dr. Spector’s visit was to familiarize himself with current fleet operations and to evaluate the center’s capability to document naval activities.
Dr. Spector’s book, U.S. Marines in Grenada, which describes the 1983 evacuation operation, was published by the History and Museums Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps, in October 1987.
On 30 April 1987, Captain Charles J. Smith relieved Captain William H. Peerenboom as the center’s deputy director. Captain Smith served as Director, Surface Warfare Manpower and Training Requirements in the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations prior to this appointment. He formerly commanded Destroyer Squadron Ten, USS California (CGN-36), and USS Robison (DDG-12).
Dr. Dean C. Allard was named the center’s senior historian in July 1987, a new position. He will oversee the center’s historical and archival branches and provide advice to the Director and Deputy Director of Naval History. Dr. Allard formerly headed the Operational Archives Branch. He was succeeded in that post by Bernard F. Cavalcante, who has been associated with the Operational Archives since 1959.
In the summer of 1987, Dr. Malcolm Muir became the first scholar to hold the Secretary of the Navy’s Research Chair in Naval History. Dr. Muir is on leave for one year from Austin Peay State University in Clarksville, Tennessee, where he teaches courses in military and naval history.
At the Naval Historical Center, Dr. Muir is writing a book entitled The Anti- Ship Missile and the United States Navy: The Twisting Path of a Weapons System. 1944-1975. He is examining the origins of U. S. naval strategy in the 1980s which has seen the return of the surface warship to the sea control mission. He sees the surface warship, previously relegated to a supporting role, now taking a prominent place in the Navy’s power projection strategy. Dr. Muir’s study includes an examination of the causes behind the decline of the surface warship immediately after World War II and for the next 15 years. He also will focus on the intertwining of technology, strategy, and tactics in surface warfare which culminated in the recommissioning of the Iowa-class battleships.
The center was saddened to learn of the death of long-time colleague Dr. Karl Jack Bauer on 17 September 1987. He had been serving as chairman of the Secretary of the Navy’s Advisory Committee on Naval History. Among his numerous books were Surfboats and Horse Marines: U. S. Naval Operations in the Mexican War, 1846-1848; The Mexican War, 1846-1848; and Ships of the Navy: Combatant Vessels 1775-1969. He also edited the New American State Papers: Naval Affairs and co-edited the multivolume reference works. United States Navy and Marine Corps Bases, and American Secretaries of the Navy. Dr. Bauer recently completed an overall maritime history of the United States, which was at press at the time of his death. This volume has been published posthumously by the University of South Carolina Press.
Two former deputy directors of the Naval Historical Center died in 1987. Rear Admiral Frederick Kent Loomis, who served between 1955 and 1970, died on 16 February. Captain Paul B. Ryan, Loomis’s successor from 1970 to 1972, died on 4 September.
The center’s Naval Aviation History Branch published a collection of historical monographs commemorating the 75th anniversary of naval aviation. The series includes Volume 1, Naval Aviation Training; Volume 2, Pistons to Jets; Volume 3, U. S. Naval Air Reserve; Volume 4, Kite Balloons to Airships ... the Navy’s Lighter-than-Air Experience; and Volume 5, U. S. Marine Corps Aviation.
In June 1987, the Center commemorated the 45th anniversary of the Battle of Midway with a special exhibit at the Navy Museum in the Washington Navy Yard. The museum used paintings, photographs, maps, and other artifacts, to depict the events of the battle that turned the tide of the war in the Pacific. Survivors of the battle were honored guests at the opening of the exhibit. They included George Gay, the only survivor of Torpedo Squadron Eight; Richard Best and James Murray, the last surviving commanding officer and radioman team; and Mr. Edward Heinemann, who designed the SBD dive-bomber that inflicted so much damage on the Japanese carriers.
The Navy Museum received a historic 7-inch/45-caliber gun from the Naval Ordnance Station at Dahlgren, Virginia, for permanent display in Willard Park, outside the museum. The 45,000-pound gun was manufactured at the gun factory in the Washington Navy Yard at the turn of the century and is stamped as the no. 1 breech and no. 2 carriage.
In cooperation with the Naval Historical Foundation, the center prepares a biannual newsletter which contains brief historical articles and additional news. If readers of Naval History would like to be added to the center’s mailing list, please submit your name and address to the Director of Naval History (Code AR), Building 57, Washington Navy Yard, Washington, D. C. 20374.
MARINE CORPS HISTORY
By Brigadier General Edwin H. Simmons, USMC (Ret.)
The Marine Corps Historical Program produced several important publications in 1987.
Among them is the pamphlet U. S. Marines in Grenada, 1983 written by Lieutenant Colonel Ronald H. Spector, USMCR (who is currently Director of Naval History), with illustrations by Lieutenant Colonel A. M. “Mike” Leahy, USMCR (Ret.).
Another is U. S. Marines in Lebanon, 1982-1984 by Benis M. Frank, head of the Marine Corps’ oral history effort.
The almost coincident bombing of the Marine barracks at the Beirut airport and the U. S. intervention in Grenada in October 1983 provided the greatest challenge to the Marine Corps historical effort since Vietnam. The objective was to collect and publish the operational history of both events in something like real time.
Ben Frank was already well into the collection of a history of the Marines in Lebanon before the bombing occurred. His account begins with the landing of the 32d Marine Amphibious Unit (MAU) at Beirut in August 1982 to assist in the evacuation of Yasser Arafat’s Palestine Liberation Organization and concludes in February 1984 with the withdrawal of the 22d MAU, marking the end of 18 months of U. S. Marine presence.
Frank’s effort included two trips to Beirut and three to Camp Lejeune, where he interviewed the major commanders and staff members of the three MAUs (22d, 24th, and 32d) that served in Lebanon. After the 23 October bombing that killed 241 American servicemen, 220 of them Marines of the 24th MAU, Frank returned to Beirut by way of Grenada. The 22d MAU had finished its business on that little Caribbean island and was on its way to Lebanon to relieve the battered 24th MAU, which had suffered the highest single-day loss of Marine lives since D-Day at Iwo Jima in 1945.
Frank crossed the Atlantic and Mediterranean with the 22d MAU in the USS Guam (LPH-9), returning in the same ship with the 24th MAU, and conducting en route more than three dozen interviews with members of both groups. On his return to Washington he turned over his Grenada materials to then-Major Spector, who had been called to three months of active duty to collect and write the Grenada monograph. Spector is a member of Mobilization Training Unit (MTU) (Historical) DC-7, a unit that exists to augment the Marine Corps’ historical program. He was able to go to Grenada soon after the action for a firsthand look at the scene.
Spector’s effort fit together with that of Mike Leahy, who, as a civilian combat artist under the auspices of the Office of the Navy Chief of Information, went to Grenada in December 1983 to do renderings of the key actions.
The newest entry in the Corps’ regimental histories series is A Brief History of the 6th Marines, by retired Lieutenant General William K. Jones. General Jones spent six years with the 6th Marines, from 1939 to 1945, advancing from second lieutenant to lieutenant colonel. This unit, activated in July 1917, fought in France in World War I, served in China between the wars, garrisoned Iceland in 1941, and fought again in World War II at Guadalcanal, Tarawa, Saipan, and Tinian. As part of the 2d Marine Division, the 6th Marines is now homeported at Camp Lejeune, sending off battalion landing teams to various exercises and deployments in the Caribbean, northern Europe, and the Mediterranean. The infantry battalions also rotate to the Western Pacific, where they come under the operational control of the 3d Marine Division.
There are now 11 brief regimental histories in print, with one more undergoing revision and three in preparation.
Marine Corps aviation’s counterpart to the regimental series is the squadron history series. Latest of the squadron histories is A History of Marine Fighter Attack Squadron 323 by Colonel Gerald R. Pitzl, a member of the historical MTU. VMFA-323, the “Death Rattlers,” has amassed a remarkable number of battle honors. Commissioned in 1943, the squadron was battle-ready in time for Okinawa, where it racked up a score of 124V2 Japanese aircraft shot down, six of them by the squadron’s original commanding officer. Major George C. Ax- tell. VMFA-323 was one of the first two Marine fighter-bomber squadrons called into action during the Korean War. The squadron was also involved almost continuously in Vietnam from December 1965 until March 1969, flying F-4B Phantoms from Da Nang and Chu Lai airfields. The squadron is now equipped with the F/A-18 Hornet.
This is the seventh squadron history to be completed. Several more, including VMFA-115, are in preparation.
Also completed in 1987 was U. S. Marines in Vietnam: Vietnamization and Redeployment, 1970-1971, the fifth volume in what is planned as a 10-volume operational and chronological history. The coming year should bring the publication of the next volume in the series, U. S. Marine Operations in Vietnam, 1969: High Mobility and Stand Down, written by Charles R. Smith. Two more volumes are under way covering the complex year 1968. The periods 1971- 1973 and 1973-1975 are also in the works. This will complete the series.
Also under way is a functional series, of which one volume. Chaplains with Marines in Vietnam, 1962-1971 by Commander Herbert L. Bergsma, CHC, has been published. This was a cooperative effort with the Office of the Chief of Chaplains. The volume is not for sale; however, a limited stock is maintained by the History and Museums Division and copies are available to official units and veterans groups as well as to chaplains and other members of the ministry.
Another joint effort is Marine Military Justice in Vietnam, being written in conjunction with the Judge Advocate Division of Headquarters Marine Corps. The assigned author is Lieutenant Colonel Gary D. Solis, a Marine Corps lawyer and a former staff judge advocate and military judge.
When Rich Smith finishes his Vietnam volume, he is scheduled to start on Marines in the Frigate Navy, a successor to his highly-praised Marines in the Revolution. The new book will be lavishly illustrated with full-color reproductions of the “Marines in the Frigate Navy” paintings by the Corps’ artist-in-residence, Colonel Charles Waterhouse, USMCR (Ret.).
In 1987 Waterhouse completed fine paintings on two Civil War incidents: Marines at Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, and Marines at Fort Fisher, North Carolina. As the year ended he was at work on such diverse 19th century events as Marines with Matthew Perry on Okinawa in 1853, Marines guarding the railroad in Panama in 1885, and Marines under Colonel Robert Huntington at Guantanamo in 1898.
Colonel Avery Chenoweth, another veteran Marine Corps artist, was brought on active duty for half of 1987 to do a series of 12 aircraft paintings to commemorate the 75th anniversary of Marine Corps aviation. In addition to being exhibited, it is expected that these paintings will be published as a print series.
Visitors to the Marine Corps Museum in the Washington Navy Yard will see a special exhibition, “The Eagle and the Dragon,” which tells the story of the 1900 Boxer Rebellion in China. Among the weapons on display is a reconstruction of the “international gun.” During the siege the U. S. Marine legation guard unearthed an Anglo-French cannon barrel and mounted it on an Italian gun carriage to fire Russian shells.
This past year the Marine Corps museum at Quantico, Virginia, transitioned from an aviation to an air-ground museum. Among new items on display in the World War II hangar are an M3 scout car, M3 half-track, M3 and M5 light tanks, M4 medium tank, and an SNJ aircraft. The Marine Air-Ground Museum is open from April through November.
Elsewhere, the San Diego Recruit Depot opened a first-class command museum on 10 November 1987. This gives the Marine Corps excellent museums at both recruit depots, the one at Parris Island having opened in 1975.
The Marine Corps Museum forms just a part of the Marine Corps Historical Center. Use of the center’s reference and research facilities by serious researchers and scholars is encouraged. For a pamphlet describing available facilities and resources, write to Director of Marine Corps History and Museums, Marine Corps Historical Center, Building 58, Washington Navy Yard, Washington, D. C. 20374-0580.
COAST GUARD HISTORY
By Dr. Robert L. Scheina
The Coast Guard is busy preparing for two birthday parties. As noted in the first issue of Naval History, the bicentennial of the service occurs on 4 August 1990. A year prior to that, on 7 August 1989, the bicentennial of the federalization of lighthouses occurs. On this day 200 years ago, the first Congress under the Constitution passed its seventh act (the first bill expending funds) and moved the responsibility for lighthouses from the states to the federal government. The Lighthouse Service was incorporated into the Coast Guard on 1 July 1939. Although the formal merger is only 50 years old, the history of the Coast Guard and the Lighthouse Service had long been intertwined. During the earliest days of the Republic, cutters surveyed sites for lighthouses, tracked down errant buoys, and transported supplies to remote lights. The Coast Guard views these two bicentennial dates—7 August 1989 and 4 August 1990—as the “keystones” for its 200th anniversary celebrations.
Plans for the first celebration are now being formulated. Lighthouses are like grandchildren, each is loved for their uniqueness; therefore, it should come as no surprise that many organizations are planning lighthouse celebrations. To keep advised of the many planned activities, contact the following: Maritime Section, National Trust for Historic Preservation, 1785 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, D. C., 20036; U. S. Lighthouse Society, 130 St. Elmo Way, San Francisco, California, 94127; and the Lighthouse Preservation Society, Box 736, Rockport, Massachusetts 01966. The Coast Guard would be delighted to hear from others planning activities so that we might publicize their plans.
The Coast Guard plans to support lighthouse celebrations when possible- We have also begun a program to reprint references related to the history of aids to navigation and to produce new publications. Although these are intended for the Coast Guard audience, they will be made available to the public as budgetary constraints permit. As part of this undertaking, the Coast Guard has already reprinted Historically Famous Lighthouse and the Chronology of Aids to Navigation and the Old Lighthouse Service, 1716- 1939. We are now working on a series of small pamphlets concerning the history of aids to navigation. The first. The History of Lightships, will be released soon.
HISTORIC NAVAL SHIPS ASSOCIATION
By James W. Cheevers
The Historic Naval Ships Association (known by its acronym HINAS) was founded in 1966 by 11 organizations with historic ships. Today the association promotes the preservation and exhibition of more than 70 naval ships and boats homeported from Toronto to Tampa and from Boston to Honolulu. HINAS supports one of the most powerful fleets in the world, consisting of two aircraft carriers, four battleships, two cruisers, seven destroyers, 24 submarines, cutters, gunboats, motor torpedo boats, frigates (wooden), a brig, a sloop, and several ironclad rams. Additional vessels, provided through the donation program of the Naval Sea Systems Command and by the diligent and hard work of naval veterans, are on the way to joining the fleet. The cruiser Newport News (CA-148), for example, is scheduled to be taken out of mothballs at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard and to grace the shoreline of Duluth, Minnesota, later this year.
Among the founders of HINAS was Captain Casper J. Knight, Jr., who is fondly remembered as the savior of Admiral George Dewey’s Manila Bay flagship, the cruiser Olympia, which today is boarded by thousands of visitors at Penn’s Landing, Philadelphia. The association’s annual award for achievement in fostering its goals is the Casper J. Knight Award. Another early supporter of HINAS was Commander R. T. E. “Bud” Bowler, former secretary-treasurer and publisher of the Naval Institute. Bowler realized the significance of the ship museums in promoting the Navy, in influencing recruitment, and in allowing visitors to recognize the courage and selfless devotion of the many dedicated crewmen who served and sacrificed in their nation’s defense. For the visitor, the exhibited ships offer documentation of many of history’s most stirring actions. “History proudly preserved—valor well honored,” as the HINAS motto proclaims.
Equally dedicated today are those who struggle to document, to maintain, and to show these magnificent ships. Millions of dollars must be raised each year, and as resources are limited, expended with great care. The preservation, and in some cases the restoration, of hulls, superstructures, decks, fittings, engines, machinery, electrical and mechanical systems, and armament are monumental tasks. Admiral Lord Nelson reputedly said “ships and crews which sit in port rot;” it is true that inactive ships need more tender loving care than those under way. It is only with extreme effort in some cases that the ships will survive for the appreciation and education of another generation.
To help visitors learn from the great wooden and steel hulks, innovative interpretation programs have been developed. On some ships, like the frigates Constellation (IX-20) and Constitution (IX-21), period uniforms are sometimes worn and historic reenactments performed. In addition to standard museum tour routes and exhibits, battleship North Carolina (BB- 55) uses a spectacular evening sound and light show to educate audiences. The Massachusetts (BB-59), anchored at Battleship Cove, Fall River, initiated boy scout campouts on aboard the ship, an outstanding program now practiced by other vessels in the historic fleet. Patriots Point, South Carolina, home to the Yorktown (CV-10), Laffey (DD-724), Clamagore (SS-343), the Coast Guard cutter Comanche, and the first nuclear powered merchantman Savannah, has expanded on the billeting concept by quartering entire school classes and by providing them a week of educational pursuits in the museums and parks of Charleston.
The Algonquin-class Coast Guard cutter Mohawk is maintained in operational order, fostering the preservation of the skills necessary to get her under way, showing the flag in several ports during the year, and teaching visitors about the Battle of the Atlantic in World War II. The carrier Intrepid (CV-11) at New York uses large screen motion pictures with tremendous effect in its exhibition area and provides space for the local naval reserve to meet and train. The Nautilus (SSN-571), recently installed near the entrance to the submarine base at Groton, Connecticut, employs modem individual audio guides for its tour and is supported by an excellent new museum facility allowing visitors to simulate firing torpedoes. Many historic naval ship installations have built land-based museums and gift shops to supplement their operations.
The Historic Naval Ships Association provides a forum for its members to exchange operational information and technical data. The annual HINAS meeting, rotated among the membership, is usually held in the fall and is designed around a central theme. At the 1987 meeting in Philadelphia, nearly 50 delegates discussed the status of historic ship preservation after 200 years of national experience, as well as more practical issues such as preservation techniques, insurance, vessel documentation, exhibition resources, and marketing sites and programs.
HINAS also interfaces with other agencies and organizations with common goals or an interest in preserving our maritime heritage such as the Naval Historical Center, National Park Service, and the National Trust for Historic Preservation. In 1984, Congress directed a survey of the nation’s historic maritime resources and requested recommendations on standards and priorities for the preservation of those resources and on appropriate federal and private sector roles in directing those priorities. HINAS is active in supporting and participating in what has become known as the National Maritime Initiative.
Publications of HINAS include the extensive proceedings of its annual meetings; Anchor Watch, a quarterly newsletter; a roster of historic naval ships; and an illustrated booklet about its members produced jointly with the U. S. Naval Institute. Currently in preparation are a “white paper” on how to obtain and to operate a historic naval ship and a major report on ship preservation.
For more information or to become a member of HINAS, write James W. Cheevers, Executive Secretary, HINAS, c/o U. S. Naval Academy Museum, Annapolis, Maryland 21402-5034.