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ARMOR/JODY HARMON
Thunderbolt: General Creighton Abrams and the Army of His Times
Lewis Sorley. New York: Simon &
Schuster, 1992. 429 pp. Ind. Notes.
Photos. $25.00 ($22.50).
Reviewed by Colonel David H.
Hackworth, U.S. Army (Retired)
Right up front, I want to say that 1 Worked for General Creighton Abrams as a Pentagon staff officer 2nd for almost three years in Vietnam as a U.S. unit commander and an advisor to the South Vietnamese.
Abe,” a warrior/scholar, played a ntajor role in my military life. He guided, promoted, decorated, and fired me.* Lastly, I convinced my editor at Simon & Schuster to pub) hsh this fine book, which I’ve been Waiting 20 years to read. I wasn’t disappointed. It hits the reader like a tank attack, and it explodes like a 120-mm. tank gun.
Abe was a great combat leader, and Lewis Sorley has captured him right down to his rumpled fatigues, hair-trigger temper, unique integrity, and '°ve and dedication to the U.S. Army. The book goes from horses to tanks and rides right into the Pentagon’s E-Ring. The reader gets an inside view from each Perspective with clarity, economy, and brevity. Thunderbolt is full of rich anecdotes and in-depth research, which make f°r fun and gripping reading.
I loved Abe, and I got clobbered once °r twice by his massive-fire demonstra- hons when he wasn’t thrilled with things diat I’d done or failed to do. It’s obvious drat Sorley also fell under the General’s charismatic and powerful spell. The book’s major shortcoming is that it doesn’t nail Abe for his failure to change General William Westmoreland’s flawed Vietnam strategy and tactics after he replaced him. Sorley also errs in not being Prore forthright in exposing Abe’s other hvo sins: the debacle and waste of “Hamburger Hill,” 10-20 May 1969, in Viet-
Por details, read Colonel Hackworth’s About Face: Odyssey of an American Warrior (Simon & Schuster, 1989).
nam, and Operation Lam Son 719, February 1971, in Laos.
That said, the book is nevertheless a learning feast for a young leader and a rewarding experience for a professional warrior. It is a gutsy primer for hands-on troop leadership and a well-documented account of tank warfare in World War II—the best descriptions of U.S. tank combat scenes I’ve read. Major flashpoints of the Cold War—Korea, Fulda Gap, Berlin, and Vietnam—are vividly shown through the tank periscope of one of America’s major military players and the awesome tank unit companies under his command.
The Navy and Marine Corps brass won’t like what Abe thought of them in the 1960s. He blasts their ability and professionalism. His disagreement is not about jealousy or interservice rivalry, however, but military competence.
The great tragedy for the United States is that this brilliant fighting leader wasn’t running the Vietnam buildup from the start, instead of General Westmoreland. His leadership style, integrity, and moxie would have ensured that the war would have ended differently from the humiliation of brave Marines evacuating what was left of our effort from the rooftop of the U.S. embassy in Saigon as the final curtain came down.
It’s a shame Abe had to pick up the chips and fight such a bad war. As a spokesman in the book says, “He deserved a better war.”
Yet General Creighton Abrams left a great legacy. He planted the seeds that produced the victory during Desert Storm. He produced a new generation of high-caliber officers that turned a beaten U.S. Army around.
Currently a contributing editor for defense at Newsweek magazine, Colonel Hackworth is America’s most decorated living veteran. Although he has received 8 Purple Hearts and over 100 valor awards, he considers the United Nations Medal for Peace he received for his antinuclear work in Australia to be his “highest award.”
Women Marines: The World War II Era
Capt. Peter A. Soderbergh, USMC (Ret.). Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers. 1992.
189 pp. Bib. Ind. Notes. Photos. $ 39.95 ($35.95).
Reviewed by Colonel Mary V. Stremlow, U.S. Marine Corps Reserve (Retired)
Louisiana State University’s Laville Hall—a campus dormitory—is named for Corporal Germaine Catherine Laville, its only alumna to lose her life while on active duty in the military. She joined the U.S. Marine Corps Women’s Reserve in luly 1943, completed boot camp at Camp Leje- une, and was posted to the Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point, North Carolina. Less than a year later, on 3 June 1944, Germaine, along with four other Marines, died in a tragic fire that destroyed the Synthetic Training Building where she served as an aerial gunnery instructor. Eight other Women Reservists were so badly burned that they required plastic surgery and extended periods of hospitalization.
The solemn memorial services on 4
June 1944 are remembered by former Women Reservists as a turning point in the attitude of male Marines toward the patriotic women who enlisted to “Free a Man to Fight.” “After the fire,” former reservist Marian Bauer recalls, “the men seemed to treat us like partners in the war effort.” Nearly 50 years later, the events surrounding the fire challenged the perceptions of still another male Marine, Peter Soderbergh, a professor of education at Louisiana State University who served as a platoon commander in Korea and later resigned as a captain.
In writing a biography of Germaine, Soderbergh became curious about the women Marines. What motivated them to join the Marines? How did they feel about their service? What was it like during the war? Further, he felt their story needed to be told in relation to the global, cultural, and social context of the times. One woman’s experience grew into a collage of the memories of 146 proud Women Reservists.
This is where Soderbergh’s book differs from the histories and studies of military women published to date. The available body of work mostly consists of chronological accounts or personal memoirs. Women Marines expands our perspective by breaking out of the limited sphere of military history and reminding us of the role women played at home and in the civilian work force in the 1930s and early 1940s.
The book resembles a play within a play and will no doubt be read on two levels. The author uses warm and engaging interviews of former women Marines to convey a serious message. Some readers will see only the personal accounts, while others will find the anecdotes entertaining underpinnings of the larger story—the upheaval of the social order wrought by the war. In its 21 September 1941 issue, Life magazine devoted eight pages to the American housewife: “the sort of woman who keeps her figure, her husband, her makeup, and her humor no matter how tough the going.” Six months later the War Manpower Commission was created in a desperate attempt to draw women into the civilian labor force. By 1944 more than 2.6 million women were employed in vital industries, earning more money than anyone could have foreseen.
At the war’s end, of the 12 million people in the U.S. Armed Forces, nearly 280,000 were women. Over 350,000 women had served in the military: 23,000 of them in the Marine Corps. They brazened it out through the taunts, jeers, and obscenities of the first year. White women experienced firsthand the sting of racial slurs epitomized by the notorious “dogs, niggers, women” epithet. They developed a bond of sisterhood that got them through the bad times, especially when a fellow reservist learned of the death of a loved one—husband, brother, boyfriend. These women were proud to be Marines, and eventually their skeptical families, the country, and, most importantly, male Marines shared their pride.
Soderbergh’s book is a tribute to all the women who served their country in World War II. That a man has understood them so well is remarkable, and the authenticity of his analyses is verified by retired Marine Corps Colonel Julia E. Hamblet, a reservist who later became the first director of the postwar Women Marines. She writes in the Foreword:
[Soderbergh] has woven a tapestry depicting who the WRs were, why they joined the Marine Corps, what they did in the Marine Corps, and the lasting effect of their military service on themselves, their fellow Marines, and the Marine Corps.
However one views women in the Armed Forces, women in the Marine Corps, or women in combat, a reasoned opinion cannot be formed without considering the contributions made by American women in World War II. Soderbergh’s book is a good place to start.
Inspired by two aunts who were Women Reservists in World War II, Colonel Stremlow wrote the Marine Corps' official History of Women Marines 1946-1977 (1986) and Coping with Sexism in the Military (Rosen Publishing Group, 1990). She is currently serving as deputy director, New York State Division of Veterans’ Affairs.
Guardians of the Gulf: A History of America’s Expanding Role in the Persian Gulf, 1833-1992
Michael A. Palmer. New York: MacMillan, Inc. 1992. 328 pp. Bib. Ind. Maps. Notes. Tables. $24.95 ($22.45).
Reviewed by Rear Admiral Harold J. Bernsen, U.S. Navy (Retired)
In his monograph On Course to Desert Storm (Naval Historical Center’s Contributions to Naval History Series, No. 5), Michael Palmer comments, “I am not a historian of the Middle East writing about the U.S. Navy, but a historian of the U.S. Navy writing about the Middle East.” For this we can be thankful, for, although Guardians of the Gulf is much more than a commentary on naval events, it does in fact reflect the author’s
interest in naval history and draws heavily from naval historical documents and the writings and speeches of naval fig- . ures from Commodore Robert Wilson Shufeldt to Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal to Middle East Force Commander, Rear Admiral Anthony Less. The jacket cover, which depicts a carrier transiting the Suez Canal (albeit printed in reverse, with the carrier’s island to port), , underscores the author’s orientation.
Despite the intense, almost continuous, U.S. focus on the Persian Gulf since 1987, driven by U.S. involvement in the tanker war and Desert Shield/Desert Storm, it is safe to say that Americans remain largely unaware of our long historical involvement in the area. Palmer provides a highly readable, straightforward antidote to this state of affairs. He quickly captures our interest and begins to develop a strong contextual base in the book’s first chapters. From a brief account of U.S. trade interests in the early 19th century, he moves on to describe in some detail the key role U.S. oil companies played in developing the Persian Gulf’s petroleum resources through World War II. He carefully points out that throughout this long period the security umbrella provided by the British was the key factor that enabled our business in- ' terests to prosper.
In succeeding chapters the author clearly outlines how, with the advent of the Cold War, our interests in the area became vastly more complex, geostrategic, and economic. As he deftly portrays the rise of Arab nationalism and the concomitant decline in Britain’s prestige and ability to influence events in the region- the central theme of the book begins to emerge more strongly. Using convincing documentation, Palmer asserts that in the late 1960s U.S. leaders increasingly recognized that to maintain stability in the region, to ensure the continued flow ot oil, and to successfully counter Soviet designs would require deeper U.S. political and, perhaps, military involvement in the area. Despite this conviction, the Vietnam experience persuaded President Richard Nixon that the American people would not support direct involvement in another distant and potentially dangerous region of the world. Instead, as it* surrogate, the United States somewhat myopically placed increasing reliance oh Iran under the Shah.
Significant U.S. military commitment would await the Shah’s fall in 1979- Palmer carefully documents how, with the 1980 Carter Doctrine as a basis, the Reagan Administration undertook to sig' nificantly strengthen U.S. military presence in the area during the early 1980s-
This Navy F-14 landing in Saudi Arabia during Desert Storm demonstrates the flexibility of naval aviation, which author Hallion does not seem to hold in high regard.
He devotes particular attention to the tanker war and the U.S. Navy’s escort of reflagged Kuwaiti tankers in 1987 and 1988. (The authoritativeness of Palmer’s account was enhanced by a lengthy visit he made to the Joint Task Force Middle East in the summer of 1988.) In Palmer’s opinion, the U.S. decision to reflag the Kuwaiti ships meant that “Americans henceforth would be the guardians of the Gulf,” and that the United States had totally displaced the British, accepting both Political and military responsibility for the security of the region.
The final third of the book chronicles events leading up to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait and then concentrates almost totally on a detailed account of Desert Shield/Desert Storm. Readers who are unfamiliar with the background and planning that preceded Desert Storm will be Particularly intrigued by Palmer’s treatment of the events leading up to the air campaign, and the different perspectives expressed early on regarding air power’s Potential effectiveness in crushing the Iraqi war machine.
A short concluding chapter restates the theme—highlighting again the logic and continuum of U.S. involvement in the Persian Gulf—and points out some lessons learned, such as the need for the United States to remain engaged and the obligation to take into account Arab culture and political makeup before push- 'ng too hard for what we perceive as reform.
If Guardians of the Gulf has a weakness, it is its failure to deal with the other side of the equation—namely, the Arab side. Scant material is presented that Would enable the reader to discern the significant differences between the Persian Gulf states and the positions of their leaders vis-a-vis Iran and Iraq, not to mention the many cultural, demographic, and religious factors that could affect future U.S.-Persian Gulf relations. Some analysis of the post-Desert Storm security arrangements agreed upon between °ur government and various of the Perisan Gulf countries would also have been relevant and useful.
Nevertheless, for those who don’t know why we are in the region, as well as for those who do, Guardians of the Gulf is a good read and a worthwhile reference.
^ naval aviator. Admiral Bernsen commanded the Middle East Force flagship USS LaSalle (AGF-3) and later served as Commander Middle East Force and Deputy CinCLantFlt. He currently serves on the boards of various nonprofit organizations that are in- v°lved in educating the American public regarding 'be Arab world.
Pf
Storm over Iraq: Air Power and the Gulf War
Richard P. Hallion. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. 383 pp. Append. Gloss. Ind. Maps. Notes. Photos. Tables. $24.95 ($22.45).
Reviewed by Lieutenant General John H. Cushman, U.S. Army (Retired)
If one discounts its doctrinaire treatment of “air power,” Storm over Iraq is useful history, not only of military air in detail in the Gulf War but of military air in outline since 1917. Richard Hallion writes well; he has been eclectic in his research; he summarizes cogently; and he has collected an impressive mixture of facts and narrative. Most valuable is the way he has pulled together a readable story of the way the team under Lieutenant General Charles A. Horner—primarily U.S. Air Force personnel—masterfully planned and executed Desert Storm’s coalition air campaign for General H. Norman Schwarzkopf. One interesting section tells how coalition air forces in the third phase of the air campaign shifted to attacking the deployed Iraqi Army before G (ground attack)-day, how targeting disputes then arose between air and ground commanders, and how these were dealt with. On this issue, Desert Storm does not provide a model to be followed in future operations.
Hallion, true to Air Force (and only Air Force) philosophy, defines air power as “the various uses of airborne vehicles and forces to achieve national needs by the projection of military power or presence at a distance.” (Air Force Manual 1-1 says that aerospace power is “the ability to use a platform operating in or passing through the aerospace environment [‘the entire expanse above the earth’s surface’] essentially for military purposes.”) Neither Hallion nor the Air Force contributes to logical thought by calling anything that flies—from two-man helicopters to cruise missiles—“aerospace (or air) power.”
Fortunately, Hallion does not fall all the way into that trap. He sees military air in close to its true perspective, as a capability that each service has exploited to serve its own statutory “force provider” function. Although Hallion does not have a very high opinion of carrier aviation, he could perhaps be talked into thinking of helicopters as giving a land force “maneuver power” or “mobile firepower” or “reconnaissance power” or “logistics power” or “command and control power”—and even of carrier aviation as part of “sea power.” (Carried too far, any such “power” formulation can, of course, be ridiculous.)
True enough, one fundamental lesson of the Gulf War was, if freedom of air action is not already present, a first order of business must be to achieve it, wielding all-service tactical air under a single control. Desirably, land forces should not be committed into combat until air supremacy is gained, the enemy’s command and control is beaten down, his intelligence assets are neutralized, and the battlefield is prepared through precision air and missile attack. The new Navy/Marine Corps term makes this part of “battlespace dominance.”
Storm over Iraq sheds useful light on how that should be done. Students and practitioners of warfare should read it, recognizing that air alone will never solve the problem and that land forces in a war of maneuver (supported by air and other means) will be required in virtually every case to achieve the ultimate aim and to bring about the end-condition that is sought.
General Cushman, who has commanded both the 101st Airborne Division and the Army’s Combined Arms Center, has reviewed a total of 12 other Gulf War titles. Those reviews appeared in the October 1991 and September 1992 issues of Proceedings.
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Blue Steel: The U.S. Navy Reserve
George Hall and Jon Lopez. Osceola, WI: Motorbooks International, 1992. 128 pp. Photos.
S15.95 ($14.35) paper.
Although the title does not indicate it, this book ls about the Naval Air Reserve. In 128 beau- l|ful color photographs, the various aircraft of the Navy’s Reserve squadrons are stunningly depicted. Tomcats, Hornets, Corsairs, Intrudes, Hawkeyes, Orions, Sea Kings, Skytrains, Seahawks, and Skyhawks all fly through these Pages.
Checkfire!
^Adm. William P. Mack, USN (Ret.). Baltimore, ^10: The Nautical & Aviation Publishing Company of America, 1992. 411 pp. $22.95 ($20.65).
In his third novel Admiral Mack focuses on the USS Truxtun, an old four-stack destroyer converted into an amphibious transport for Pacific theater operations in World War II. Once again the admiral draws on his own extensive naval career and an engaging writing style to '’ring his story to life.
The Chiefs: The Story of the United Kingdom Chiefs of Staff
Bill Jackson and Dwin Bramall. New York: Brassey's (U.S.),1992. 530 pp. Append. Bib. Ind. Notes. Photos. $39.95 ($35.95).
The British Chiefs of Staff, roughly equivalent to the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, have Played a key role in the many wars that have occurred since the middle of the last century. Their many achievements and failures are recorded in this comprehensive book. These important components of British national defense are examined both singly and collectively. The authors—a former general and field marshal in *he British Armed Forces—bring a wealth of Personal experience to this revealing ",ork.
toast Watching in the Solomon Islands: The Bougainville Reports, December l941-July 1943
A- B. Feuer, editor. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 1992. 208 pp. Ind. Maps. Photos. $42.95 ($38.65).
Among the unsung heroes of World War II are Jhe little-known coast watchers, men who hid Behind enemy lines in the Pacific and risked their hves by sending intelligence information to the aPproaching Allied forces. The coast watchers the Solomons played a key role in the South Bacific campaign, and their story is recounted Perein in words from their own reports.
Command and Control for War and Peace
Thomas P. Coakley. Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 1992. 240 pp. Illus. Ind. Notes. Order direct by calling (202) 475-0948.
Coakley explains the basic principles of command and control in a manner that is both informative and comprehensive, yet is easily understood. Former Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Robert T. Herres, writes that “senior commanders as well as novices on the threshold of a new career will benefit from the time they spend reading this material.”
The Emperor's Coloured Coat
John Biggins. London: Seeker & Warburg, 1992. 374 pp. Order direct: Martin Seeker & Warburg Limited/Michelin House/81 Fulham Road/London SW3 6RB.
Biggins’s first novel, A Sailor of Austria, was described by the East Anglican Daily Times as “a good seafaring yam” and “hair-raising and hilarious” by the Mail on Sunday. This second novel promises more of the same. The focus this time is on the Austro-Hungarian Naval Flying Service during World War I, which proves both informative and entertaining.
ES The Golden Thirteen: Recollections of the First Black Naval Officers
Paul Stillwell, editor. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1993. 256 pp. Illus. Ind. Photos. $21.95 ($16.46).
The first black officers in the U.S. Navy share their thoughts, feelings, and experiences in this thought-provoking, inspiring, and long-overdue oral history collection. Their stories reveal much about U.S. society in the 1940s, and even more about the good and bad aspects of human nature. These pioneers faced formidable obstacles in their challenge of institutionalized racial barriers. Within these accounts there is much to induce shame, but there is also a great deal about individual courage and national maturation.
History of U.S. Navy Bomb Disposal
Virginia Beach, VA: U.S. Navy Explosive Ordnance Disposal Association, 1992. Append. Illus. Photos. Order direct: NEODA/P.O. Box 8984/Virginia Beach, VA 23450.
Explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) had its origins in the U.S. Navy in World War II. Since that time EOD has played a vital but little- known role in naval operations. This monograph recounts that role, detailing the founding of the original bomb disposal school, development of the curriculum, technological advances, and the activities of the various EOD teams.
Learning to Fly Helicopters
R. Randall Padfield. Blue Ridge Summit, PA: Tab Books, 1992. 370 pp. Append. Figs. Gloss. Illus. Ind. Photos. $19.95 ($17.95) paper.
Padfield, a helicopter pilot for 16 years and a flight instructor for 12, has included a wealth of information about flying helicopters, from the very basic to the advanced. Hovering, au- torotating, takeoffs, climbs, and specialized maneuvers are all here. Both the military and civilian aspects of helo flying are covered, and Padfield’s captivating style makes even the more complex subjects easy to understand and enjoyable to read.
Learn to Navigate by the Tutorial System Developed at Harvard
Charles A. Whitney and Frances W. Wright. Centreville, MD: Cornell Maritime Press, 1992.
325 pp. Append. Bib. Figs. Illus. Ind. Maps.
Photos. Tables. $24.95 ($22.45) paper.
Although this is a practical manual for navigation, it emphasizes the understanding of the principles involved. The focus is on three methods used in a Harvard freshman tutorial course: confrontation with misconceptions, definitions based on procedures, and the use of imaginary scenarios. The result is a book that makes the reader an active participant in the learning process.
Shipwreck of the Mesquite: Death of a Coast Guard Cutter
Frederick Stonehouse. Duluth, MN: Lake Superior Port Cities, 1991. 105 pp. Bib. Illus. Maps. Photos. $14.95 ($13.45) paper.
In December 1989 the Coast Guard cutter
Mesquite ran aground on the rocks of Lake Superior. The accident was the result of poor navigation, a lamentable tragedy. But of even greater significance is the aftermath of the shipwreck. Seriously affected were several nearby towns and the reputation of the U.S. Coast Guard. This informative account is enhanced by color and monochrome photographs, some of which are quite different from what one might expect.
Spies and Provocateurs: A Worldwide Encyclopedia of Persons Conducting Espionage and Covert Action, 1946-1991
Wendall L. Minnick. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, 1992. 320 pp. Bib. Gloss. Ind. $45.00 ($40.50).
Over 725 agents of espionage (gathering and transmitting intelligence) and covert action (clandestine activities such as coups, assassinations, and sabotage) are compiled into this unusual reference work. Entries include a brief background of the individual, the activity performed, and the consequences of that activity. Also included is a chronology of significant events involving intelligence and covert action.
The Tom Clancy Companion
Martin H. Greenberg, editor. New York: Berkley Books, 1992. 380 pp. Gloss. Photos. $12.95 ($11.65) paper.
For millions of Clancy fans, this book will be an indispensible asset. A “history” of Clancy’s writing career and an in-depth interview with the world-famous author are coupled with a concordance that explains many of the weapons, ships, and other hardware found in Clancy’s novels. Also included are a number of essays by the author himself that reveal his views on
the CIA, gun control, the fall of the Soviet Union, and several other topics.
Underwater Archaeology Proceedings from the Society for Historical Archaeology Conference
Donald H. Keith and Toni L. Carrell, editors. Kingston, Jamaica: Society for Historical Archaeology, 1992. 175 pp. Bib. Figs. Illus. Maps. Photos. Tables. $17.50 ($15.75) paper.
This unusual society’s conference produced papers on Caribbean underwater discoveries, small craft in the South Carolina region, the latest advances in the technology of underwater archaeology, and other topics of related interest.
Other Titles of Interest
Four Hours in My Lai
Michael Bilton and Kevin Sim. New York: Viking, 1992. 430 pp. Append. Bib. Ind. Maps. Notes. Photos. $25.00 ($22.50).
House of Cards: Why Arms Control Must Fail
Colin S. Gray. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992. 242 pp. Ind. Notes. $28.95 ($26.05).
Neither Friend Nor Foe: The European Neutrals in World War II
Jerrold M. Packard. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1992. 432 pp. Append. Bib. Ind. Notes. $30.00 ($27.00).
The Proliferation of Advanced Weaponry: Technology, Motivations, and Responses
W. Thomas Wander and Eric H. Arnett, editors. Washington, DC: American Association
for the Advancement of Science, 1992. 330 pp- Figs. Notes. Tables. Order direct by calling (202) 326-6446.
Self-Determination in the New World Order
Morton H. Halperin and David J. Scheffer, with Patricia L. Small, editors. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1992. 178 pp. Append. Ind. Notes. $21.95 ($19.75) hard cover; $8.95 ($8.05) paper.
Trial by Fire (“Nobody knows war like Harold Coyle and nobody writes it better”—Stephen Coonts)
Harold Coyle. 528 pp. $5.99 ($5.39) paper.
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