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By Lieutenant Commander U. S. Seventh Elm Attack « Jfl Carrier Striking Force HANOI TONIGHT . On the night of 30 October 1967, a loi'e A-6 Intruder j'et aircraft was launched front 3 Seventh Fleet carrier in the Gulf of Tonkin | |
Captain Walter S. DeLany, Jr., U. S. Navy Associate Editor | Its target was in Hanoi—the most heavil) defended city in the world, and perhaps >•’ the history of air warfare. For this single-pla°e strike, the pilot, Lieutenant Command^ |
136 Hanoi Tonight . . . By Lieutenant Commander William S. Graves, U. S. Navy 139 Shape’s New Headquarters By Raymond J. Barrett 141 Some Implications of University Unrest By Lieutenant Andrew C. A. Jampoler, U. S. Navy 144 NATO Sea Sparrow By Captain Charles D. Allen, Jr., U. S. Navy | Charles Hunter, U. S. Navy, and the bon1' bardier-navigator, Lieutenant Lyle Bull, U-S Navy, were awarded the Navy Cross f°r “extra-ordinary heroism” and performance “above and beyond the call of duty.” This >s their story. The previous afternoon was like man; others. The two had coffee in the staterooi" Bull shared with another bombardier-nav'1' gator from their unit, Attack Squadron 196- Bull had just finished the planning for a rod' tine night hop in which they would be goin!? after trucks in North Vietnam. Finding and hitting moving targets in complete darkness was no trick for the crew or the highly sophisti' cated electronic black boxes in the A-6 In' truder. “Piece of cake,” they called it. The) discussed the mission thoroughly, but Bull did the actual planning. The pilot looked ovef his navigator’s work very carefully, but, as was usually the case, made no changes. The final weather briefing was scheduled for 1800. There was time to relax—it was only 1630—until a phone call from the squadron duty officer changed their plans- “Better get down to IOIC, Lyle,” said the duty officer, “you’re going to Hanoi tonight.” In IOIC (Integrated Operational Intelli' gence Center), Lieutenant junior grade Pete Barrick, U. S. Navy, the squadron air in' telligence officer, was ready for them. Charts were spread out on a long table. While Bar- rick left to get the target folder, Hunter and Bull glanced at the air defense charts of the Hanoi area, noting fresh red markings which |
‘ndicated new surface-to-air missile (SAM) s’tes. In addition, hundreds of black dots showed anti-aircraft gun positions, and in the v'cinity of their target—the Hanoi railroad Lrry slip—it was almost solid. Hunter said °ne approach looked as bad as another.
This was to be a single-plane strike. The success of the mission depended entirely upon °Ue A-6 and its crew. Barrick, Hunter, and Bull studied the target carefully. The photography
the area was good. Exact measurements "'ere made to provide precise inputs for the Cornputers in the aircraft. The Hanoi air defenses were evaluated. Hunter’s initial 'rnpression was right, there was no “best” WaY to get in or out. It was going to be rough because Hanoi was loaded.
Leaving IOIC, the two of them went up to hie forward wardroom for a quick dinner. The meal was served cafeteria style. There was a short waiting line made up mostly of lheir squadron mates. “Stand back, you guys, here come Charlie and Lyle. They go first. This may be their last meal,” said one of the Voung officers. The two aviators laughed self- c°nsciously and moved to the head of the hue. There was more joking, but pervading U all was the uncomfortable feeling that Perhaps the well-intended humor was getting loo close to the truth.
The whole squadron knew Hanoi for what 11 was—a closely knit web of anti-aircraft Suns and SAM sites. There were at least 560 known anti-aircraft guns of various calibers *n the area Hunter and Bull were to fly over. Thirty MiG aircraft were based within a few Seconds’ flying time from their target. They knew full well that the flight would be opposed by 15 “hot” SAM sites—sites that had been firing with devastating accuracy in previous days. During intelligence briefings, they were told that the North Vietnamese were transferring additional defense fire power to protect their capital city.
Hunter and Bull did not discuss the fact that they might not make it back. After all, six other crews from their squadron had gone through the heart of Hanoi three nights before. They took missiles and flak, but they all came home without a scratch. But that strike was different. It was one of the first strikes to hit in the area of the railroad ferry slip, and it obviously took the North Vietnamese defenders by surprise. The planes shot through with ten-minute separations, but each successive aircraft encountered steadily increasing defensive fire. Six SAMs were fired at the last plane.
Commander Robert Blackwood, U. S. Navy, the squadron’s executive officer, returned from the raid convinced that the luxury of surprise would not be available to any more multiplane strikes going into Hanoi, but a single plane might make it. He discussed the alternatives available with the task force commander, as well as the odds of success and survival. They both knew that shore-based as well as carrier-based aircraft had taken a terrible “hosing clown” in the Hanoi area. The Admiral was convinced that there was no single best way of accomplishing this mission, but he also believed in making frequent variations in tactics. If they were to achieve surprise, the strike would have to go in low and at night. Could the A-6 do it? Hunter and Bull would be the first to know.
The launch, when it came, was much the same as the many that had preceded it. The catapult hurled the 27-ton aircraft down the deck with the always impressive acceleration force that, in a space of 230 feet, propelled the aircraft to an air speed of 150 knots. The A-6 was airborne from its home, the attack carrier USS Constellation (CVA-64).
The lone Intruder swept over the beach at the coast-in point they called the “armpit,” an inlet north of Thanh Hoa and south of Nam Dinh. The planned approach to the target used the rocky hills to the southwest of Hanoi in order to take advantage of the radar “masking” which they provided. Absolute minimum altitude would be the only way the A-6 would be able to stay below the lethal envelope of a radar-guided SAM. The jet, moving at 350 knots, was now at an altitude of 500 feet.
As the jet flew to within 18 miles of the target, a signal flashed in the cockpit, indicating that a SAM radar was locked on the A-6. Immediately Hunter snapped, “Take me down.” With precision accuracy, Bull guided the pilot by search radar down to 300 feet, with the jagged hills rising on either side. At the lower altitude, their instruments indicated they had lost the SAM lock-on. In the radar scope, Bull could see only the ridges of the hills on both sides above them and the reflection of the valley floor below.
Four miles straight ahead was the initial point (IP), a small island in the Red River. The IP would be the final navigational aid en route to the target. From this spot, distance and bearing had been precisely measured to the railroad ferry slip. Both the pilot and navigator had to work as one if the mission was to be a success.
With his eyes fixed on the radar scope, Bull placed the crossed hairs on the IP in his radar screen. At the proper instant, Hunter was ready to turn on the final inbound-leg to the target. And again the warning flashed that another SAM radar had locked-on the A-6. Hunter eased the craft down to less than 200 feet, and he moved the stick to the left as the A-6 passed just short of the island in the Red River. The target was now ten miles ahead. The SAM warning signal did not break off with the drop in altitude. As the Intruder flew at near tree-top level, Hunter and Bull could see a missile lift off from its pad.
SAM was locked-on and guiding perfectl; toward the cockpit of the Intruder.
Hunter waited until the last second, aIlC then he yanked back on the stick, pulling the aircraft into a steep climb. With the nose the A-6 pointed almost straight up, the SA^1 exploded underneath it. The laden bombd shook violently, but continued into a modifi^ barrel-roll, topping out at 2,500 feet. At thf peak of the high-G roll, the A-6 was on lts back. Bull raised his head and could see thc! ground beneath him lit up by flak. The 1°' trader rolled out close to the target heading Bull fixed his attention on the radar scope> noting that the radar cursors had stayed 0(1 the target through the roll. “I’m stepping thf system into attack,” he told Hunter.
Something caught his eye and he looked up' “I have two missiles at two o’clock, Charlie/ Bull announced. “And I have three missile* at ten o’clock,” was Hunter’s cool repl)' Evasion was virtually impossible with fiv'e I missiles guiding in on the A-6 from two diH ferent directions. Hunter quickly maneuvered| the plane, dropping the A-6 to 50 feet. Thcj terrain, illuminated by flak, appeared to bc level with the wing tips. Bull could clearl)' see trucks and people on the road belo"’’ They were now only seconds from the target The five missiles guided perfectly in azimuth but could not reach down to the A-6. Bull sensed that the missiles exploded above thel canopy, but he didn’t look up. His attention was momentarily fixed on the ground where multiple rows of anti-aircraft guns were firing at the aircraft. He watched the muzzk blasts as the jet shot past each row. They wefe like mileage markers along the road to thf j ferry slip. Then came the searchlights, scan' ning the sky as if celebrating the opening of 3 j giant new supermarket. Some illuminated the Intruder momentarily, but could not stay with the speeding aircraft.
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^he aircraft was turned into an outbound, ^"'theast heading and Hunter, giving the k°rnrnunist gunners a run for their money, , eSan maneuvering the A-6 up and down, ack and forth. Again the SAM warning was j>lven four more missiles were locked on the ^otruder. They followed, but could not ack the Intruder through its evasive ma- l|(>uvers and they exploded above and behind.
■ They passed over another flak site without Evident, and then they were safely on their Way back to the Constellation. For the first lrtle Charlie Hunter and Lyle Bull had time 0 realize what they had been through.
^ Only a limited number of military airmen 3ve challenged the main battery of guns in ae Hanoi area of North Vietnam. Fewer yet ^an claim membership in the elite group who ave successfully flown unescorted, at night, °Ver North Vietnam’s capital city. For those ’ llle latter group, certainly, any subsequent, ,levv experience promised to be anticlimatic.
SHAPE’S NEW HEADQUARTERS
The new Supreme Headquarters Allied °Wers Europe (SHAPE) in Belgium is now Completed, and occupies a 563-acre site in the °untryside. It is about 30 miles southwest H Brussels and near the city of Mons, Belgium, eographically, the headquarters and its acilities have been incorporated and are reared to as SHAPE, Belgium.
In March 1966, the French government Notified the other members of the Alliance lhat the headquarters (and all allied troops) ')°uld have to leave French territory before 1 j Pril 1967. New headquarters would have to )e built, because no suitable existing facilities 'lVere available in a strategically acceptable location. The NATO Council accepted the Belgian government’s offer of an area, consisting mainly of woodland, along the Mons- Brussels road. The area had a small airstrip already in existence.
Because of the time element, a determined effort was made by top level Belgian authorities to cut through red tape and contractual formalities. Within two weeks the first bids were made and a crash construction program began. SHAPE’S top-priority communications center was the first facility to be completed—in an astounding 43 days. A 185-foot communications tower was completed in two weeks. On 11 October 1966, ground was broken for the construction of the new headquarters. Using computers to coordinate the work of 100 subcontractors, the pace was maintained around the clock through the winter. By mid-March 1967, two weeks before the deadline, the essential headquarters components were ready and functioning in tandem with the SHAPE-Paris operation.
To meet the French deadline, SHAPE’S Message 80003 concluded the historic transfer: “Effective 1555Z 31 March 1967, command and control of Allied Command Europe and operation of Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe cease in France and commence at SHAPE Belgium.” The shift to the new headquarters involved more than
10.0 people, 300 tons of documents, and
350.0 cubic feet of office material and equipment. Eighteen main buildings and several other secondary structures had been finished. A total of 807,000 square feet of new building space had been constructed and a 107,600-square-foot area of existing buildings had been renovated. Over a million square feet of parking space were constructed.
More remained to be done, however, after SHAPE had carried out its operational transfer. Construction continued apace to complete the housing, shops, hospital, chapel, theater, and other facilities needed to support the operation.
SHAPE, Belgium, is a fully functioning community for its 3,000 headquarters personnel and 5,000 dependents. The total construction cost (excluding the communications facilities) was $32 million.
With all the personnel brought together in
one location, SHAPE functions even more thoroughly as a fully integrated staff. Serving at the headquarters are personnel from Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Luxembourg and Portugal each maintain a representative at the headquarters. There are 780 Americans—93 officers, 653 enlisted personnel and 34 civilians—currently serving there.
The new facilities are far more spacious than at the old headquarters at Rocquen- court near Paris. They were widely scattered World War II-type prefabricated buildings, used so that SHAPE could be activated promptly after the Allied Command Europe had been established in April 1951. By contrast, the facilities in Belgium are all located together, making possible much more convenient and efficient use.
The main headquarters building contains 800 offices. Corridors are long, because the building was kept to three stories to avoid the time-consuming installation of elevators. There are several well-equipped conference rooms in which visitors can be received or meetings held. There is an ultra-modern auditorium, and additional space is readily available at the theater and gymnasium when needed for large-scale activities. The communications center has the latest equipment.
Housing is ample and pleasant at the new headquarters. There are 600 houses and apartments, three BOQs,. and five buildings for enlisted men and women. Another 1,03® guaranteed rental units are also available near the headquarters. These units are being provided by private Belgian industry unde*' inducements offered by the Belgian govern' ment.
SHAPE has a complete shopping center, arranged through a contract with a leading Brussels department store. In addition to 3 supermarket and a mini-department store, concessionaires operate laundry and cleaning facilities, barber and beauty shops, book stores, clothing stores, and many other facib' ties. They are supplemented by a limited commissary and post exchange, for U. S- personnel, at nearby Chievres Air Base.
There is also a modern school, the SHAPf International School, on the headquarter* site, accommodating 2,250 pupils. The di' rector general is Belgian. The school is organized so that children can follow educa' tional patterns similar to those in their home country. It has American, British, Canadian. German, and International sections. The Lh S. element conducts a standard American curriculum and is staffed by teachers meeting U. S. accreditation standards. The building well-lighted, spacious, and has the latest equipment for its physics and chemistry laboratories, and for sports.
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The SHAPE, Belgium, community also includes a 750-seat movie theater, an 18,000- book recreational library (in addition to the military reference library), an interdenominational chapel, a 60-bed hospital, clubs, craft
0 supplement or replace civil facilities in emergency, it has its own power station, ''»ter lower> fire department, and post ces. Over four miles of main roads and e,?ht secondary roads cover the area.
1 he new headquarters is now in full opera- P n> and in the words of General Lyman ^rmitzer, U. S. Army, who recently was
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lnd it. Both notions unfortunately are ^ S(-’: the effort to expel the ROTC units from merican campuses has clear roots into the '"d-1950s; events are suggesting that before '0, significant and long-lasting changes Vv,li be produced in the University-Service re ationship that has developed since the
p °PS> a*i auto fix-it shop, and a picnic area.
0r sports, there are football, softball, soccer, Jjfy, ar>d cricket fields, 12 tennis courts, a J'Yard track, a gymnasium (with three ^fuash and two handball courts, a weight >ning room, a sauna and an indoor swim- ^'ng Pool), and a 12-lane bowling alley.
lere is a nursery, youth center, and a Boy &c°ut hut.
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’ Army, “Our new facilities are the most j. 1Clent we have ever had. In fact, the effec- eness of our Allied team has never been better. ”
SOME IMPLICATIONS OF UNIVERSITY UNREST he news media have turned their interest ard a campus phenomenon which has rect relevance to the military services: a °veinent which may be called, somewhat grandiloquently, “The National Anti-ROTC ampaign.” It might appear from press ac- b'ints that this campaign had emerged sud- enly. in full force, and like an unexpected inall would swiftly blow over, leaving calm
early years of the 20th century.
At least four distinct participant groups are visible within the anti-ROTC movement:
• A minority “radical left,” whose target, broadly stated, is the “Establishment” and American society as it is constituted today, and whose strategy is revolution. This group is comprised chiefly of members of the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS). One aspect of their effort to discredit universities, which they view as the willing tools of the existing political order, is to move against tenant ROTC units because this provides the potential for explosive confrontation with other university factions. Two additional reasons are: first, the general absence of vocal and effective pro-ROTC groups within the university community; and second, the supposition that disruption of the ROTC system would place a severe manpower burden upon the military services in their junior officer ranks. The latter is quite correct.
• A much larger “center-left” group whose adherents are, for the most part, from university faculties. These educators (and less often, administrators) are attempting to force the reversal of a trend in education which started in the 1930s. This trend saw the university and government drawn closely together. The impetus behind this initial attraction was the government’s need for information (especially during wartime) and the university s need for funds. As non-government (especially non-defense associated) financial support has become more plentiful, on-campus political criticism is manifesting itself in clearly articulated desires to return the university to its idealistically-conceived role as a detached observer and critic of society. 1 he flurry of books recently published about the university’s role in society is testimony to the importance attached to this issue by faculties, another aspect of this issue is the recently announced “scientists’ strike.”
• Another group is much harder to identify. It is an amorphous body of citizens related only by a common sense of disquiet over the war in Vietnam. The ROTC is a secondary issue to these people. Nevertheless, those in whom this disquiet has become most intense are searching for ways in which they may impose restraints extra-institutionally, in the future, on what they regard as ad-
venturism in government. One such way, they feel, is by reducing the size and influence of the “military-industrial complex” within government, society, and the university. • Finally, there are the members of various strands of the genuine pacifist movements in America, which draw upon a liberal, egalitarian, humanist, intellectual tradition that stretches back into the 19 th century. The common platform of these groups is essentially the same as that of the “disquieted citizens” previously mentioned—restraints upon government. However, here the argument frequently draws more upon theological than political and legal roots. These “pacifist splinters” have been very active in the support of all volunteer-Army programs and campaigns to end the draft. This is done for the same reasons they work against the ROTC -—to limit the size of the military establishment and thus curtail “active” diplomacy and a “forward” foreign policy.
These four groups have found themselves in common cause over the question concerning the future of the ROTC—true to one of the few durable laws of political action: “common enemies make common friends.” The unfortunate effectiveness of this accidental alliance can be seen at Harvard, Yale, and Dartmouth, and Columbia. Rumblings in the underground give good reason to suspect that the status of the NROTC units at many other universities will be reviewed—to the certain disadvantage of the Navy.
Considering the importance of the NROTC as a source of junior officers, both regular and reserve, the situation requires immediate study and action if the Navy is to continue to attract young college men to the sea services, and to preserve its traditional public image. Neither the passive posture of an ostrich (which will preserve tranquility but sacrifice these important sources of officers) nor a determined “damn the torpedoes, full speed ahead!” attitude (which may win individual battles at a few schools, but will ultimately lose the “war”) will accomplish the Navy’s twin objectives. These are: keeping the junior officer corps up to strength by drawing from a broad cross-section of the nation, and retaining public confidence in the Navy’s wisdom and skill.
In the abstract, a number of solutions to the problem of procuring an adequate nui"' ber of well-educated, and motivated juni°r naval officers are available:
• Expand the Naval Academy, or ahern®'1 tively build another one, so that their a11' nual output of regular officers (after due allowance is made for retention percentage*) would be sufficient to meet requirements. Th|5 approach is neither feasible nor desirable Expansion of Annapolis much beyond >ts present size runs into almost immediate physical constraints; room to double °r triple its size is just not available. Construe1' ing another naval academy—on the WeSt Coast perhaps—is likely to run into oppose tion both within the Navy and its sister set' vices. In any case, this proposal fails to provide junior officers of varying educations' experience, accepted as highly desirable; not does it address itself reasonably to the prob' lent of recruiting an additional 2,000 yoitn? men per year into the projected expanded Naval Academy (or academies).
• Another possibility, which is much motf extreme, is to convert the existing Nava' Academy into a two-year professional gradU' ate school (granting an appropriate master’5 degree), drawing from all accredited undergraduate schools in the country. The effec1 of this would be to double the output of regt1' lar officers from the same size educational plant, and give the Navy a regular junior officer corps uniformly educated to the master’s level. This approach is an effective answer to many objections, and has soine additional, unique points in its favor. However, there are powerful traditional arguments against it, which would undoubtedly prove fatal to implementation.
• The Navy could simply take the path of least resistance and disestablish Corps units in contested schools, and re-establish them in more placid educational institutions. This is unacceptable for at least two reasons: first, h is impossible to know in advance where anti- ROTC disruption is likely. Hence, units might become virtually “itinerants,” traveling annually from one university to another. Second, it is possible that units would cascade from schools of high academic reputation to those of lower regard—to the obvious detriment of the Navy.
• An alternative response proceeds from a
tri •
'Service point of view, and concludes that ^!nce the problem is common to all services e best solution would be found in a single, insistent response at the Department of eense level. One idea would be the estab- pS Inent of a large, centrally-located Armed fo°rces Jun*or College, where all candidates r admission to the service academies would eceive two years of basic academic instructs and military orientation. They would n attend one of the service academies for ^ 0 years prior to commissioning. Given an r,1’ed Forces Junior College of suitable size, tach of the existing three academies could snnually graduate over 2,000 men. Since this ution would require considerable con- uction, and also an abrupt departure from resent service academy programs, it seems ther unlikely that it would gain sreneral acceptance.
* The final possibility appears to have a n'que advantage over the four previous 1 r°posals. It solves the problem at the source, 'thin the NROTC system. It is unlikely that w°uld generate any more serious ones. At llany schools in the NROTC system, univer- Ily-Navy relations are regarded as mutually f-eficial, ancj there is no pressure or need r change. However, at some schools struc- . ral adjustment is necessary, and the follow- lflS might prove to be effective:
Establish, with the consent of university xI1Clals, an endowed professorial chair in aval Science (PNS) (at engineering schools) jJr *^aval History (PNH) (at liberal arts col- e?es) to be filled by a civilian educator of Acceptable academic credentials. He would aVe three principal duties: (a) academic / ais°n between the Navy and the university;
> teaching a one-year professional naval c°Urse in either naval engineering or naval 'story; and (c) conducting such research and Publication as he and the Navy agree to be Mutually beneficial.
Attached to this new office would be several 'javal officers (called, perhaps, “Naval Aca- em'c Counsellors”), whose major duties '''ould include: (a) assisting the PNS/PNH in naval matters and questions; (b) counselling ^dents and presenting such non-credit ^oratory sessions, e.g. cruise indoctrination, as Would be necessary; and (c) pursuing their °Wn graduate studies. Administrative assistance (a yeoman and a storekeeper) and civilian secretarial support, as necessary, would complete the on-campus staff of this streamlined unit.
While students in this modified program would satisfy the existing educational requirements for commissioning (by satisfactorily completing university degree and major requirements, and Navy-specified as well as naval professional courses), the emphasis of these requirements would shift to Navy- specified, civilian-taught courses.
In addition to the one-year naval professional course (taught by the PNS/PNH, for which full university credit would be given) and non-credit “labs,” students would take six semesters of university catalogue courses selected in consultation with, and approval of, the Naval Academic Counsellors. Some examples, taken from the Columbia University bulletins are: “Seminar on comparative national security policies”; American policies in world politics”; “History of American warfare from colonial times to the present ;
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“Digital computers”; “Radar systems engineering”; “Studies in operations research”, etc. These courses would be selected with the following in mind: usefulness for a naval career, the student’s interests, and the intellectual resources of the particular university.
It is entirely possible that students would be accepted into the program with a Navy subspecialty already selected, and could proceed through their undergraduate years expressly preparing for it.
Naturally, since most professional and all orientation-type courses would be eliminated from the on-campus program, summer cruises —three, as presently required—would have to be designed to complete this training. This is not an abrupt departure from the present practice since the revised NROTC instructional program, presently being implemented, regards cruises in essentially the same light.
Students would receive virtually the same compensation as presently provided under existing legislation. However, because of the present availability of scholarship funds and educational loans, the monthly subsistence allowance might have to be increased to a more competitive figure. Within this new framework, many of the existing procedures would be retained. A certain amount of adjustment would be necessary to reflect that the “Corps” part of the NROTC—the drilling body—had been disbanded. With these changes, a new name would be necessary, and one possibility is the Naval Officer Undergraduate Education Program (NOUEP).
For the reasons given in each proposal, the first four were rejected. They failed to confront the problem of the Corps directly, and raised more difficulties than they solved. The Naval Officer Undergraduate Education Program has been presented as the optimum solution in that it appears to satisfy the longterm interests of both the Navy and the universities at modest cost.
NOUEP does not accommodate the lesser satisfactions which might be gained from armor-clad resistance to campus pressures for change or abolition of the NROTC. These pleasures are undoubtedly very real: unfortunately such a response would be clearly counter-productive and would serve only to so exacerbate relations as to compel the ultimate withdrawal of the Navy from many of j our finest universities. NOUEP focuses on the , Navy’s interest in, and need for, a continued procurement presence on university and . college campuses. By concentrating on this : objective, NOUEP attempts to provide a new modus vivendi appropriate to changed times- While the author feels that NOUEP is clearly superior to other proposals offered 1 thus far, it is not posed as the definitive statement of either the problem or the solution- Rather, it is a skeleton which, hopefully, wiU be fleshed out by the thought and contributions of others. Then the Navy will, by retaining the initiative in this vexing probletn> preserve its vital interests—a well-educated junior officer corps.
By Captain Charles D. Allen, Jr.,
U. S. Navy,
First NATO Sea Sparrow Project Manager
NATO SEA SPARROW
The NATO Conference of National Armament Directors gave official approval in June 1968 for the initiation of a co-operative research and development program known as NATO Sea Sparrow. This was the first development program under current NATO procedures to progress so far as to bring together four nations to form a project office and commit funds for system development.
The end product of this program will be a point defense anti-air missile weapon system —the NATO Sea Sparrow surface missile system. As by-products, the four nations will share both considerable orders for production of the weapon system, and a great deal of information stemming from the development and production of Sea Sparrow.
The program holds promise of financial gain through pooled efforts for the four nations—Denmark, Italy, Norway, and the United States. To the North Atlantic Treaty Organization as a whole, it may represent success in the efforts at achieving gainful cooperation in research and development and
s such, could clear the way for similar pro- granis to follow.
0order to gain approval as a NATO cooperative development program, it is neces- ry that two or more NATO countries agree P°n the management, cost-sharing, and end- products of the program. Deliberations to this . ' are conducted by representatives of the fo ,ertste<^ countries in a planning group, ^or that purpose by the cognizant O Armaments Group. The planning tr<JLJP for NATO Sea Sparrow met intermit- hlfR ,)ctween February 1967 and January w ' They agreed substantially upon the Capon system configuration, schedule, costaring, and program management. Another
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QjVe months was required to obtain signatures st" program Memorandum of Under- o^Hdmg between the nations, and receive C IClal designation as a NATO program. The rtn and substance of the program remained sentially unchanged after the January 1968
('tt/'ng’ anc* 3re 3S Allows:
capon System Configuration—The United dtes had offered the Sparrow III air-to-air a‘lssile to the NATO Naval Armaments Group on\e start*nS P°int for the program. Based D^f S; exPerience with the Basic Point 0 e ense Surface Missile System and a follow- (,n G. S. study for an Advanced Point Defense ^Urace Missile System, a configuration was p§‘eed upon, which meets the size and weight Qnstraints of all countries. It also provides a aJor improvement in performance over any fisting self-defense system (including Basic °mt Defense). This envisions a lightweight, ‘ght-cell launcher for missile ready-service owage and firing. It would also include a C)Wer-driven, track-illuminating radar and s°ciated below-decks weapon control Thpment, to drive the launcher and control ^ f: hdng of missiles. The Sparrow missile is to fe ln°dified to provide rapid warm-up for fast esponse, and its wings will be folded in ■ nrage to rec]uce launcher size.
Schedule—Approximately six months of etailed study by the development prime con- ^a< tor was called for (Contract Definition . ase), subsequent to the signing of the emorandum of Understanding and the Pproval as a NATO program. This had been j)r<!cedcd by nearly a year of planning, and the Preparation of preliminary system specifications by the U. S. Navy in support of the planning group. On completion of the Contract Definition Phase, an engineering development contract will be negotiated with the development prime contractor, and the actual design and fabrication of engineering development models of the system will commence. Concurrently, all necessary support equipment, spare parts, and documentation will be defined and procured. At the end of this period, one of the engineering development models will be fitted into a test ship and subjected to extensive tests to determine if it meets all performance requirements. These tests will be conducted by the weapon system development prime contractor. After successful completion of these tests, approval will be given to begin production of the system.
Two years of sole-source production by the development contractor is planned, to provide systems for fleet use at the earliest practicable time. While this production is in progress, the development model will be removed from the test ship and returned to the contractor’s
SOVIET
NAVAL STRATEGY
Fifty Years of Theory and Practice By Commander
Robert Waring Herrick, USN (Ret.)
Is today’s Soviet naval strategy one of offense or defense? In this scholarly, yet incisive analysis, Commander Herrick builds a strong case for the latter view. Already the subject of clamorous debate, SOVIET NAVAL STRATEGY should be studied by everyone concerned with sea power and world politics.
250 pages
Bibliography
Glossary
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plant for updating. Corrective modifications will be made, as necessary, after the at-sea tests. They will be incorporated into all of the development models, which will then be installed on board some U. S. and Norwegian fleet ships for service tests and operational evaluation. The tests will be conducted by naval personnel and will constitute the final evaluation before going to the Fleet. As a result of the total development program, and the experience gained during the initial production run, a complete, proven production data package will be given to each of the participating countries after the first production deliveries. This will permit governments to make contractual arrangements for follow- on production in their own countries.
Cost-sharing—The formula simply states that the participants will contribute to the total development cost, in direct proportion to the number of systems they will eventually procure through the two-year, sole-source production run and during the first year of national production immediately following. This three-year span was selected to avoid the complexities of endless updating of the costsharing figures as national plans change over the years. It also discourages countries from delaying their major procurements to avoid paying their share of the development cost- An increase in the number of systems pr°" cured will cause recalculation of development shares, retroactive to the start of the program- But if fewer systems than anticipated are bought by one of the partners, that country cannot get any of its money back. That iS> money expended will be irretrievably gone> and cannot be deducted from later payments- Provision has been made for calculating cost-sharing on a subsystem basis—missile; fire control system, and launcher—for the countries desiring only partial systems. Further breakout is not permitted because of the complexity of calculating costs, and the im-
Pact of such fragmentation on program man- agernent.
Program Management—There was no prec- ent for the management of a co-operative ev’elopment program, although some NATO r°-operative production programs suggested approaches. During the planning stage, it was agreed that over-all control would be by a ^°ard of directors, known as the NATO Sea Parrow Steering Committee, consisting of j^ne member from each participating country.
ecisions will be made by majority vote, except in major decisions that effect programs c°sts, schedule, or major changes in the technical approach. This will require a unan- lrn°us vote. Nations joining after the signing ? lhe Memorandum of Understanding, must Je accepted by all members.
. nder the supervision of the Steering Committee, a single line of authority extends from single program manager, heading up a AT0 Sea Sparrow Project Office, to a single Weapon system prime contractor. The prime contractor is, in turn, responsible for sub- c°ntracting for development, and for produc- h°n during the two-year, sole-source procurement, within the participating countries, because the United States will be procuring e majority of the systems, the prime contactor must be a U. S. contractor. To meet alance of payment constraints, he must exPend both development and production monies in each of the other participating Countries to within 25 per cent of the development and production inputs of each country, his necessitated early planning on the part
0 k°th the Project Office and prime contractor, so that long before formal program aPproval, a tentative network of contractual atrangements had been worked out between he tentative prime contractor and his subcontractors in each of the other countries.
ecause the distribution of contractual effort requires a long lead time, the ruling on expenditures in each country cannot apply to ate-joining nations.
The NATO Sea Sparrow Project Office is oca ted in Washington, D. C. The choice of a y S. locale was dictated by the selection of a • S. prime contractor. Washington was Picked so that the support services of the U. S.
1 aval Ordnance Systems Command could be used. Composition of the project office staff roughly parallels national financial commitments, with the United States providing 18 of the 21 staff members, including the program manager, a U. S. Navy captain. Norway, the next largest consumer, provides the deputy program manager. Denmark and Italy each furnish one officer, as subsystem managers. They have direct access to the program manager as national deputies for their respective countries as well. The Project Office opened informally in April 1968, and then was officially established two months later, when the participating countries completed signing of the Memorandum of Understanding.
The NATO Sea Sparrow Program is now entering funded development, with production scheduled to commence immediately after completion of a successful at-sea demonstration of system capability by the development prime contractor. A weapon system configuration has been agreed upon by all of the participating nations, and has been defined in sufficient detail to permit a well- controlled development effort by a prime contractor. The burden of meeting balance of payment constraints, while coordinating the efforts of contractors in all countries resides with the prime contractor. The first meeting of the Steering Committee was in July 1968 at the project office.
It appears that the factors contributing to the success of the program so far are:
• Early identification of the system configuration, approximate cost, and schedule. The participating nations knew at the outset what they would be getting and when, and roughly how much it would cost.
• Early identification of cost-sharing and program control procedures.
• A single program manager and project office.
• A single prime contractor, with maximum authority and responsibility for coordinating the efforts of sub-contractors in the other nations.
• A minimum of change throughout the planning stages.
Only through time and experience, will it be known whether this approach to co-operative development will succeed.
Progress
Armed Escort—This prototype Assault Support Patrol boat (ASPB) Mark 2 was designed and constructed primarily to provide armed escort for the riverine forces. The 50-foot craft, which can operate in shallow water, is powered by three gas turbine engines and is propelled by three waterjet pumps, thus eliminating the need for propellers and rudders. The boat’s planing hull is constructed of fiber glass.
Pipeline Inspector—Shown here is an artist’s conception of Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation’s three-man submarine for off-shore petroleum pipeline inspection and underwater survey. It has a cylindrical steel hull, is llj feet long, 5j feet in diameter, and is capable of operating at a 500-foot depth. A 1 5 h.p., DC electric motor will propel the ten-ton boat at a submerged speed of five knots for eight hours. Features include a closed-circuit TV, recording system, searchlights, and two ten- inch viewing ports.
Remote Control—The U. S. Army’s new truck-mounted mine detecting set is put through its paces under the remote control of the soldier in the background. Using a 12-pound, chest-mounted transmitter, the operator may command the vehicle to start, stop, speed-up, slow down, shift gears forward and reverse, change direction, and apply brakes. The mine-detector, mounted on the front of the vehicle is also operator-controlled.
Reheat Power Plant—The supertanker S. T. Energy Transport has been equipped with General Electric Company’s first MST-14 reheat marine propulsion plant. A guaranteed fuel rate of less than 0.4 pounds per shaft horsepower hour is provided by the 30,000-h.p.
cross-compound reheat turbine at 80 propeller r.p.m. The ship, one of the largest in the world, is 212,000 dwt. tons, 1,100 feet long, and has a beam of 158 feet.
VTOL Aircraft—Model of the Bell tilt-stop-fold rotor airplane demonstrates operational sequence as (upper left) its rotors are used in helicopter fashion for vertical takeoff and landing; and (upper right) the rotors tilt forward to serve as propellers, to obtain speeds of up to 300 miles per hour. For speeds above this, the blades would be folded (lower left) and lock (lower right) to begin jet cruising speeds of more than 450 m.p.h.
Mobile Shelters—An artist’s concept depicts use of "bare base” shelters by the Air Force in remote areas, where minimum facilities exist. The shelters are made of Bondolite aluminum sandwich panels and foam board. Each unit can be folded into a self-contained, box-like structure for storage and transit, 13 feet long, eight feet high, three feet thick, and weighs 2,550 pounds. Unfolded, they will be about 39 feet long, 13 feet wide, and eight feet high.
Notebook
U. S. Navy
s Ship Launchings and Commissionings
The following is a list of ships launched and commissioned during fiscal year 1969.
Mount Hood July 1968
Bethlehem Steel Corp., Sparrows Point, Md. Connote July 1968
Avondale Shipyards, Westwego, La.
Guitarr o July 1968
San Francisco Bay N.S.Y. (M.l.)
Trenton Aug. 1968
Lockheed S.B. & Construction Co., Seattle Lockwood Sept. 1968
Todd Shipyards Corp., Seattle Mobile Oct. 1968
Newport News S.B. & D.D. Co.
Ponce Nov. 1968
Lockheed S.B. & Construction Co., Seattle
Rathburne Nov. 1968
Avondale Shipyards, Westwego, La.
Badger Dec. 1968
Todd Shipyards Corp., Seattle Finback Dec. 1968
Newport News S.B. & D.D. Co.
NR-1 Jan. 1969
General Dynamics-Electric Boat, Groton Milwaukee Jan. 1969
General Dynamics, Quincy W. S. Sims Jan. 1969
Avondale Shipyards, Westwego, La.
Blue Ridge Jan. 1969
Philadelphia Naval Shipyard
Manitowoc Jan. 1969
Philadelphia Naval Shipyard
St. Louis Jan. 1969
Newport News S.B. & D.D. Co.
Marvin Shields Apr. 1969
Todd Shipyards Corp., Seattle Inchon Apr. 1969
Lockheed S.B. & Construction Co., Seattle Hawkbill Apr. 1969
San Francisco Bay N.S.Y. (M.l.)
Patterson May 1969
Avondale Shipyards, Westwego, La.
El May 1969
Newport News S.B. & D.D. Co.
Downes May 1969
Todd Shipyards Corp., Seattle
Harold E. Holt May 1969
Todd Shipyards Corp., San Pedro
Flying Fish May 1969
General Dynamics-Electric Boat, Groton
Detroit June 1959
Puget Sound Naval Shipyard
Kansas City June 1969
General Dynamics Corp., Quincy
Vreeland June 1969
COMMISSIONED |
|
| |
DE-1051 | O'Callahan | July | 1968 |
| Defoe Shipbuilding Co., Bay City, | Mich. |
|
SSN-639 | Tautog | Aug. | 1968 |
| Ingalls Shipbuilding Corp., Pascagoula |
| |
AE-26 | Kilauea | Aug. | 1968 |
| General Dynamics, Quincy |
|
|
AGSS-555 | Dolphin | Aug. | 1968 |
| Portsmouth Naval Shipyard |
|
|
CVA-67 | John F. Kennedy | Sept. | 1968 |
| Newport News S.B. & D.D. Co. |
|
|
SSN-638 | Whale | Oct. | 1968 |
| General Dynamics, Quincy |
|
|
DE-1050 | Albert David | Oct. | 1968 |
| Lockheed S.B. & Construction Co., | Seattle |
|
LPD-9 | Denver | Oct. | 1968 |
| Lockheed S.B. & Construction Co., | Seattle |
|
AFS-4 | White Plains | Nov. | 1968 |
| National Steel & S.B. Co., San Dieqo |
| |
LPH-11 | New Orleans | Nov. | 1968 |
| Philadelphia Naval Shipyard |
|
|
AFS-5 | Concord | Nov. | 1968 |
| National Steel & S.B. Co., San Dieqo |
| |
SSN-662 | Gurnard | Dec. | 1968 |
| San Francisco Bay N.S.Y. (M.l.) |
|
|
LKA-113 | Charleston | Dec. | 1968 |
| Newport News S.B. & D.D. Co. |
|
|
AE-27 | Butte | Dec. | 1968 |
| General Dynamics, Quincy |
|
|
SSN-664 | Sea Devil | Jan. | 1969 |
| Newport News S.B. & D.D. Co. |
|
|
SSN-648 | Aspro | Feb. | 1969 |
| Ingalls Shipbuilding Corp., Pascag | oula |
|
LSD-36 | Anchorage | Mar. | 1969 |
| Ingalls Shipbuilding Corp., Pascagoula |
| |
SSN-649 | Sunfish | Mar. | 1969 |
| General Dynamics, Quincy |
|
|
AOE-3 | Seattle | Apr. | 1969 |
| Puget Sound Naval Shipyard |
|
|
DE-1052 | Knox | Apr. | 1969 |
| Todd Shipyards Corp., Seattle |
|
|
AOR-1 | Wichita | May 1969 | |
| General Dynamics, Quincy |
|
|
AFS-6 | San Diego | May 1969 | |
| National Steel & S.B. Co., San Diego |
| |
LKA-114 | Durham | May 1969 | |
| Newport News S.B. & D.D. Co. |
|
|
SSN-667 | Bergall | May 1969 | |
| General Dynamics-Electric Boat, Groton |
| |
LPD-10 | Juneau | June | 1969 |
| Lockheed S.B. & Construction Co., Seattle |
| |
SSN-646 | Grayling | June | 1969 |
| Portsmouth Naval Shipyard |
|
|
SSN-652 | Puffer | June 1969 | |
| Ingalls Shipbuilding Corp., Pascagoula |
| |
SSN-671 | Narwhal | June | 1969 |
| General Dynamics-Electric Boat, Groton |
|
LAUNCHED
AE-29
DE-1056
SSN-665
LPD-14
DE-1064
LKA-115
LPD-15
DE-1057
DE-1071
SSN-670
NR-1
AOR 2
DE-1059
LCC-19
LST-1180
LKA-116
DE-1066
LPH-12
SSN 666
DE-1061
LKA-117
DE-1070
DE-1074
SSN-673
AOE-4
AOR-3
DE-1068
Avondale Shipyards, Westwego, La.
™ ASMS: For All New Destroyers
^rmed Forces Management, March, 1969) The ' avy’s proposed Advanced Surface Missile ' ysteni (ASMS) will be installed on all new niPs of destroyer class and larger starting in J'5, according to Rear Admiral Arthur R. ralla, U. S. Navy, Commander of the Naval rdnance Systems Command. ASMS is an area defense missile system, designed to rePlace the Tartar-Talos-Terrier combination, 'vhich has been in the Fleet for more than 15
years.
53 Submarine Missile Range Extended
Washington Post, 2 April, 1969) The Navy, "'hich has started to convert its Polaris submarines with multiwarhead Poseidon missiles, ^°ld Congress of plans to develop a new multi-
alion-dollar, longer-range submarine missile system in the late 1970s.
Secretary of the Navy John H. Chafee echoed warnings of Soviet seapower given 116 Senate Armed Services Committee by ‘ ecretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird, declaring: “It is quite clear that the Soviet Navy Presents a serious and growing threat to our continued supremacy on the seas. Over the years, the Soviet strategic threat to the United !mates has grown more rapidly than expected, o°th in quality and in number,” Chafee said.
Chafee said the system, planned forintro- 'I’tction in the late 1970s, is called the “Undersea Long-Range Missile System” and “the CLMs submarines would each be armed with a large number of ballistic missiles.”
Admiral Thomas Moorer, U. S. Navy, the 'ytief of Naval Operations, who accompanied 'Alafee tQ the closed hearings, said the USS ames Madison (SSBN-627), first of the Polaris subs scheduled for conversion to Poseidons, is currently at Electric Boat Division, Groton, Connecticut.
The Navy is asking that six more Polaris submarines be authorized for conversion in die fiscal year, starting 1 July, to bring the total to ten. Eventually, 31 of the 41 Polaris submarines will be refitted with Poseidons.
Chafee and Moorer both testified that four of the first five Poseidon tests were successful, in contrast with the six straight failures when the Polaris was introduced a decade ago.
They also told of work on the proposed sea-based Ballistic Missile Intercept System, which would be designed to shoot down attacking intercontinental ballistic missiles shortly after they are launched against the United States.
“In addition,” Chafee said, “it might provide protection against a southerly launched Fractional Orbiting Bombardment System, such as the Soviets are believed to be installing.
“Primary calculations show,” he said, that this, plus a Safeguard antiballistic missile, “can be an effective strategic defense-in-depth to deal with possible future Soviet or Communist Chinese weapons.”
Ej New Law Branch For Marine Corps
(Marine Corps News Release, March, 1969) A Law Enforcement Branch is being established at Headquarters Marine Corps to manage and co-ordinate the training of personnel to serve in law enforcement billets.
The new branch is expected to go into operation during Fiscal Year 1970. Under the new system, law enforcement specialists, such as military policemen, investigators, and corrections men, will be combined in the Military Occupational Specialty of 5,800. Personnel assigned the MOS will be trained formally, and will continue to be assigned within the field.
a New Undersea Warfare Center
(Oceanology International, March/April, 1969) Plans to build a $12.8-million Undersea Warfare Center in San Diego have been announced by the Navy. The center will include elements from the Naval Ordnance Test Station in Pasadena and the Naval Electronics Laboratory in San Diego.
Major facilities will be concentrated in San
Diego and Pasadena, with secondary facilities at Point Mugu, San Clemente Island, Long Beach, Kaneohe (Hawaii), Lake Pend Oreille (Idaho), and Cape Prince of Wales (Alaska).
The center conducts research, development, evaluation, systems integration, and fleet engineering support in undersea warfare and ocean technology.
Other U. S. Services
s The Volunteer Army vs. The Draft
(George W. Ashworth in the Christian Science Monitor, 5 March, 1969) A volunteer army probably would be workable in peacetime. The Nixon administration’s quest is seen by knowledgeable officials here as a quite possible dream. But, they caution, a great deal of hard work, careful planning, and reform will be necessary before a voluntary army can be brought about in the United States.
Three key points of Mr. Nixon’s volunteer army proposal are that progress must be made in getting the problem of Vietnam out
of the way; there should be a transition pc" riod; and the draft should be kept on standby- \
A proposal now before the Senate would end selective service six months after passage 1 raise pay to $100 a month for all enlisted men, and force the President to ask CongresS for permission to start the draft again.
In its present form, the bill has virtually no chance of passage. In the first plac^i 1 abolition of the draft within six months d ^ passage would wreak havoc to serviceman' power distribution and manning levels. SeC' , ond, Mr. Nixon’s plan to keep the draft on standby would enable quick action in the event of crisis.
One of the major problems of any volufl' teer force is that of meeting so-called surge « requirements in times of crisis. Such timeS ; are also moments of particular danger f°r those in service, and volunteering could be expected to drop off just as the need arises.
Without the ability to draft quickly lt> ’ crisis, the nation would probably be forced to face greater reliance upon the reserve8
how many more electronics specialists can you use in your command?
"Twice what I have" is the typical answer. But you’re not going to get them until somebody comes up with a solution for today’s severe shortage of military electronics men. Meanwhile, what can you do? You’ll get some help from a continuing effort to increase the technical qualifications of the men you have. CREI can help you in this task as it has helped officers since 1927. CREI Home Study Programs offer your men an opportunity to acquire technical knowledge beyond the scope of military courses. They cover every phase of modern electronics—from radar to missile and spacecraft guidance—even the increasingly important field of nuclear instrumentation and control. The man who enrolls in a CREI Program studies on his own time and pays his own tuition. The cost to the Armed Forces is nothing. Many officers not only encourage CREI students but also suggest CREI study to particularly ambitious men. And they welcome the CREI Field Service Representative who visits their command. If you are not familiar with CREI Programs, we’ll be glad to send you complete information as well as typical lesson material for your evaluation.
CREI, Home Study Division, McGraw-Hill Book Company
3224 Sixteenth Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20010
At
total
^ National Guard. But without the draft, I e reserves and National Guard probably r°uld not be maintained at nearly their ) Present strength unless drastic measures are a en to make them vastly more attractive.
present, United States armed forces 3.5 million, making them the largest >n l^e world. If the United States slips back er the war to its pre-Vietnam level of 0ut 2.7 million, American total strength ^01 ild be about 500,000 below that of the ' ovtet Union and about on a par with Communist China.
Critics of the draft often point to the suc- fess of the Canadians and the British in main- j^'oing their security with volunteer forces.
ntam’s armed forces include less than one- j.. million including forces enlisted outside r*tatn. The unified Canadian forces number 0nly about 101,600.
^ United States forces were to bear the !arne proportion to national population as do anada’s forces, United States total strength Vv°uld be about a million. In a similar comparison with Britain, the United States armed forces would total about 1.6 millions.
Pentagon studies conducted before Viet- natn showed that it would be feasible to ex- Pfet to be able to maintain volunteer forces
0 as much as two million. Beyond that, the matter becomes much more difficult, and
Problems multiply.
Such force size would be possible were the nited States to have the limited defense needs of Canada and Britain, both of which ^°ok to the United States for aid and com- 0rt should disaster ever strike. But the aited States has taken on the mantle of a Superpower,' and the difficult situation of the f °ld war makes the United States the prin- f'pal Free World adversary of the Communist superpowers.
The Pentagon’s current study of the volunteer proposals is called Project Volunteer.
1 is being directed by defense manpower °fficials with the help of other Pentagon °ffices and the three services. Project officers Vv*U work closely with the presidential commission planned to delve into the volunteer Question.
A Pentagon manpower specialist, Vice jmmiral William P. Mack, U. S. Navy, out- med some of the difficulties that must be
overcome at a Pentagon briefing for the press.
Although the Pentagon plans to draft only about 260,000 of the 1,050,000 young people it will need during the current fiscal year, the admiral said, far less than half of the rest can be considered true volunteers, or those who joined because they were so inclined without pressure from the draft. Indeed, only 300,000 are considered true volunteers. An additional 490,000 are considered volunteers motivated by the draft. Thus nearly three- quarters are draftees or draft motivated.
In a postwar force of about 2.65 million, the services would need roughly 680,000 true volunteers annually under present service conditions. True volunteering would be expected to rise in peacetime to a little more than one-half the total annual requirements, or about 350,000 of the needed 680,000.
An additional 110,000 draftees would be needed, and the draft would pressure 220,000 to volunteer. A volunteer has the obvious advantage of being able to choose his service
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in most cases. And, under normal conditions he can choose his field of greatest interest.
To fill the forces without drafting and draft pressures would be very difficult. Admiral Mack said those developing the Project Volunteer study plan do not believe that higher military pay alone could be expected to fill the gap.
Said the admiral: “We would have to attempt to move forward in a coordinated way on many fronts. . . . This would include efforts to reduce our requirements for new accessions by improving retention and by all possible efficiencies in manpower utilization. At the same time, of course, we must attempt to increase the number of true volunteers by intensified recruitment and by all those measures which will make military service more attractive and rewarding to young men.”
Sources familiar with manpower problems agree that the services could do far more to make themselves attractive to volunteers. Slow progress in doing so is attributed largely to the existence in past years of a guaranteed manpower pool. Aware that they were going to get enough young men willingly or unwillingly, the services have devoted less than wholehearted interest to the conditions of service life.
A closer attention to the problems of assignments, careers progression, job satisfaction, housing, and pay are all necessary.
On the question of pay, which Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird has given top priority, these sources say that the services must be competitive. This does not mean that they have to pay equally with private industry. But pay and benefits should be such that men of given talents can live approximately as happily as they would outside the service. Part of the inducement could be wider use of proficiency pay for certain specialties and reenlistment bonuses.
So long as the nation enjoys its present high level of prosperity and relatively low level of unemployment, sources say, the difficulties in maintaining a volunteer force would be particularly acute. The attractions of civilian life will remain such that many of the most capable men in service will flock to outside jobs which are offering better pay, more freedom, and finally, what they hope will be greater job satisfaction.
It has been alleged that under a volunteer system the Army might tend toward being predominantly black. Pentagon studies indicate that this is simply untrue. Because of the relatively small proportion of blacks in the overall population, sources believe that the black percentage in the volunteer forces could never rise above 25 per cent. Of course> there might be imbalances leading to heavier Negro percentages in, for example, the middle noncommissioned officer ranks, but even that is not expected to be overwhelming. -^s equal opportunity becomes more of a reality outside of the military services, blacks will be attracted to civilian careers to a much grcatci degree than in the past.
Many of the volunteers the services would get would be of limited mental capability- However, sources say, these men could learn to do well in the more routine and mundane assignments brighter men would dread. Tfus could work to the advantage of both types- Many men of limited intelligence have been delighted with menial tasks, such as hauling ammunition around or performing simple maintenance tasks, because for the first time they had found a niche in which they could do well and enjoy the respect of their peers.
Merchant Marine
s 60 Freedom Ships Being Built
(.Marine Engineering Log, March, 1969) Sixty of the new Freedom vessels, designed to replace the famous Liberty ships, are on order or already delivered. Of these, 50 have been ordered from Ishikawajima-Harima Industries Co., Ltd., Japan, and ten from Astilleros de Cadiz of Spain.
These 14,800-dwt-ton, multi-purpose, dry cargo vessels have a high standard of automation. The Freedom vessels were designed by T. G. R. Campbell International, Ltd- These consultants also supervise construction of the ships.
s 1968 Shipbuilding At Record Level
(The New York Times, 4 March, 1969) World shipbuilding in 1968 set a record for the third successive year. The gross tonnage of ships launched was 16,907,743. Lloyds Register of Shipping has reported that Japan kept her
<r»i
y
$ 5.95
6.95
5.95
6.75
8.75
5.95
14.95
14.95
14.95
25.00
25.00
7.95
^ead, and that U. S. output was at its highest I Slnce 1962.
.The tonnage was 1,127,632 more than in ' b ^Sures do not include shipbuilding
7 the Soviet Union or Communist China. The leading nations were Japan, with >582,970 tons; West Germany, 1,351,828; ^eden, 1,112,591; Great Britain, 898,159; ' 4oain 506,387; Italy, 506,114; Norway, 5,221; France 490,371; Denmark, 482,582; ' and the United States, 441,125 tons.
. Japan recorded her ninth straight annual ‘grease. She now launches more than half i world’s ships. The Japanese output inf tided 19 of the 23 ships of over 100,000 tons. West Germany regained second position,
, ^hich it last held in 1966. Sweden’s output ,el1 by 195,882 tons from 1967 and was her 0vvest since 1964.
Britain’s performance was her poorest since g U and the country slumped to fourth place.
ritain, during 1968, also imported her highest tonnage—2,008,787.
1
33 British Begin Mammoth Tanker Study
|klarine Engineering Log, March, 1969) The r*tish Ministry of Technology has initiated a study into the technical problems involved in oe design and construction of mammoth oil
Jokers.
Belfast shipbuilders, Harland and Wolff,
1 atld Swan Hunter on Tyneside have been Warded the initial study contract to design tw° tankers, one of 400,000 dwt. tons and the 'tther of 1,000,000 dwt. tons, at a cost of 4^°8,000. The completed designs, according the Ministry, will provide British shipbuilders with data to design and build vessels 'T these and' any size.
Foreign
Biggest Catamarans To Be Built
ine Engineering!Log, March, 1969) Two 1 ,200-gross-ton ferries, said to be the largest the catamaran type yet designed, will be rjilt for Kansai Steamship Company of Wsaka, Japan, by Nippon Kokan.
The vessels will each have a capacity for 50 ^ arge trucks, ten small trucks, and 50 automobiles. Accommodations for 450 passengers VvJl be provided.
Scheduled to enter service in the fall, the
19-knot ferries will be built at NKK’s Shimizu Shipyard near Tokyo.
s Egyptian Komar Fleet Growing
{Armed Forces Management, March, 1969) Soviet and East European contribution to the Egyptian sea arm has been estimated at 40 Komar PT boats since June 1967.
S French Missile Boats Exhibited
{Military Review, April, 1969) France has exhibited two new types of fast patrol boats with launchers for a new surface-to-surface missile designated the MM-38 Exocete.
The boats appear to be the French version of the Soviet Komar and Osa class. The MM- 38 has automatic guidance and a range of 23 miles. The missile rises initially to about 50 feet, then descends to ten feet, and has a speed of Mach 1.
If the missile will do all that is claimed, it will be a great advance on the Soviet Styx,
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Edited by Roger Pineau Introduction by Samuel Eliot Morison
Commodore Perry’s personal journal of his historic expedition to Japan contains enlightening, and often pungent, opinions and observations. Features 48 color plates, 40 b&w illustrations. j1(J00
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which is slow and travels at a considerable height. At only ten feet above the water, a Mach 1 missile is almost immune to detection by radar, making it very difficult to shoot down either by guns or antimissile missiles. Some form of electronic countermeasures might be used for defense, but the problem will be to detect the missile in time to take any effective action.
s Japan Expected For Exercise
(Armed Forces Management, March, 1969) Four Japanese destroyers are expected to participate in a combined naval exercise in the straits of Malacca and the Indian Ocean this year, together with units from Australia and Malaysia.
The exercise is tentatively scheduled for November. It will be the first time for the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force, since its formation in 1950, to take part in an exercise in the Southeast Asian region. The four Japanese ships will also make goodwill visits
THE JAPAN EXPEDITION
1852-1854
to the Federation of Malaysia and Singapore Australian and Malaysian naval units ha'f participated in previous regional defend exercises under the British Commonwealth command in conjunction with British and New Zealand units, but never with the Jap' anese Navy.
Oceanology 0 Artificial Tuna Breeding Reported
(Ocean Science News, 21 March, 1969) Pr°" fessor Motoo Inoue of Tokai Universal oceanographic faculty in Japan says he cat1 duplicate the annual tuna catch of 42 milli0*1 if he is granted use of the lagoons of certai11 south seas islands.
After 12 years of experiments in the inasS production of plankton by artificial mean5, and the raising of tuna fry from the egg stage) Professor Inoue used a chlorella solution tLl produce an average of 2,760 micro plankton per cubic centimeter. Then, using only ^ mother tuna, he spawned 120 million fry in 2^ hours using his own secret methods. He sa>s he can use the lagoons of islands now ad" ministered by the United States under U. N auspices for artificial breeding and raising 0 tuna. He has asked the Japanese governmefl1 to undertake the project as a national develop' rnent goal.
0 Submarine Explores Barrier Reef
(Oceanology International, March/Aprd’: 1969) Australia’s Great Barrier Reef is being 1 studied in a joint two-year research prograi111 involving Australia and Japan.
Co-operative studies are being conducted on the geology of the continental shelf and structure of the outer edge of the 1,250-mile' long Barrier Reef.
The Japanese deep-sea submersible, Torrii' uri Shimbun, which brought the Japanese set' entists to Australia, is being used in the seabed studies.
In a 17-day underwater survey of the Bar' rier Reef plateau, Dr. G. R. Orme, QueenS' land University marine geologist, and a team , of scientists made visual inspections of the undersea mountains and reefs, diving in the 35-foot submersible to depths of 950 feet.