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With the
thor joh " t'-^ov.auon or tms dook, au- s*gniflc. n ”,'nton emerges as the most his time ntuanC* dili§ent naval historian of and evo ”'S ^acde brush paints a vivid As A?'"6 P'cture on a broad canvas. Hearn, ,,n''ra^s John Fisher and David
for
(fo
tll'H'^ and fork ” The ease with ses nr ®y Penetrated the airspeed defen-
^hich |
of ^
'be main battle-fleets was never
TraH °”i o defence of Sea
*rade I890-1990
0?‘°n- Topsfield, MA: Michael RePh’ *983' 378 pp. $27.95 ($25.15).
Navy (Retj^ ^aPta'n John Coote, Royal publication of this book, au-
W/- ---------- —
unsDer, Iinst0n Churchill, and even blade n?CU ar Admiral John Jelli ate|yslo conv°ys were dull, desper- °f pri0r ,W’ and easy t0 push down the list s*Ve. U.*i!CS' Above all, they were defen- 'illa to^ I,"8 dasb and glamor of flo- 'he hunt' ° a"acks. cavalry charges, or cal oner'?-8 *'e,d' b'xcePt l°r certain criti- 'n 1942U 'l*1?’ Suc*1 as lbe relief of Malta biorg f0tac*r successful conduct called qualitiJ r°utine administration than the 'heir pr p '*?h took officers to the top of 'Weep u, ess‘on hi the two decades be- "laneuv °r'd wars: skill at high-speed °r fleet CrS and success in gunnery firings s'eps t0^e^attas- The elite took their first a> '^halp l^lc t0P °n the parade ground guL s and» the Royal Navy’s school «*** sPecialists, and not in the aHy unTS 0fHMS °sPrey■ the pathetic- 'hose re ,crPrivileged establishment for rWater
Sub f WeaP°ns.
Utetu !^'ar'ners, John Winton among be sent 3 Pr‘vate “trade” who had to ships j- 0 Sea as watchkeepers in battle-
With a '>rri hme to time “to learn to eat reCo m '*v
^'hcialfty 3S anythin§ but an exercise in
'bans ngSs.0n °f 1916-17, when the Ger- fdking ar ^ Won 'be war by consistently aUnchinrn<Jre tonna8e than the yards were lbe sum 8 ^rnore than two million tons in °b both n'C,r °f 1^17). was soon forgotten Sl.'Ce DaSlaCS °f 'be Atlantic after Armi- P'dity o;V' 0ne wonders at the sheer stu- s’aff. po 'be highest ranks in the naval C°nv0ysr,SOme "me they held out against [bents jn ecause statistics of ship move- Vs jn(j.and out of United Kingdom har- cated that convoys would dislocate port workings by sheer weight of numbers. Then someone from the Great Western Railway discovered that the sailings included local ferries and even fishing boats.
The most elementary war games would have laid bare the prejudice and some of the crass ignorance. But it took Lloyd George’s blunt intervention to get convoys started and maintained. That deci-
U-boat commander Otto Kretschmer disembarks from the HMS Walker after his capture on 27 March 1941. Kretschmer’s U-99 sank approximately 267,000 tons of Allied shipping.
sion and the advent of rudimentary air support won the war with a smashing victory over the U-boats in 1918. As Winton writes, “Those who took part were hardly aware they were winning.” They were mostly reserve officers, trawler- men, weekend sailors, and pressed crews. Just before the war ended came this unexpected tribute to the effectiveness of convoys from a captured U-boat
skipper: “On meeting a convoy . . . the lone U-boat might sink a ship or two (but) the convoy would steam on . . . and reach Britain with a rich cargo safely in port.”
That U-boat skipper, Karl Doenitz, had good cause to recall his words a quarter of a century later, for after he lost eight of the 40 U-boats he was able to concentrate on the 43-ship Liverpool- Halifax Convoy ONS-5. Another five were severely damaged. The survivors were ordered to break off after a running battle lasting more than a week. It was the greatest victory at sea ever won in the Atlantic. Escort Force Commander Peter Gretton was one of the few regular officers in command in the western approaches. They had to face the most formidable opponents the Royal Navy had ever encountered with ships manned, as Gretton put it, with “failures from Scapa Flow [the home fleet], many incompetents and many retired officers.” Included in the group was Commander F. J. Walker, who had been passed over for promotion in peacetime, yet who became the most successful submarine hunter in the North Atlantic when on his last voyage, his team sank six U-boats. Walker subsequently died of exhaustion.
All the great convoy battles have been recounted and analyzed by Stephen Ros- kill in The War at Sea (State Mutual Books, 1977), but John Winton has added a new dimension: an insight into the lives and morale of those who manned the 1,175 U-boats in disregard of constant air bombardment. To exploit their boats’ speed and mobility, U-boat captains had to remain on the surface in the presence of the enemy in all kinds of weather—long after hostile air cover, new detection devices, and instant codebreaking had given the Allies a fatal edge. Two-thirds of this vast fleet was sunk, taking down with it 32,000 brave sailors. From records of interrogated survivors, John Winton has recorded the last moments of many U-boats, struggling to hold trim well below their designed depth with their control-gear jammed by depth charge patterns.
Captain George E. Creasy, the director of Anti-Submarine Warfare in the Admiralty during World War II, interviewed the captured great German U-boat ace,
Otto Kretschmer, “to size him up.” He found Kretschmer to be “modest, courteous, brave, and quick-witted—an officer and a gentleman.” Captain Creasy concluded: “I sincerely hope that there are not too many like him.”
This book is a tribute to the vanquished and the victor alike. It is also a clear warning to today’s naval planners that they are not likely to be given a third chance to relearn the lessons of history, that convoys may not by themselves win wars fought in the sea-lanes, but to ignore them will certainly bring about swift defeat. Unhappily the waverers’ doubts have been boosted by the reality of too few escorts left after successive cuts by United Kingdom politicians with “no previous knowledge or interest in [maritime] defense matters.” Thus once again we hear whispers of roving antisubmarine patrol groups and sanitized lanes.
Captain Coote was a Royal Navy submariner who saw war service off Norway and in the Mediterranean and later held four sea commands, 1948-54. At age 38, he resigned to go into newspaper publishing at Fleet Street, retiring as Deputy Chairman of Beaverbrook Newspapers.
Aircraft of the Soviet Union
Bill Gunston. London: Osprey, 1983. 415 pp. Illus. $45.00 ($40.50).
Jane’s All the World’s Aircraft
John W. R. Taylor. New York: Jane’s Publishing, 1983. 906 pp. Illus. $125.00 ($112.50).
World Electronic Warfare Aircraft
Martin Streetly. Boston, Mass.: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1983. 127 pp. Illus. $17.95. ($16.15).
Spy Planes
Bill Gunston. London: Salamander Books, 1983. 159 pp. Illus.
Reviewed by Norman Polmar
Shore-based and ship-based aircraft constitute a significant portion of both the U. S. and Soviet navies and are equipped to perform a myriad of land-sea missions. While these four books provide extensive coverage of various naval aircraft, some will be of only passing interest to many U. S. naval officers. However, the demands of naval aviation require that officers in specialized assignments be familiar with such texts, and that others at least know of their merits and limitations. For naval and aviation buffs, and all those who share air-related interests, these
books are excellent reading.
Bill Gunston is a prolific and respected British aviation writer. His book Aircraft of the Soviet Union represents a historic work that is a journalistic coup. He has cataloged nearly every aircraft developed in the Soviet Union since 1917—a total of approximately 850 aircraft. According to Gunston, “About 710 [of these aircraft] never graced the pages of Jane’s All the World’s Aircraft.”
Major and minor aircraft types are included in Gunston’s survey, with discussions of the designs and their designers, technical data, about 420 photographs, and a generous portion of drawings. Gunston also illuminates a wide array of innovative aircraft. Arranged according to designers and design bureaus, Soviet aircraft types range from the familiar, to the obscure (e.g., the Alekseyev 1-218— a ground attack or Shturmovik aircraft with one pusher and two tractor piston engines), to the unorthodox (e.g., Antonov’s Kr’lya Tanka or KT—a light tank fitted with wings to be towed as a glider).
Of course, Jane's All the World’s Aircraft provides the most complete coverage of contemporary aircraft, both military and civil. The planes listed on the oversize pages include those in production or development. The level of detail is comprehensive, encompassing even the size of on-board cargo compartments and installed avionics and radios.
The coverage of Soviet aircraft is a bit sparse in places, but still useful. The most impressive of the newer Soviet planes is found in the addenda—the Antonov An-400 super cargo aircraft, which has an estimated wingspan of 243.5 feet and a length of 231 feet. Its dimensions make it the largest operating aircraft in the world, with a greater wingspan, but slightly shorter length, than the Lockheed C-5 Galaxy. (Howard Hughes’ famous flying wooden boat, the Spruce Goose, had a wingspan of 320 feet and a length of 218.5 feet, but that giant flew only one flight covering about a mile, and reaching an altitude of 85 feet.) Author John Taylor notes:
“News that the Soviet Union now has the largest aeroplane flying anywhere in the world should surprise no-one. Outsize aeroplanes have held a particular fascination for Russian designers since the young Igor Sikorsky built and flew the pioneer four-engined Grand at St. Petersburg [now Leningrad] in 1913. Its present-day Soviet successors hold all 27 international speed and height records for jet aircraft carrying payloads of more than 35 tonnes; all 64 speed and
height records for turboprop “ ^
with payloads from one to
tonnes. . . .
Less known sections of Jane s useful describe aircraft engines,
that are ultraair-
lights, gliders, airships, balloons, pys launched missiles, and unmanned and aerial targets. The accuracy is and many of the illustrations are pa a larly interesting. This new edition ^ number of new photographs plus usual high-standard Pilot Press view drawings. je.
World Electronic Aircraft Presen^[lta. scriptions, technical data, and qua ^ tive data on electronic warfare St of airborne early warning (AEW) air ,, - - ~ -dudes «eu.
all nations. The coverage iro
E-2
known aircraft (EA-3 Skywarrior, Hawkeye, E-3 AWACS Sentry, etcA''con- also the rare birds—the four EC-1 ^
versions from C-l A Trader cargo air ^ the Israeli IAI-201 Arava configur^ ^ electronic intelligence collection, a. ft Curtis C-46 Commando EW 3 flown by Japan during the 1970s- ^
Details are provided on special eq^ ment, bureau numbers for U. 6- aircraft, and the units that flew . ra]l ous planes. The data on Soviet a'.^ are more limited, and while the dra which highlight the placement 0 ^ gear, are excellent, the photos are weak—with relatively few aircra^ ^ eluded, and many of those pictur^ storage or photographed from P° gles- . runStoH
Spy Planes, the second Bill u ,,j|. book under review, is a small- con- lustrated guide” volume describ' - e, temporary EW, AEW, reconnaisj’^. and “spy” planes. For each aircra^^
tioned there are brief notes,
l0fC
data, and photos. The photos are ^ flashy than those in the other boo ^ the few sketches that appear are us marily as fillers. ntlis
Gunston again lists aircraft that gamut from the familiar (e.g-, ten.r3n2e ants of U-2s are illustrated) to the s li (e.g., a Soviet 11-14 “Crate” c°n for ECM/ELINT activities). Tjj1* suffers from its small (8.5- by page size and abbreviated lenS ston's limit aircraft coverage. But Cun
explanation of airborne “spy niques and his up-to-date section*^ f connaissance systems and rerno loted vehicles are especially use
on
Norman Polmar is an author, columnist. - consultant, specializing in U. S. and
aviation, and strategic matters. A gra‘
American University in Washington,
r *** , D.C" cit
. _ _ [)£ 1- former assistant editor of the Proceeding ' vy’s * rently a member of the Secretary of the search Advisory Committee (NRAC).
128
Proceedings / Oct0
Weyer’s Warships of the World 1984-85
G. Albrecht, editor. Baltimore, MD: Nautical and Aviation Publishing Company of North America, 1984. 730 pp. Illus. Tables. Append. $54.95 ($49.45).
Reviewed by Robert L. Scheina
Those interested in naval order of battle may find that the distinctive features of Weyer’s Warships of the World which separate it from its competitors, Combat Fleets (Naval Institute Press, 1984) and Jane’s Fighting Ships (Jane’s, 1984), allow the buyer a choice based on both content and physical characteristics.
First, although it won’t fit in your pocket, Weyer’s can still honestly be called a handbook, and will fit into a briefcase or pocketbook. By comparison, users of Combat Fleets and Jane’s risk a hernia by carrying around these cumbersome volumes. Second, all drawings in Weyer’s are to a standard scale. There are drawings for all major warships, and even include the subtle distinctions among the Italian, Peruvian, and Venezuelan Lupos. This feature enables the reader to readily compare the physical appearance of ships, whereas such comparisons in the competitors are more time-consuming. This asset, comple
mented by the book’s small size, makes Weyer’s a practical warship recognition book. Third, Weyer’s is less expensive than both Combat Fleets, $84.95 ($67.96), and Jane’s, $125 ($112.50).
In editing Weyer’s, Albrecht was innovative and made sacrifices in order to compress a great amount of information into a small book. The use of abbreviations and symbols is extensive and well executed, and four pages of color flags are included. Also tables for maritime aircraft, missiles, and weapons facilitate comparison between equipment manufactured in various nations. Unfortunately, Weyer’s does not offer the wealth of background information and details, such as photo captions, that its competitors supply. In addition, the size of Weyer’s dictates that the photographs must be, on the average, a third to a quarter the size of those found in its competitors. Although they are valuable for recognition purposes, they are often too small for the detailed photographic analysis that is possible in the other two books.
Like Combat Fleets, Weyer’s is a biennial, which can be a drawback. These publications are frequently used to study trends, and inherently lack precise data, such as recent additions and deletions to world fleets. In addition, Weyer’s does
not include the fate of deleted stripy ^ though the section entitled, "‘Lesson be learned from the Falklands/Ma V1
list
is informative, a casualty for the conflict would have better se
conflict’
the interests of the reader.
Naval annuals and biennials must
timely and accurate. Weyer’s earns
high
the first
marks in these critical areas. It is1 , (0
of the major three books discusse ; of the fifth, sixth
publish the names <
seventh units of the East German chim-class corvettes; the first to r "
that the new Brazilian frigate PT°c*fy
will include 12 units; and the first101P j
lish a photograph of the Bahrain jj missile boat. Admittedly, these are . ^
details; and the most recently Pu ^ naval annual/biennials necessarily ^ timely advantage over its compe ^gse Nonetheless, Weyer’s addresses specific points, and provides the
current information. .-th
well won"
Weyer’s is a quality work its price.
Coasl
Dr. Scheina is the historian for the U- ’j^rl^ Guard. He has traveled extensively in Latin and been published in many Latin and Eur°P boA' lications on Latin American topics. His n rjcc, The Influence of Sea Power Upon Latin stjtute 1810-1982, will be published by the Naval Press in 1985.
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Books of Interest
By Lieutenant Commander Thomas J. Cutler, U. S. Navy
Aft
V^nam**1' A So,dier’s Return from
Frederick
'®84. 227 WnS' Jr- New York: W. W. Norton,
P^deric PP' 2'95 ($1165)- °f us vvho^°WnS wr‘tes 'n Aftermath, “Most °Ur conte W£nt *° ^'etnam are stronger than w^° d*dn’L Perhaps this Help exD|ainS W^' Peid,aPs this story will also 'vP°haveTn W^y. dlere are Vietnam soldiers ful Previ 0st dle'r way.” In his very success- fotirier U qS wor^' The Killing Zone, the r‘ence as Army heutenant relates his expended wltha"lnfantry °Pficer in Vietnam that 'and mine v tr'g8er‘n8 °fa Bouncing Betty 'v°Unds a 'h 1C^ w*th multiple severe
Pf°vides rh °ne arm' Aftermath, Downs Slruggle th * rCSt °^e story. covering his long Stations™118*1 3 tortuous series of hospitals, ^sjournev r,anC* rehabilitation procedures on Hile Cont a016, and ^'s 10 rebtiild a life
ttutilated uenijin8 w'dl l^e realities of a body an un/ the enemy and 3 spirit under siege "'rites, “,8rateful nation. In the epilogue he "elco^e W°ndered if my country would ever teniain a °ack- • ■ . Or would we always aw in America’s vision of itself.”
Jhe Qu.f
^bility. V*e Search for Strategic “alance !„ a“d' Arabia, the Military ^rah-Isro ». Gu,f> and Trends in the Anth 1 Mil‘tary Balance
p ‘‘Ony p
T Ss' 1984 ,nsman- Boulder, CO: Westview ables- $4S no’041 pp- Bib- Ind- Notes. Maps.
Recno w ($40-5°)-
p o^izinp
ersian Guff “le. strategic importance of the
Gu]f . 3l,ategic importance ot the , -which’ tp's book explores many of the Sl*Uation j I“a*ce UP the political and military Structed f01tae reSi°n ■ In a carefully con- aaaly2es ,l r'Part assessment, Mr. Cordesman l.ntr°ducin„e aecurity aspects of the region by
fa,
"cets
°ducinP Z uy asPccts ol the region by rUlf’ tracin *he Preblems of stability in the f the history o'
P°lilical'ful! aS forecasting J?rity andUre> discussing patterns of gulf se
r*«w«vnia ut aiauuuy ill uic
asWe]f history S.-Saudi rela-
as forecasting the options for their
t and ’
c ' °ther pi,if ‘ ~7‘~ "caiciu iciauuns Willi ,ecls °f th . nadons> and considering the ef- fhts are |7 . rab-Israeli situation. The problots are ,llcally presented, and viable solu- c offered.
the
Prospects for Western relations with
lh
Latin °I The United States
Latin V uucy nAn>erica
•l'*erPrise ,„.1.arda- 'Washington, DC: American
Institute for’
Public Policy Research,
^ ($7.15) (paper).
Of1’’6 Pre'shr 0f paPers written by Dr. Wiarda 'he Cenii-® aS res>dent scholar and director
“ter for Hemispheric Studies at the
American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, this book has as its central theme the conceptual failure of U. S. policy in Latin America. Dr. Wiarda addresses the biases, assumptions, and condescension characteristic of American policy south of the border, and offers a positive approach for improved U. S.- Latin American relations.
Jane’s Aircraft Spectacular (Series)
Bill Sweetman and James Goulding. New York: Jane’s Publishing Inc., 1984. 52 pp. (each volume). Ulus. $10.95 ($9.85) each.
The first two volumes of this large-format, lavishly illustrated series are Harrier and Phantom. Replete with color and black-and- white photographs, line diagrams, and full- color fold-outs, these volumes present each aircraft in minute visual detail, and provide historical background, world distribution figures, and vital statistics. The venerable F-4 Phantom with its long history of success and the AV-8 Harrier with its unique capabilities and unbeaten record of combat in the Falk- lands are impressive starters for this series.
June 1944
H. P. Willmott. Dorset. U. K.: Blandford Press, 1984. Distributed in the U. S. by Sterling Publishing (New York). 224 pp. Ulus. Gloss. Ind. Maps. Tables. $16.95 ($15.25).
The title naturally leads to an assumption that the subject of the text is the D-day invasion of France. But this book covers not only that famous operation but the pivotal battles simultaneously fought in Italy, Eastern Europe, and the Pacific. June 1944 was the “climactic month of World War II.” Mr. Willmott recounts and analyzes the momentous events unfolding on all four fronts—events that would profoundly affect not only the outcome of World War II, but determine the destiny of a world in transition.
The Kurds: An Unstable Element in the Gulf
Stephen C. Pehetiere. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1984. 220 pp. Notes. Ind. $22.50 ($20.25).
Straddling the boundaries of Iran, Iraq, Syria, Turkey, and the Soviet Union, the Kurds are a remarkably cohesive nation, despite a tempestuous history colored by racial and religious differences with their neighbors. Dr. Pelletiere analyzes this little-known but significant ethnic element of the Middle East situation from a historical perspective, and then projects their role in future developments, including the potential involvement of superpowers in Kurdish politics.
Lost at Sea
A. A. Hoehling. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1984. 246 pp. Illus. Bib. $16.95 ($15.25).
In 1872, the 280-ton brig Mary Celeste was found adrift off the Azores with not a single crew member, alive or dead, on board. In 1980, the SS Poet left Philadelphia bound for Egypt with a load of grain and vanished without a trace. These incidents and six other intriguing enigmas of the sea are investigated by Hoehling. The famous cases of the Lusitania and the Morro Castle are also included. Naval buffs will find the cases of the vanished U. S. submarine Scorpion (SSN-589) and the Navy collier Cyclops particularly intriguing. Through interviews with relatives of the lost crew members and citing available documentation, the author offers plausible, sometimes surprising, explanations of these mysteries.
Operation Barbarossa: Strategy and Tactics on the Eastern Front, 1941
Bryan I. Fugate. Novato, CA: Presidio Press,
1984. 463 pp. Illus. Bib. Notes. Maps, Append Tables. $22.50 ($20.25).
On 22 June 1941, Hitler struck at his former ally Stalin in one of the most costly battles in history. Dr. Fugate, using primary German and Russian sources, explores this massive operation in analytical detail, covering plans, execution, and aftermath. Many myths are explained, and particular attention is devoted to the personalities of the generals involved. The detailed look at Soviet strategy and tactics has relevance in today’s world.
Space A 1984-85
Karen Davis, Editor. Oakton, VA: Military Travel News, 1984. 302 pp. Maps. Tables. $6.45.
Designed for use by active duty, retired, and reserve military personnel and their families, this latest edition contains information on
Commemorative Certificates of the Sea
Neptune • Antarctic Circle • Arctic Circle • Golden Dragon • Recommissioning • Plank Owner • Golden Shellback • Round the World • Icelandic Domain Send for FREE COLOR BROCHURE! Certificate Service — U.S. Naval Institute — Annapolis, MD 21402
r,>ct
Space A eligibility, priorities, regulations, schedules, and routes. In addition, airline and hotel discounts, military base motels, U. S. and foreign tourist offices, and U. S. embassies and consulates are covered. Details on how to prepare, where to go, what to see and do, and where to find shopping bargains in 36 countries as well as the United States are contained in special sections provided by experienced travelers.
sank along with the broken battleship and 266 American lives. This is the story of that three- month war and its two fronts half a world apart. Rendered in meticulous but exciting detail, O’Toole’s comprehensive account includes information never before revealed concerning a covert intelligence network in Cuba and the mysterious mission of the Maine.
dices provide the tables necessary for self c0 tained learning.
Strategy and Diplomacy 1870-1945: Eight Studies
The Spanish War:
An American Epic, 1898
G. J. A. O'Toole. New York: W. W. Norton, 1984. 447 pp. Illus. Bib. Notes. Ind. $19.95 ($17.95).
Paul Kennedy. Winchester, MA: Allen & Unwin, 1984. 254 pp. Notes. Ind. $24.95 ($22.45) (hardbound); $9.98 ($8.95) (paper).
In February 1898, the United States turned a comer following the explosion of the USS Maine in Havana harbor. Isolationist policies
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In eight separate essays, Yale history professor Paul Kennedy emphasizes “the long-term alterations in global politics, particularly as they affected Great Britain and its empire.” German and Japanese military policies, arms races, and the controversy of land power versus sea power are covered in three sections entitled “Britain’s World Policy: the Larger Trends,” “Germany and England; the Naval Aspects,” and “Strategy in a Global Context.” Two of these essays are previously unpublished and the other six have appeared in various scholarly journals.
Trident
D. Douglas Dalgleish and Larry Schweikart. ^ Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University 1984. 502 pp. Illus. Bib. Notes. Ind. Appen • Tables. $32.50. . „
rt of the
Since its conception in 1967, as pan “Strat-X” study, the Trident submann gram has received attention ranging |0llS staunch support to criticism of near-scan proportion. This book provides an in ^ analysis of every aspect of the Trident P 8 ^ including the funding process and b®seical opment, and also highlights the techno capabilities of the vessel herself. The a ^ conclusion is that Trident is a slSa* ■■
■* . fter a“
weapon and worth the cost: “It is- " jose j
cheaper to win an arms race, than to
. VVaf
Vietnam Voices: Perspectives on the Years, 1941-1982
John Clark Pratt, Editor. New York: Viking_^|eS.
Penguin, 1984. 696 pp. Bib. Notes. Map®' $25.00 ($22.50) (hardbound); $12.95 ($H-W' (paper).
tlti*
The Vietnam War is uniquely presented
Sun Sight Navigation: Celestial for Sailors
Arthur A. Bimey. Centreville, MD: Cornell Maritime Press, 1984. 119 pp. Illus. Gloss. Append. Tables. $12.50 ($11.25).
Presenting a segment of celestial navigation in the simplest of terms, this book has two selections: “Noon Sight Navigation” and “Sun Lines Any Time.” The drawings and text are concise, and the only understanding of mathematics required is basic addition and subtraction. A simplified work form leads the reader through the various problem steps, and appen-
book through a composite of quoted s° . 0> arranged in chronological order. Qu°. e0ce from such diverse sources as field inte 8^ ■
iident^
reports, novels, private letters, presl gc speeches, graffiti, songs, and intervie .
brought together to tell this multi'f®ce ^
• ot j
>h
SenSit
KV-19
c°lor.
enigmatic story from the perspective 1
who experienced the war. From privates
generals, to government officials and P tors, to poets and press corps, the tion, thoughts, and feelings spawned by ^ ica’s most controversial war are captu
this unusual chronicle.
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8;
'6o
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