Task Force 77 in Action Off Vietnam
Malcolm W. Cagle
Vice Admiral, U. S. Navy
Currently Chief of Naval Training, Vice Admiral Cagle was in the Office of the Vice Chief of Naval Operations and then Director, Aviation Programs Division, in the Office of the Deputy Chief of Naval Operations (Air) from October 1965 until shortly after the end of the events described in his essay. In June 1968, he assumed command of Carrier Division One and made two deployments to combat operations in the Western Pacific. A graduate of the Naval Academy in 1941, he served in the destroyer Overton (DD-239) in the Atlantic until 1943 when he began flight training. From June 1944 to October 1945, he was in VF-88, flying from the Yorktown (CV-10), including several months, as CO of the squadron. The next 12 years, spent in duty aloft and ashore, including 18 months as CO of VF-63, were followed by a year at the National War College and then service as, successively, operations and executive officer of the Intrepid (CVA-11). He spent two years with NATO in Paris and two more with the Institute of Naval Studies in Cambridge, Massachusetts. After a year in command of the Suribachi (AE-21), he commanded the Franklin D. Roosevelt (CVA-42), from July 1964 to October 1965. He has written a wide variety of books, essays, articles, and television scripts on naval, aviation, and maritime subjects, and in 1957 was winner of both the Naval Institute’s prize essay contest and the Navy League’s Alfred Thayer Mahan Award. He is now in his second term as a member of the Board of Control of the Naval Institute.
The Role of the Carrier in the Control of the Seas
Stephen T. De La Mater
Captain, U. S. Navy
Presently the Director, Naval Air Weapons Analysis Staff, Office of the Deputy Chief of Naval Operations (Air Warfare), Captain De La Mater graduated from the U. S. Naval Academy in 1943 and, after service in the battleship Colorado (BB-45), entered flight training, which he completed in 1945. He has served in five fighter squadrons, including, in 1959, command of one, VF-92. Also that year, he received his M.A. degree in personnel administration and training and education from Stanford University. Prior to that, he had been officer in charge of special weapons, Tactical Delivery School; had managed the aviation rating advancement program in the Pacific Fleet for Commander Air Force Pacific; and had been personnel officer, NAS Moffett Field, California. He has served as air operations officer in the Coral Sea (CVA-43); as head of the aviation ship readiness section, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations; and as special assistant to the Director, Navy Program Planning. Graduating in 1966 in the upper 10% of his class from the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, he has served as CO of the Francis Marion (APA-249), and of the Guam (LPH-9). In 1963, he was a co-author of a study on nuclear propulsion for surface ships, and that same year won first honorable mention in the Naval Institute’s prize essay contest. He has been a guest lecturer at the Air War College and the Royal Canadian Air Force War College.
ASW—The Crucial Naval Challenge
Robert H. Smith
Captain, U. S. Navy (Retired)
Presently General Manager of Hawaiian Operations for the Advanced Technology Center, Inc., Captain Smith graduated from the U. S. Naval Academy in 1946. His career afloat was primarily spent in destroyer types, and ashore in research, development, test and evaluation work—generally oriented towards antisubmarine warfare. As a junior officer, he served in the Ingraham (DD-694) and the Sarsfield (EDD-837). He was next Executive Officer of the James A. Gilliss (AMCU-13) one of the first fleet ships to receive a mine-hunting sonar. In the mid-1950s, he spent four years on the staff of the Surface Antisubmarine Development Detachment at Key West, Florida, with responsibilities in analysis, tactical development and ASW systems evaluation, and liaison with Air Development Squadron One. In 1956, he commenced two years serving in a fleet oiler based in Barcelona, Spain, and from 1958 to 1960 served at the U. S. Naval Academy. From 1960 to 1962, he was Executive Officer of the New (DD-818) operating as a part of Task Group Bravo. In 1963, he graduated from the Armed Forces Staff College and from 1963 to 1966, was project coordinator at the Operational Test and Evaluation Force. From 1966 to 1968, Captain Smith commanded the Wilkinson (DL-5), which was then engaged in test and evaluation of the SQS-26 sonar. From 1968 until his retirement in 1971, Captain Smith served as assistant chief of staff for analysis on the staff of Commander Antisubmarine Warfare Force, Pacific Fleet, where, among his primary responsibilities, he directed Project Uptide from its inception. Captain Smith has written numerous articles for the Naval Institute, most notably the 1966 Prize Essay “The Submarine's Long Shadow,” and the 1971 Prize Essay “A U. S. Navy for the Future.” His writings have appeared as well in National Review and elsewhere.
The U. S. Shipping Emergency of the Seventies
George H. Miller
Rear Admiral, U. S. Navy
Appointed liaison officer between the Department of Defense and the Maritime Administration in 1970, Rear Admiral Miller had served as Director of Strategic Offensive and Defensive Systems on the staff of the Chief of Naval Operations for the preceding three years. A graduate of the Naval Academy in 1933, he served at sea for a year in the California (BB-44) and in the Tuscaloosa (CA-37) from 1934 to 1936. He then served successively as engineering officer in the destroyers Zane (DD-337), Goff (DD-247), and Gilmer (DD-233). He served in the St. Louis (CL-49) until 1941 when he reported to the Naval Academy for duty. He assumed command of the destroyer escort Brennan (DE-13) in 1943 and, in 1944, was damage control officer in the Houston (CL-81) when she survived massive torpedo damage off Formosa, and became her executive officer from 1945 to 1946. A student (1946) and then Plans Officer on the staff of the Naval War College (1947 to 1949), he lectured on seapower and maritime strategy and played a key role in initiating the Global Strategy discussions which have become annual events at all the war colleges. He commanded the Hollister (DD-788) from October 1949 to September 1950, when he became plans officer on the staff of Commander Seventh Fleet. He then served successively as head, strategic studies branch, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Commander Destroyer Division 322, and member of the general planning group, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations. He commanded the oiler Elokomin (AO-55) from 1957 to 1958, and then, as Commander, Cruiser Division Five, he also commanded the surface striking forces of the Seventh Fleet. He was the Navy member of the joint strategic survey council, Joint Chiefs of Staff, from 1960 to 1962 when he became Chief of Staff, U. S. Forces, Japan. From 1964 to 1967, he was director of the Navy’s Long Range Objectives Group. He has written and spoken extensively on naval and maritime strategy.
Max C. McLean
Chief of the division of marine plans in the Maritime Administration’s office of policy and plans since August 1970, Max McLean graduated from the U. S. Merchant Marine Academy at Kings Point, N.Y., in 1943, and served on his third mate’s license in the SS Monterey and SS John Berry before returning to the Merchant Marine Academy as an instructor. Then he was commissioned in the Naval Reserve and served in the Alhena (AKA-9), Serapis (IX-213), Vandalia (IX-191), and Cacapon (AO-52). He is now a lieutenant commander on the Reserve retired list. In 1947, he returned to commercial shipping, serving as chief mate, mainly in the tanker SS Platt Parke. The following year, he joined the U. S. Navy Hydrographic Office, in Washington. He studied part-time at George Washington University and then full-time at Texas A&M. At the University of Washington, he earned both a B.S. and an M.S. in Oceanography, after which he returned to the Hydrographic Office, in the division of oceanography. In 1959, he transferred to the Office of Naval Research and was named ONR scientific liaison officer at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute. During these years, he served as a scientist in the San Pablo (AGS-30) and Rehoboth (AGS-50), the Coast Guard icebreaker Eastwind (WAGB-279), and the research vessel Atlantis II. In 1964, he became assistant to the director of the Mohole project office at the National Science Foundation; three years later, he joined the Coast and Geodetic Survey of the Environmental Science Services Administration. Then, until 1969, he was chairman of an interagency task group of the National Council on Marine Sciences and Engineering Development in the Office of the Vice President and later served on the National Marine Council as a staff member until he assumed his present billet.
The Sea and Soviet Domestic Transportation
Robert E. Athay
Dr. Athay is a staff economist at the Institute of Naval Studies, Center for Naval Analyses. He came to his position at CNA after 15 years with the federal government, which included 10 years as an economic analyst with the Central Intelligence Agency. During World War II, he served with the air transport command of the U. S. Army Air Force in Italy and North Africa. He received his B.S. in Economics from Utah State University in 1949, his M.A. from Vanderbilt University in 1950, and his Ph.D. from American University in 1969. He is the author of a number of unpublished reports and studies in the fields of international economics and Soviet studies and is the author of The Economics of Soviet Merchant-Shipping Policy, published in 1971 by the University of North Carolina Press. He lectures in economics at the University of Virginia’s Northern Virginia Center and serves as an economic consultant to the Office of Emergency Preparedness, Executive Office of the President.
The Realities of Arms Limitations
Dominic A. Paolucci
Captain, U. S. Navy (Retired)
Captain Paolucci, before his recent retirement, was deputy director, Strategic Offensive and Defensive Systems, OpNav. A Naval Academy graduate in 1943, he served on board the Doyle (DD-494) during operations in the Atlantic area and participated in the invasion of Normandy. Following that tour, he attended the submarine school in New London, Connecticut, then assisted in the fitting out of the Roncador (SS-301). He later served in the Becuna (SS-319), Sea Devil (SS-400), Bugara (SS-331), and as executive officer of the Sealion (SS-315). In 1954, he was assigned to the Office of Naval Research where he was research assistant and submarine project officer until 1956. He then assumed command of the Balao (SS-285) and later was transferred to command of the Trutta (SS-421) where he also served as Commander Submarines, Sixth Fleet. In November 1968, he reported as head of the submarine policy and training section, Undersea Warfare Division, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations. While there he was commended for “being instrumental in getting the first Polaris submarines on station a year earlier than planned.” He received his doctorate in mathematics from Indiana University in 1961. In June of that year, he joined the staff of Commander Submarine Force, U. S. Pacific Fleet, as plans officer and from July to August 1963 was in command of Submarine Division Seventy-One. He was assigned to the Navy Program Appraisal Office, attended the National War College in Washington, and was Commander Submarine Squadron One from July 1966, prior to being detached for duty, in April 1967, in the office of the Chief of Naval Operations. Dr. Paolucci is now President of Lulejian & Associates, Inc.
Theory of Naval Strategy in the Nuclear Age
Edward Wegener
Rear Admiral, Federal German Navy (Retired)
Admiral Wegener was Commander NATO Naval Forces, Baltic Approaches, from 1963 to 1965. He entered the German Navy in 1923 and specialized in ordnance. After tours aboard cruisers and destroyers, he studied gunnery in Berlin for one year, then from 1933 to 1936 served as gunnery officer aboard the gunnery training ship Bremse and the cruiser Köln. He commanded the small destroyers Greif and Kondor in 1936 and 1937. After some months in the Oberkommando der Kriegsmarine in Berlin in 1938, he was assigned fitting-out duty in the heavy cruiser Admiral Hipper and served as her gunnery officer through all her war action, until February 1943. At the time of the Normandy invasion, he was operations officer on the Naval Staff, West, in Paris. From October 1944 till the end of the war, when the main activities of the German surface forces took place in the Baltic, he was staff operations officer in the Fleet Command. After the war, he was in the rubber industry until he joined the new navy of the Federal Republic in August 1956. From 1957 through 1960, he served as naval attaché with the embassy in Washington, D.C. He became director of the section for plans and policies on the Naval Staff of the Ministry of Defense, and then assumed his duties as NATO Commander of the Baltic Approaches in January 1963. Since retirement 1965, he has been active in domestic politics and as a writer on naval subjects. He is the author of “A Strategic Analysis of the Baltic Sea and the Danish Straits[”] in Naval Review 1969.
The Australian Naval Situation
Thomas B. Millar
Director of the Australian Institute of International Affairs since 1969, and Professorial Fellow in International Relations at the Australian National University, Dr. Millar graduated from the Royal Military College of Australia (Duntroon) in 1944, and served subsequently as an infantry officer in the Southwest Pacific and with the British Commonwealth Occupation Force in Japan. He left the army in 1950. Graduating with a B.A. in Economics from the University of Western Australia, an M.A. in History from University of Melbourne, and a Ph.D. in International Relations from University of London, he was visiting Research Fellow in International Organization, Columbia University, New York, in 1961-1962. He joined Australian National University in 1962, and in 1966 established the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre at the University, the first body of its kind in Australia. He was head of the Centre until 1970. A Senior Research Associate, with the Institute for Strategic Studies, London, 1968-1969, his publications include Australia’s Defence, 1965 (second edition 1969); The Commonwealth and the United Nations, 1967; Britain’s Withdrawal from Asia (Ed.), 1967; Australia’s Foreign Policy, 1968; Australian-New Zealand Defence Co-operation (Ed.), 1968 and numerous articles.
A View From FMF Pac of Logistics in the Western Pacific, 1965—1971
James B. Soper
Colonel, U. S. Marine Corps (Retired)
Currently a special consultant with B-K Dynamics, Inc., Colonel Soper was assistant director of the Marine Corps’ joint planning group at the time of his retirement in 1971. He was the Assistant Chief of Staff (Logistics) at Headquarters Fleet Marine Force, Pacific, during the majority of the planning for and execution of the redeployment to other bases throughout the Pacific, while at the same time continuing to provide support for those forces still engaged in combat or in training. During this period, he also served as the Marine Corps’ executive member of the Commander-in-Chief, Pacific joint logistic council and joint transportation board. As Navy plans officer at Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps 1962-1965, he conducted the research and prepared the initial Marine Corps statement of landing force requirements for amphibious assault ships and three updating revisions of that same document. During the Cuban crisis of 1962, he served as a special advisor to the Commandant of the Marine Corps and Chief of Naval Operations concerning amphibious and naval planning matters. He was a member of the Navy Ships Characteristic Board and the Navy Inservice Inspection Board for acceptance of new or modified assault ships. Serving as military plans officer on the staff of Commander Amphibious Force, Atlantic, during 1960-62, he was responsible for the preparation of amphibious task force and naval task force plans in support of contingencies in Europe, Africa and the Caribbean areas. He is the author of an essay published in Naval Review 1966 and two articles in the Proceedings.
Small Combatants—1972
Arthur Davidson Baker, III
Mr. Baker is an analyst and writer on maritime affairs. He graduated from Harvard University in June of 1963 magna cum laude in history, specializing in maritime history. After attending OCS at Newport, he was commissioned in November 1963 and served in the Camp (DER-251) until May 1966. He left active duty in 1968 after a tour in Washington at the Naval Scientific and Technical Intelligence Center. Mr. Baker has done graduate work in diplomatic history at Georgetown and American Universities. His writings include reviews in the Proceedings and Sea Power magazine, as well as several government publications, and he is a contributor to Jane’s Fighting Ships and Weyer’s Warships of the World. His drawings have appeared in Jane’s and he has illustrated the Institute’s forthcoming United States Steel Navy. He is currently employed within the Department of Defense.
Soviet Shipbuilding and Shipyards
Norman Polmar
A program analyst with Lulejian & Associates, Inc., since 1970, Mr. Polmar has written extensively on aerospace and naval technology and recent naval history. Upon joining Lulejian & Associates, he directed a team study to analyze the Soviet naval exercise, “Okean,” and since then has been task leader on several naval projects, mostly related to “strategic” warfare. Additionally, he is editor of the section in Jane’s Fighting Ships describing the U. S. Navy. A graduate in journalism from American University, he was a reporter for The Washington Daily News, during which time he was also a member of the Army National Guard. From 1960 to 1963, he was an associate editor of Navy Times and became Washington correspondent for the British magazine Navy. Thereafter, until 1967, he was an assistant editor of the U. S. Naval Institute Proceedings. During this time, he lectured at the Naval Academy on World War II weapons and contributed regularly to the U. S. Air Force Association’s magazines Air Force/Space Digest and Aerospace International. For the next three years, as an employee of the Northrop Corporation, he was involved with the Navy’s deep submergence rescue and search submersibles, advanced diving systems, and the SeaLab III underwater living program. In addition to many newspaper and magazine articles published both in the United States and abroad, Mr. Polmar has written three books: Atomic Submarines, Death of the Thresher, and Aircraft Carriers.
Naval and Maritime Events January 1971—December 1971
J. B. Finkelstein
Lieutenant Commander, U. S. Navy
Lieutenant Commander Finkelstein is the public affairs officer at the U. S. Naval Academy. He received his undergraduate degree from Louisiana State University in 1960, and, after attending Officer Candidate School at Newport, was commissioned an ensign in the Naval Reserve. He served in the Francis Marion (APA-249) from 1961 to 1962. From 1963 to 1964, he served as Assistant Public Affairs Officer at Headquarters Eighth Naval District. In 1965, he became assistant public affairs officer on the staff of Commander in Chief Pacific Fleet. During this tour, he was assigned two extended temporary duty tours with the Seventh Fleet public affairs detachment in Saigon. He served as public affairs officer for Commander First Fleet from 1967 to 1968 and entered the University of Wisconsin under the Navy postgraduate education program in September 1968. He received his master’s degree in journalism/mass communications early in 1970 and reported to the U. S. Naval Academy.