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First Of New Amphibious Ships Launched At Mississippi Yard
(Litton Industries News Release,
1 December 1973)
The Tarawa (LHA-i), the first of five general purpose amphibious assault ships, designed to give the Marine Corps and Navy amphibious force the greatest versatility in their history, was launched on 1 December 1973 at the Ingalls Shipbuilding division of Litton Industries.
The Tarawa will carry a Marine landing team along with all its equipment and supplies, and transport it ashore either by helicopter or amphibious landing craft. At 820 feet long, with a full load displacement of 39,300 tons, the LHAs will be the second largest U. S. combat ships afloat.
The 106-foot Tarawa features include a full-length flight deck that can handle nine helicopters simultaneously, and a wet well, with rapid ballasting and deballasting capability, for discharging and docking amphibious craft. The ship also has a large hangar deck; vehicle storage and maintenance facilities for tanks, trucks, and jeeps; extensive medical facilities; and sophisticated internal and external communication systems.
The Tarawa is powered by four steam turbines, connected to twin screws, which will drive the ship at speeds in excess of 20 knots. The steam for the turbines is generated by two boilers, the largest ever manufactured in the United States and the largest of any in current Navy service. They can generate a total
of 400 tons of steam per hour and develop 140,000 horsepower. A 900 horsepower bow thruster, for maneuvering at low speeds, will move the bow with 20,000 pounds of force.
The Tarawa also has extensive mechanical systems that are used to trans- port containerized supplies from the cargo holds of the ship to either amphibious craft in the well deck or helicopters in the hangar and on the High' deck. A system of five elevators, a 400- foot conveyor, and an overhead mono- rail system in the well deck transport the cargo. Two additional elevators move helicopters from their hangar to the flight deck, while two more are USW for personnel and medical patients.
A
Interior communications include ;1 telephone system, closed-circuit tele'1'
sion, and 65 portable radios built into helmets, which permit the maintenance of constant, two-way communication while moving within the ship or on the flight deck.
External communication systems, run by computers, allow the ship to receive, process, and record up to 2,000 messages a day. Other systems keep track of the position of troops, helicopters, vehicles, and other cargo and landing craft after they leave the ship, maintain the position of designated targets ashore, determine whether potential targets approaching the ship are friend or foe, and aim and fire the ship’s guns and missiles.
The entire landing operation can be directed from the LHA flag bridge, including the firing of large guns and missiles from support ships, and maintaining air traffic and surface control in the entire landing area, not only for her own helicopters and assault craft, but for close air support, combat air patrol aircraft, and other task force ships.
All five I.HAs are presently under construction at Ingalls. Keels for three of the ships, excluding the Tarawa, have already been laid. The keel for the fifth ship will be laid in early 1974.
The Tarawa is named for the bloody 76-hour battle for strategic Tarawa atoll during World War II. This first storming of an atoll by American forces opened the path to the central Pacific’s Gilbert and Marianas Islands on 23 November 1943.
(David Cuzzolina in The Altoona Mirror, 11 October 1973)
The U. S. Deputy Chief of Naval Operations (surface warfare) said that the Navy is embarking upon an "ambitious” project to modernize its ships to compensate its smaller size with efficiency.
Vice Admiral R. E. Adamson, U. S. Navy, described how the Navy hopes to cope with a reduction in its size from 932 ships in 1968 to an expected 518 by the end of this fiscal year.
The Admiral explained that during the 1960s there was a decline in the building of new ships. He quoted Admiral Elmo R. Zumwalt, Jr., U. S. Navy, who estimated the United States lost a "generation of shipbuilding” during that time.
He said the Navy will begin to reduce its personnel to a minimum by designing ships to cut down on the need for sailors. He said the sailor is the "most valuable and most expensive” part of the Navy, with 60% of the lifetime cost of a ship going to the sailor and related expenses.
In relation to the defense budget, he said the only true way to measure value of defense appropriations is against the gross national product (GNP). He said the budget this year represents 6% of the GNP, down one-third from six years ago when it was 9%.
Admiral Adamson said since the allvolunteer service began 1 January 1973, the Navy has reached 88% of its enlistment goal for the year, of which 90% are eligible for formal training following recruit training.
On the budget, he said the Navy will begin putting more money into capital investments (ships), instead of personnel.
New Russian Missile Threat To U. S. Navy
( The Milwaukee Journal,
16 November 1973)
The Soviet Union is perfecting a new naval missile that could hit U. S. warships from more than 400 miles away, even if they maneuvered to escape, U. S.
intelligence sources report.
The sources said the Soviets recently resumed testing their longest range ship fired missile in far northern waters after an unexplained seven-month lapse.
Analysts estimate that the new missile, identified as the SSNX-13, probably will be ready for installation on Soviet naval vessels in about a year. That will increase the threat to an American fleet already vulnerable to missile attack.
A senior Navy research official told Congress earlier this year, "From a fleet defensive standpoint, our most critical threat is presented by the antiship missile.”
The Soviet Navy, which started developing antiship missiles years before the U. S. Navy recognized their value, already has at least five types with its fleets. But none of the Russian naval missiles now in use is as far ranging or as sophisticated as the SSNX-13, according to intelligence sources.
Technical details are being kept secret, but U. S. experts believe that Russian planes or satellites probably would be used to help find enemy ships.
Information on target location, speed, and course would be beamed down to Soviet surface vessels carrying the missiles, which then would be fired toward the general area in which the enemy ships were steaming. Once in that area, built-in homing devices would take over and direct the missiles at the enemy ships. Sources say the SSNX-13 missile warhead can change direction to follow target ships if they try to evade.
The U. S. Navy is now working on its first missile designed specifically to attack ships. This new missile, called Harpoon, is a radar-homing weapon with a huge high explosive warhead and a range of 60 miles.
Soviet Navy More Impressive Than U. S. In The Indian Ocean
(Norfolk Virginian-Pilot,
3 November 1973)
In a repeat of a performance staged by Washington during the last India- Pakistan War, an aircraft carrier and her escorting destroyers from the U. S. Navy’s Pacific-fleet steamed into the Indian Ocean, to swell the contingent of two destroyers and a command ship
stationed there. The fourth Arab-Israeli war and attendant jockeying by the superpowers inspired the maneuver.
Russians are more at ease in the Indian Ocean than are Americans. Some 20 of the Soviet Navy’s vessels customarily roam its waters and make their manners at Indian, Arab, and African ports fringing them; the force includes warships armed with surface-to-surface and surface-to-air missiles designed to answer the threat of U. S. aircraft carriers.
Moscow’s ties with governments in the area grow stronger, while Washington’s weaken. The Russians’ siding with the Arabs against Israel has something to do with that, as does Russian aid to Yemen, Somalia, and Iraq in development of their port facilities.
At the moment, the Soviet Indian Ocean squadron is welcome at anchorages off the Seychelles Islands and the island of Socotra—the latter at the entrance to the Red Sea—and uses the ports of Hodeida in Yemen and Berbera
in Somalia. It is probable that the Russians shortly will have access also to the naval base that they are helping Iraq to construct at Umm Qasr.
Vis-a-vis the Soviet Navy, the American presence in the Indian Ocean, where Britannia once ruled the waves, is unimpressive. Its meagerness, except when bolstered by a task force, strengthens the reassurance provided by the Russians that the United States won’t intervene in the area’s affairs. Clearly, under the circumstances, Washington would have to think twice about intervention.
generation photo-reconnaissance sal
tel-
There is some speculation that the first Soviet aircraft carrier, Kiev (not yet completed), will be deployed to the area, antisubmarine-warfare helicopters and tactical aircraft on board her. The guessing is that Moscow intends to shore up its defenses against Polaris and Poseidon submarines operating there; from the Indian Ocean much of the industrialized Soviet Union is within striking range of the submarines’ nuclear-tipped missiles.
In short, in the Indian Ocean, as in the Mediterranean, the bright new Soviet Navy is a formidable inhibiter of the exercise of American power and promises to remain so indefinitely.
DoD Says Soviets Hold Lead In Ocean Surveillance Satellites
(Frank Macomber in the San Diego Union, 21 October 1973)
The United States has far outdistanced the Soviet Union in most space achievements. However, defense officials say Russia is perhaps as much as five years ahead of America in one category—ocean surveillance satellites, with their ability to look down on the fleets of other nations.
In testimony made public by the Senate Armed Services Committee after it was censored heavily. Dr. Peter Waterman, acting Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Research and Develop ment, said the Russians are using photo-reconnaissance satellites to monitor locations of the U. S. fleet and photograph many of its shore facilities.
For two years, the Navy has had to "borrow” Air Force reconnaissance satellites to acquire ocean surveillance photos. The Navy is attempting to combine these with photos snapped from high-altitude airplanes to form * "mosaic” of what the cameras can tell about Soviet naval forces.
Waterman’s testimony to some extent explains why the Russians have been launching about 30 recoverable unmanned reconnaissance satellites each year, compared with a handful of U. S- earth-orbiting "sleuths.” The satellite5 couldn’t have been looking at new U. S- missile launch sites, strategic air bases- or new missile-firing submarines, ^ cause this country hasn’t built any since the late 1960s.
The Assistant Secretary also indirecd) made clear why the Air Force has continued to launch some of its earlier-
lites even though it has a new, mote advanced and higher-resolution surveillance spacecraft built by Lockheed jn operational in 1972.
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The older satellites apparently are 'vc' enough suited for the Navy’s ocean surveillance program when coupled
its high-altitude aircraft photo-reconnaissance operations.
Assignments for the new multimission satellite, called "Big Bird” by the Air Force, so far are a well-kept military secret.
A later Navy statement clarifying Waterman’s censored testimony said: "It is evident that the Soviets have an aggressive ocean surveillance satellite research and development effort.”
(iGeneral Dynamics News Release,
1 December 1973)
Construction began at Quincy, Massachusetts, on the nation’s first liquified natural gas (LNG) ship, which the head of the U. S. Maritime Administration declared will "play a key role in alleviating our energy shortage in years ahead.”
Robert J. Blackwell, Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Maritime Affairs, said that the keel-laying of the 936-foot LNG tanker at General Dynamics’ Quincy shipyard "heralds the entry of the American maritime industry” into new technology and a new market.
He pointed out that fuel-carrying ships predominate the new construction programs. The General Dynamics-built LNG tanker will transport more than 2 billion feet of natural gas per trip from Algeria to America’s east coast.
General Dynamics will build seven 125,000-cubic meter LNG tankers. Each will have a beam of 143 feet, a draft of 36 feet, and will cruise at 20.4 knots. The ships will each have five 120-foot diameter spheres, containing about 4.4 million cubic feet of liquefied gas at -265°F. The first ship is scheduled for delivery in 1975.
U. S. Maritime Deck Officers May Help Crew Foreign Ships
(H. W. Kusserow in the San Francisco Examiner, 22 October 1973)
Now wouldn’t it be some astonishing turnaround if American licensed deck officers helped crew foreign ships?
Far-fetched as it may sound, there’s a possibility it may happen. How soon,
isn’t clear. But for a hitch in a single condition of employment—pension provisions—it might already have occurred.
This has been revealed by Captain Lloyd Martin, an officer of the Masters, Mates & Pilots, West Coast Local 90. He reported that at a meeting of the Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization (MM&P) in Europe the MM&P was approached by Danish officials to supply that nation’s merchant marine with 205 deck officers.
Pay and conditions were supposed to be identical with those on American vessels, he said. But in the succeeding negotiations, the proposal hit a dead end over pension provisions. But that wasn’t the end of foreign overtures. Fresh inquiries were received recently from a large Japanese operator by the mm&p in Los Angeles, according to Captain George Tuttle, executive assistant port agent of Local 90.
An agent for the Japanese firm, Tuttle said, told the union officials the company is embarked on a program to add 54 ships to its fleet and will need experienced deck officers—mates and skippers.
The union supplied the agent with copies of its labor contract, which the Japanese line presumably is studying to learn what its obligations to American officers would be. The next move is up
to the Japanese ship company.
Tuttle said there is a shortage of deck officers all over the world, and Americans are clearly the top caliber of officers. First, he explained, most of them now are graduates of maritime academies, then sail under the strictest regulations regarding safety standards, restrictions on hazardous cargoes, and so on.
While the American schools are turning out more qualified licensed officers each year, Tuttle said that foreign youngsters—even from maritime nations such as Norway and Denmark— are becoming more and more reluctant to seek a career at sea.
Japan Urged By United States To Bolster Submarine Defenses
(Drew Middleton in The New York Times, 25 November 1973)
Senior military and civilian sources in the United States say defense officials are urging a security dialogue with Japan, centered upon the pooling of antisubmarine warfare resources.
Japan’s armed forces, according to qualified American officials, are responsive to United States pressure. But the Japanese point out that, with only 1% of the country’s gross national product
devoted to defense, little of substance can be contributed now.
The Japanese, U. S. sources emphasize, now depend on the U. S. Navy for the protection of the sea-borne supplies on which the island nation lives. Japanese self-interest, they argue, calls for an expansion of their antisubmarine warfare effort.
These sources say that with the expansion of the Soviet submarine service, particularly in the North Pacific, but also in the Indian Ocean, antisubmarine warfare has become the primary strategic concern of all non-Communist maritime countries.
Japan is almost completely dependent on oil supplies from the Middle East, particularly the Persian Gulf states of Iran, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and, to a lesser degree, Iraq. There are never fewer than 110 tankers at sea between Japan and the Middle East, the majority of them using the Strait of Malacca between Singapore and the island of Sumatra in Indonesia.
For military planners in Washington, Tokyo, and Western Europe, this strait is becoming one of the two most important waterways in geopolitical estimates. The other is the Strait of Hormuz at the exit of the Persian Gulf.
Stoppage of the Malacca Strait, or of its alternative, the Lombok Strait, "at any level of war would be a disaster for Japan” according to one highly placed source.
The reference to "any level of war”
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Missile-firing Veteran—The A-class submarine Aeneas, commissioned in 1945, returns to Plymouth, England, for decommissioning after successfully demonstrating the SLAM, a new guided missile system for the Royal Naiy. After being fitted with the system at the Vickers Shipbuilding Group, the Aeneas tested the missile and system, which can be seen in the raised position forward of the conning tower, near the crewmen. The Aeneas, which is being scrapped, was the Royal Naty’s first submarine to have a tactical guided missile.
U. S. Naval Institute Proceedings, February 1974
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by analysts in this country and abroad reflects the experience of 1939 and 1940 when Nazi Germany’s principal weapon was the submarine, directed against the overseas imports of Britain.
Defense planners believe they must take into account a hypothetical situation in which the Soviet Union would employ its submarine fleet to interrupt international oil traffic without unleashing ground forces in Central Europe or elsewhere.
Japan has 32 destroyers and 19 frigates as its principal antisubmarine weapons. The fastest destroyers are those of the Ariake class, rated at 35 knots, compared with a submerged speed of 30 knots for one class of Soviet submarines. The Soviet Pacific fleet now deploys about 110 submarines, according to intelligence sources.
The alternative to Japanese-American cooperation, Western sources agreed, could be an effort by Japan to establish security forces capable of protecting the sea lanes over which tankers travel from the Persian Gulf to Japan.
American and Japanese sources doubt whether such an effort is within Japan’s capability unless there is a rapid, nationalist swing in support of a major defense effort.
There is no indication of this at present. Japanese defense officials in their dealings with American counterparts have pleaded "poverty” of resources in meeting the submarine danger.
U. S. officials, in turn, have stressed
to the Japanese that, while the necessary ships are being built, the Navy will not be able to guarantee protection of tl>e approaches to Japan.
Packard Calls Some Colleges "Haven For Radicals”
(Steven Matthews in the New York Daily News, 6 October 1973)
David Packard, chairman of the board of the Hewlett-Packard electronics company and former Deputy Secretary of Defense, warned a group of influential businessmen that their unrestricted gife to private colleges and universities may be "... responsible for the antibusiness bias of many of our young people.”
Packard told a meeting of the Committee for Corporate Support of American Universities: "I believe the case fof a corporation giving unrestricted funds to a private university can no longer 1* supported.” The organization is 1 loosely-knit group of business executives who are also trustees of major institutions.
"Fifteen or 20 years ago, the trustees of the major private universities could and did play a role in university policy’’ Packard said. "Most trustees were als° corporate officers. The situation is vastly different today,” he asserted. "Almos1 every board of trustees must have >'s members selected from a wide array constituents: students, faculty, alum®1'
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Notebook 121
various ethnic groups, etc. Moreover, most of the power has gone to the faculty, and too often faculty decisions are determined by a militant minority of the faculty.”
Packard said that this leadership has kicked ROTC programs and business recruiting off campuses, has allowed universities to become a "haven for radicals who want to destroy the free- enterprise system,” has taught students that "American corporations are evil and deserve to be brought under government control” and let boards of trustees "sit as sole judge of the social responsibility of each American corporation.”
While this was occurring, he said, graduate and research programs that might have benefited big business have not profited from corporation donations.
"In the future,” he concluded, "let’s focus our money and our energy on those schools and departments which are strong and which also contribute in some specific way to our individual companies, or to the general welfare of our free-enterprise system.”
In Others’ Words
Selected excerpts from foreign professional journals.
Brazilian Navy Launches Its Second Patrol Craft
(Rivista Marittima, July-August 1973, p. 134, Italy)
The MacLaren yards of Rio de Janeiro has launched the second of three river patrol craft, ordered by the Brazilian Navy in 1972.
The Rondonia (P-31) and other units of this class, follow the two larger ships of the Pedro Teixeira-class into the fleet. The Rondonia is 340 tons, has automated diesel engines, and small caliber guns.
Greek Merchant Marine Fleet Doubles Size In Three Years
(Rivista Marittima, July-August 1973, p. 166, Italy)
During the last three years, the Greek merchant fleet has doubled in size and now totals more than 19 million dead
weight tons. Greek shippers are granted a five-year tax exemption for ships inscribed in the National Register up to 30 years of age, and new ships receive similar fiscal exemption of ten years. There are still many Hellenic ships under flags of convenience. For example, some 17.5-million deadweight tons are registered under the Liberian flag while belonging to Greek shippers.
The eight principal Greek shippers, according to the number of ships and deadweight tonnage, but not including passenger vessels, are:
Onassis | 64 | 2,278,000 |
P. Goulandris | 61 | 2,258,000 |
Niarchos | 66 | 2,175,000 |
C. M. Lemos | 54 | 2,031,000 |
J. J. Colocotronis | 72 | 1,020,000 |
Livanos | 39 | 905,000 |
N. J. Goulandris | 48 | 844,000 |
J. M. Carras | 32 | 828,000 |
Considering the | units | registered in |
Greece and the other registers, one concludes that the Hellenic merchant marine is one of the three largest in the world, along with the American and Japanese. The Greek shippers are the
U. S. Naval Institute Proceedings, February 1974
purpose, five-seater helicopter, equipped with the same instrumentation as the French Alouette II.
Building Starts In Antarctic On Many Geomagnetic Stations
(Volksarmee, No. 24, 1973, p. 8,
East Germany)
A network of automatic stations which will record variations in the magnetic field and other geophysical processes, is being built by Soviet scientists in the Antarctic. The equipment, which was tested at the Molodezhnaya station, can operate for a year without servicing They are partially covered by snow and are fully operative at temperatures down to — 80°C.
Joint Soviet-Indian Study On Monsoons Is Completed
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Comecon Countries Undertake Exploitation Of The Seabed
(.Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, No. 29,
1973, 1973, p. 20, U.S.S.R.)
if}
In Krakow, Poland, at its 24th meeting, the Comecon Standing Committee
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on Geology approved the 1974 plan of operation and the main trends for its work for 1975 and 1976.
The Committee examined and received information from the Coordinating Center for Marine Geology and Geophysics on the course of carrying out the program of work on the problem of "Studying the Seas and Oceans with the Aim of Utilizing Their Mineral Resources.”
The Committee also discussed proposals for new forms of cooperation between Comecon member nations in the area of geology, and set procedures and dates for further work on this question.
Brazilian Navy To Build 30 SA-341 Gazelle Helicopters
(Rjvista-Marittima, July-August 1973, p. 134, Italy)
The Brazilian Navy has decided to acquire 30 helicopters of the SA-341 Gazelle type, developed by the cooperative efforts of the French Aerospatiale and the British Westland companies.
The aircraft will be constructed under license in Brazil beginning in 1974. They are essentially a light, multi-
(Vodnyy Transport, 4 August 1973, p. 4, U.S.S.R.)
The scientific research ships Oktan and Priliv returned on 3 August to Vladivostok after a three-month cruise in the Indian Ocean. Together with four Soviet weather ships, they participated jointly with Indian scientists in the implementation of program Monsoon. A great deal of work was carried out. The dynamics of the Indian Ocean monsoon—a powerful air current which moves in the summer from the equator southeastward—was studied. The results of the cruise will aid in solving questions of predicting destructive air currents.
Bulgaria Combines Country’s Oceanographic Institutions
(Ostsee Zeitung, 18 July 1973, p. 6, East Germany)
An Institute of Oceanology and Oceanography has been established >n Varna by a resolution of the office the Cabinet Council. The Institute comprises numerous institutions which were scattered until now and consequently worked less efficiently. Its duties include the integrated study of rhf Black Sea and of the oceans, the development of the sea’s resources, and al>°
Notebook 123
the study of the balance of raw materials in the sea.
The Institute is part of the Center for Geosciences, and will work together closely with similar establishments in the Soviet Union and in other Socialist countries.
Underwater Study Completed
(Vodnyy Transport, 11 August 1973, p. 4, U.S.S.R.)
Two weeks of underwater investigations were completed with the Soviet Chernomor-73 undersea habitat in a lagoon near Cape Maslen Nos by a joint Soviet-Bulgarian group, led by Doctor of Technical Sciences V. Yastrebov.
Organized by the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences and the Bulgarian Oceanographic Committee, the experiments were supported by the Soviet scientific research ship Akadmik Orbeli and the Bulgarian scientific research ships Devy- atoye Sentyabrya and Sagita.
Moored at a depth of 18.5 meters for two weeks, the Chernomor-73 became the home for the laboratory’s designer, P. Borovikov, Soviet engineers A. Podrazhanskiy, and O. Kuprikov, and also their Bulgarian colleagues L. Klisurov and N. Dukov. They conducted medical, biological, hydro-optic, and other scientific investigations.
Computerized Trainers Used To Reduce Ship Accidents
(Vodnyy Transport, 26 May 1973, p. 3, U.S.S.R.)
The Novorossiysk Merchant Shipping Line is employing electronic computerized trainers in an attempt to reduce ship navigational accidents.
A typical problem, which can be programmed into the trainer, is to take a 150,000-ton fully loaded Krym< lass tanker through the Bosphorus at an average speed of eight knots. Four moving ships on meeting and intersecting courses and three stationary objects are included in a typical problem. The master undergoing training, has all of the appropriate navigational aids on his "bridge” with the standard ship controls, and follows the situation on the programmed radar scope. Masters and
navigators undergo the training, which is found especially useful for those returning to sea after prolonged shore duties or vacations, and for young ship- handlers.
Political Workers Trained At Kiev Naval School
(Kommunist Vooruzhenykh Sil, No. 11, 1973, pp. 48-53, U.S.S.R.)
Captain 1st Rank A. Danilko, Deputy Chief of the Training Unit of the Kiev Higher Naval Political School, states that the mission of the School is to train political workers for the subunits, units, and ships of the Soviet Navy.
The School’s command, teachers, political department, and Party and Komsomol organizations make every effort, so that all cadets successfully master political knowledge based on a program of the latest experience and skills in Party-political work and the art of teaching men. The cadets mainly acquire the ability to organize, direct, and conduct political work during the study of the social sciences. These disciplines are taught on a high ideological and theoretical plane in accordance with the requirements of the Party, and are closely related to daily life.
In the course of the study of the Party history, philosophy, scientific Communism, political economy, and Party-political work, an ideological conviction, a principled nature, an intolerance toward any type of distortion of revolutionary theory, and the ability to lay bare the essence of bourgeois ideology which is against the people, is developed in the cadets.
A definite system of developing practical skills in ideological work has been worked out in the School. In the first year, they master the skill of holding talks on current subjects, learn the duties of an agitator, and are taught to make press reviews. In the second year, they must prepare and conduct Leninist readings, debates, talks on political and naval subjects, and arrange social evenings, excursions to museums, and the theater. In the third year, the cadets conduct political and information classes. In the fourth year, they strengthen their ideological skills through political work on board a small
ship. They hold political classes, Leninist readings, deliver reports on political subjects, and write reports. Every cadet must keep a log of all the political work which he has been engaged in, which is closely monitored by the teaching staff. All cadets also undergo probationary training on board ship.
New Antarctic Expedition Is Planned By Soviet Union
(Pravda, 19 August 1973, p. 6, U.S.S.R.)
According to the Main Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service, the Olenek, the Vasiliy Fedoseyev, the Professor Vize, the Nina Sagaydak, and the Bashkiriya will comprise the 19th Antarctic Expedition.
Systematic rocket investigations of the atmosphere will be conducted at the Molodezhnaya Station. They will be keyed with similar investigations conducted by the Franco-Soviet expedition on Kerguelen Island, at the station near the Indian city of Tumba, the Volgograd Observatory, and the E. T. Krenkel Observatory on Hayes Island. The line joining these stations is within the 60 to 70° east longitude strip; American stations are aligned along about the same western longitude line.
A Minsk-32 computer will process incoming Molodezhnaya Station data. A two-story structure will be built near Radio Hill in the vicinity of Mirnyy. A three-year program of geological, geophysical, and geodetic investigations will be conducted in MacRobertson Land.
World Ocean Mathematical Model Is Under Study By Soviet Union
{Volksarmee, No. 18, 1973, p. 8,
East Germany)
At the present time, Soviet scientists are working on a mathematical model of the world ocean. In so doing, the oceans of the earth are viewed as a unit in which thousands of reciprocal processes between animate and inanimate nature occur in a close interrelationship. The mathematical ocean model is supposed to assist in making more accurate, long-range weather forecasts, and in determining the causes for glacier movement more precisely.
Changes in Ships’ | Status |
Compiled by Commander |
|
J. B. Finkelstein, U. S. Naiy |
|
1-30 November 1974 |
|
Ships Commissioned: | Date: |
(de-1093) Capodanno | 11/17/73 |
Ships Stricken: | Date: |
(Cvs-14) Ticonderoga | 11/16/73 |
(SS-344) Cobbler | 11/21/73 |
(SS-346) Corporal | 11/21/73 |
Ships Transferred to MSC: | Date: |
(arc-2) Neptune | 11/8/73 |
Ships Stricken from Naval |
|
Reserve Force: | Date: |
(de-1024) Bridget | 11/12/73 |
U. S. Navy Shore Establishment—
River Craft—This is the Navy’s newest 36-foot armored troop carrier,
designed for riverine warfare. Each craft is powered by twin 8V-53
Detroit diesels and Jacuzzi Jet 20YJ propulsion systems. They are being
delivered to Naval Reserve training squadrons throughout the country
for use as training vessels in developing riverine warfare tactics,
and will operate in conjunction with Navy UDT and SEAL teams to maintain
combat-ready units for special naval warfare groups. The boats are fully
armor-plated with bow ramps for fast troop egress, have special
noise silencing equipment.
Facilities Disestablished:
1 Nov 1973 Naval Air Technical Training Center, Jacksonville, Fla.
1 Nov 1973 Marine Aviation Support Group, Jacksonville, Fla.
1 Nov 1973 Fleet Training Center, Newport, R.l.
U. S. Navy Shore Establishment—
Facilities Modified:
Remotely Piloted Vehicle—The familiar Australian Jindivik drone has been equipped with an air cushion landing system in this artist’s rendering. This it one of several such applications presently under study. Remotely piloted vehicles are used by the armed services for a variety of missions, including aerial reconnaissance, strike weapons, decoys, and targets. Its proponents claim that the system, mounted on such a vehicle, could be recovered safely on most surfaces UtH minimal damage to the aircraft. The air cushion trunk of the equipment resembles an elongated rubber ring attached to the bottom of the fuselage. In flight, the trunk is deflated and fits snugly against the vehicle's underside.
15 Nov 1973 Relocate Navy Regional Procurement Office, Los Angeles, Calif., to Long Beach, Calif.
Pass-Down-The-Line Notes
The Emma Willard School of Troy, New York, founded in 1814 and the oldest institution in the country—". . . committed to the higher education of women . . .’’—advises of the availability of a scholarship for daughters of commissioned line officers of the U. S. Navy. The scholarship fund was bequeathed by Rear Admiral Nicoll Ludlow, U. S. Navy, in memory of his wife. There have been no candidates for this scholarship in recent years. Inquiries may be addressed to: Miss Susan A. Edwards, Director of Admissions, Emma Willard School, Troy, New York 12181.