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ENTER THE FORUM We welcome brief comments on material published in the Proceedings and also brief discussion items on topics of naval, maritime, or military interest for possible publication on these pages. A primary purpose of the Proceedings is to provide a place where ideas of importance to the Sea Services can be exchanged. The Institute pays an honorarium to the author of each comment or discussion item published in the Proceedings.
Weyers Flottentaschenbuch (Warships of the World) 1986/87
What If ... ?
Special Interest in Special Warfare
Winning Isn’t the Only Thing
Should the Navy Build the A-6F?
Acoustic Showdown for SSNs
Uncertain Outlook for the Royal New Zealand Navy
Spanish Navy to Install Searchwater Operational Necessity
Women in Ships: Can We Survive?
Cheap New Smarts for Orion
Up or Out: A Financial Disaster
The Decline of the U. S. Merchant Marine
The Attack on the Stark
Contents:
Fitness Reports
Joining the Lehman-bashers
Needed: Realistic Tactical Doctrine in the
CIC
:d
, feiflC1
another bureaucratic lobby to be » in, defense strength a bargaining c and its blood and sweat only a hm response. uUt
The Navy can outlive controversy, ^ it can not tolerate apathy. This 1San new Navy Secretary James Webb is 1 excellent position to carry on this le ^ ship role. Any SecNav who is no ^ nounced by congressional opp°nst academicians and, especially Tassa once, is not doing his job. One of the ^ sons that the Navy retains, in peace * ^ the independent, self-confident spirl sential for its fighting morale is the ^ acy of independent, self-confident
“Fitness Reports”
(See C. C. Swenson, Jr., pp. 112-113; J. L.
Sams, pp. 114-117; J. A. Tomeo, pp. 117—
118; T. P. Scott, pp. 119-121, August 1987
Proceedings)
Commander Roy W. Kiefer, Supply Corps, U. S. Navy—Grade inflation in the fitness reporting system is a serious problem. It protects the mediocre officer and fails to reward adequately the superb performer. The solution, unfortunately, does not reside with reporting seniors alone. Rather, resolution of this problem requires a systematic approach that will permit individual reporting seniors to grade their officers objectively, without fear that an accurate (e.g., “top 10%”) appraisal condemns a particularly good officer to non-selection.
The Navy automated the fitness report system almost 15 years ago. This data base could easily be used to:
- Assess the stringency of each reporting officer
- Advise selection boards when a fitness report is written by an unusually easy or difficult grader
- Confidentially inform reporting seniors that their fitness reports deviate significantly from the statistical norm
The current system is decidedly skewed toward inflating performance, and regulations to proscribe the reporting senior’s latitude in this arena will only create additional problems. However, a statistically based system that informally and privately advises boards and seniors of grading patterns can simultaneously retain the independence of reporting seniors and protect officers who are evaluated candidly.
“Joining the Lehman-bashers”
(See N. Polmar, p. 94, August 1987
Proceedings)
Lieutenant Sam J. Tangredi, U. S. Navy— It is important to note the positive effect that an activist civilian Secretary of the Navy (SecNav) has on many junior naval personnel.
Although Secretary Lehman’s manner may have annoyed senior officers and seemed high-handed, particularly as concerned selection boards, no one doubted his enthusiasm and dedication to making
the Navy second to none. This enthus asm was evident in the way he V proached a variety of tasks, froirl. staunch defense of naval requirements^ front of Congress to his reporting Naval Reserve duty as a naval flight o cer. Some of these activities can be no sidered, at best, public relations and’ worse, politically oriented, and I am . some officers and officials might V1 them as strategically or administrate inconsequential. They have, hoe6 .’ had a profound effect on the overall a ^ tude throughout the fleet. Quite frankly^ civilian service secretary who acts 3 the Navy is an institution to be honor and served, rather than managed, c trolled, or passively tolerated, dem ^ strates the sort of leadership essenti3^_ convincing sailors and Marines thatC1 ian officials view them as more than to of policy. a[).
Yes, vigorous SecNavs can prove ^ noying, particularly when they make icy statements in public before pn°r .e semination throughout the fleet. We-'' uniformed Navy—don’t appreciate ing the Chief of Naval Operat' second-guessed or corrected in P11^ since he represents our collective wis and pride as seafarers and warriors. » feels good to have a civilian service retary who is interested in strategy’ willing to take a stand that demonstr3^ pride in his service’s ability to fight’ is willing to tell superiors, subordm3 and critics what he honestly thinks. & t junior personnel remember the attitu certain defense officials of the 1960s. ^ defensive, evasive public statements indicated the uniformed military was J ,
Hitler out
Warfare ibmarine
ian SecNavs and Assistant SecNavs we have had since the days of Theodore Roosevelt.
John Lehman did his job with pride and energy, not with typical bureaucratic caution. I, for one, salute him and wish him well.
Captain Eli B. Roth, U. S. Navy (Retired)—Because of my long-time absence and geographical distance from the Washington, D. C., beltway, I had been unaware, until Norman Polmar mentioned it, that there is a significant group of “Lehman-bashers” among Pentagon officers that one might join. Norman Polmar took these uniformed “Lehman- bashers” to task for not appreciating the former secretary’s successful entrepreneurship against his rivals in the other armed services. But in the same week that I read this defense of Lehman’s accomplishments, the Navy-escorted tanker Bridgeton was disabled by one of the
The USS Fox (CG-33) follows the Bridgeton; who protected whom?
Ayatolla Khomeini’s “divine hand”- planted mines. Our modern Navy seems to need an institutional memory:
Even when I was an ensign, orc^L from destroyer duty to Mine War School by then-Commander “Sunshine Phillips, mines held a low Pr'or' Mines, like terrorism, have been traditional weapons of weaker na^ powers. Before Pearl Harbor,
technical help from the suffering set up the Yorktown Mine School and, even though antisu warfare ships were in very short supP ’ diverted some of its small ship eons tion programs to building minesweep Today, the newspapers explain that ^ Navy admits to having 14 minesweep^ “under construction” and three I6^lcS^e active duty. The helicopters flown to Persian Gulf seem costly and of l1®' utility against the threat there. |n while our forces protect the Kuwaiti ^ ers from air and surface attack, the
'ns rf6 apparent|y act>n8 as minesweep- hp'in 6Coys t0 PceP our combatants from 8 wounded by mines.
par nt.a'n’ unbke the United States, ap- m n’ y Earned from its experience. The
dards hVy’ miniscule hy u- s- stan- force' f an uP"t0'c’ate minesweeping hunter ^ m'nesweepers and 25 mine
soi!^6 ^n'tec* States should also show ^hg6 appreciation for history, and some- rpQng6 ln ’he dubious Star Wars flood of a (rjCy ’ ’here should have been more than fare . e Por not-so-glamorous mine war- his ad appears ,0 me that Lehman and ter ” Vlsers 'n uniform deserve not “bet- f0r’, as Polmar suggested, but censure Wm„aVln^ arrned the United States for the r°ng conflict.
was ^ °Wn interaction with Mr. Lehman Let, 01 so extensive and occured before ^ecarne Secretary of the Navy, noth; ^ W°U'h n°t remember it, but I do: greesn® 'n my lasting impression disa- W|th Polmar’s first paragraph.
“Needed: Realistic Tactical Doctrine in the CIC”
(See P. T. Deuterman, pp. 101-102, August 1987 Proceedings)
Lieutenant Commander James A. Sanford, U. S. Navy—Captain Deutermann hit the nail right on the head! The existing combat systems doctrine is too big and general to be used to fight the ship. Each crew is supposed to customize the standard version to suit its particular systems, but the required information (read that “Guantanamo Training Rules”) mandates a large but not very useful document. Battle orders are nice, but lack the concise, up-to-the-minute information. Captain Deutermann’s proposed doctrine is very similar to a tactical action officer’s notebook that I have used. It works.
The beauty of Captain Deuterman’s proposal is that no approval or instruction is required to implement it. All a commanding officer has to do is write it. I hope many do.
“The Attack on the Stark”
(See N. Friedman, pp. 96-97, July 1987;
E. David, p. 20, September 1987 Proceedings)
G. H. Fuller, Bath, England—As a 25- year member of the Institute and a great admirer of the works of Norman Friedman, I feel I must take issue on one point in his note on the USS Stark (FFG-31).
Without going into detail on the design of the U. S. Navy’s (FFG-7) Oliver Hazard Perry-class and the Royal Navy’s Type 42 destroyers, the key issue must be the state of the Exocet propulsion motor on impact, and the relative energies and combustion profiles of the warhead and the propellant.
The Exocet’s high-explosive warhead is designed to impart disruptive blast to the target, creating general destruction. Fire is a secondary outcome, often resulting from electric shorts, or oil on hot surfaces. Normally, the fireball itself is of very short duration. Exceptions include warheads with specific incendiary filling,
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Payoff? Dramatically reduced vulnerability to enemy detection and countermeasures.
And the same combat-tested accuracy that has made Exocet the most celebrated weapons system of its type in the world.
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and to
billets i
thorized than we are doing, to lesse ^
recognize that the problem exists, staff our ships much closer to billets ^
' /j gain
this to continue because they see e
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misperception.
Current Navy policies for treal
itment
but putthe
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V ________ / which are usually used against soft, flammable targets.
The propellant, on the other hand, is designed for a long, slow burn and could well contain more energy initially than the warhead. Thus, until burnt out, a missile is effectively a flying blowtorch, a highly efficient device to set even low flammability materials on fire.
So the real lesson of the Exocet hits on the Stark and on the Royal Navy’s Sheffield could be how much propellant is left in the missile at impact. If the rocket motor is still burning, as it would be if fired at short range (i.e., Sheffield), the potential threat to the ship is much more significant than if the missile is fired near its maximum range and the propellant is burnt out, or nearly so, on impact (i.e., Stark).
This makes an accidental rocket-motor ignition a major concern to missile magazine designers.
“Women in Ships: Can We Survive?”
(See R. Spillane, pp. 43-46, July 1987; M. D.
Maxwell, p. 22, September 1987 Proceedings)
Captain J. D. Sharpe, Jr., U. S. Navy, Commanding Officer USS Emory S. Land (AS-39)—This response was compiled from a cross section of this submarine tender’s wardroom and crew, composed of 50 officers (7 women), 84 chief petty officers (7 women), and 888 enlisted (225 women). I support the reaction of many of my department heads who state that they much prefer having a mixed crew to having an all-male crew. Their consensus is that the ideal mix would be 60% male/40% female, if sufficient qualified women were available to support this ratio.
Lieutenant Spillane neglected to address some problems that exist and did not go far enough in examining other issues. Our response attempts to fill these gaps.
► Single Parents'. This issue applies to both men and women and can result in either having job performance problems. Our society considers it essential for children to receive the care of at least one parent and does not appear to be ready to accept the totally absent single parent (i.e., the deployed sailor). Therefore, the stresses on a caring, single, deployed parent must be overwhelming. Feelings of unfulfilled obligation, frustration caused by lack of knowledge or control, and perhaps guilt surely degrade job performance. For example, young children require a significant and frequently unplanned level of medical care. Even two- parent families often have difficulty arranging time to attend to this need, at * single parents can only worry and won about their children. Unfortunately,111 ^ single parents are women, so the wo usually take the rap for single-parent lemmas. We do not have an easy ans to the problems that the single-P3^. issue generates for seagoing sailors o ther sex. Perhaps the only solution
overall impact on the rest of the crew^ missing (such as emergency leave, _ thorized absence, or doctor’s app ment for child) or poorly performing gle parents. tjal
► Fraternization and/or Pre/er Treatment: This is not a female pr° j The problem, when it exists, is uS^a]e caused at the command level by the ^ members of the crew who continu ^ treat female sailors as females rather as sailors who also happen to be w°ajjoVv In some cases, immature women
on ‘
smile or filing in an air-conditioned L
instead of chipping paint on the wea . f. decks. But the burden to eliminate Pr | ential treatment at the command , rests with the men—officer and en lS^s From an institutional point of view.^ problem will only be solved when ^ addressed head-on in training, start “ollt boot camp and continuing throug^ each career, and when clearly w Navy-wide instructions are issued- ► Pregnancy: Lieutenant Spillane ^ posals with respect to pregnancy a , off the mark. The pregnancy rate ,stent ried women at this command is con ^ with the rate for the overall populat* women of child-bearing age for the e^e Tidewater area. Although there been some “unexpected” pregna^ most have been planned by respo ^ personnel. The perception in the ^ mind that many women get pregn* ^ avoid sea duty and underway per'0 jy not been borne out statistically here■ ^
time and education will correct
of
r__CJ_ _____ r
burden on the remaining people ' (()
division. This has been and continu ^ be an intolerable burden in dlV1 ^ composed of 50% or more women. ^ ^ changes are needed. Pregnancies married women could perhaps be c by changing the enlistment contrac ■ j it is doubtful that such a change survive a lawsuit. What is needed i t ter education—again starting in
ferred
ashore and that she then, in the
same command from which she
came n 1 —
duty cl0c7 3t tb's P°int would her sea-
delivpJ St*P §aPPed at the time for post- ‘nvested h~SS*gnment and the sbip has
time, money, and effort in train-
'mmedTent P°ficies should require an and rat"16 one"f°r-one replacement (rate
| itpiacciiiciu iiaic
When th^ Prorn the shore establishment “ ’ e Pregnant woman is transferred
deliver h — pregnant or wno nave reaSOnce ,t0 rec3uest discharge for those should be canceled.
iu umiMu unc
to rern ■ ° ashore unless they both request
Wg0 to ibe division.
Uel to p^d^ support requiring all person
tent to a selected pay grade cm
Pro
Uatei
Motion
there are currently not enougl
fe
:male
~ mwii vian uay
ten than women. On only two
AIR & Pq. ^p- A LOOK BACK
0gvP °n ^uman reproductive physiol- and' aVai,a*3.le birth control measures, childreSP°nS*'3’*ities t0 s*liPmates and sonnet nnChanges t0 Naval Military Per- Post-d l- omman(i (NMPC) policies on chi,assi8nment and pregnancy/ w ™ discharge are also needed, stop whPr°P°se that the sea-duty clock c. en the pregnant woman is trans
e^v n . lnal sne tnen, in the to (jiJ'0st"delivery period, be reassigned reason hi Start aSa'n- ^his seems only nw.,a e> since the gapped billet is fre-
Pdonnh0*'11®’ anc* “fnalifying the woman assignmef[ transfer. Failing that, NMPC
ashore T,F &nar>t woman is transferred W0men “e NMPC provision that allows ■ ^ who are pregnant or who have failed t^6^ *ssue l^at Lieutenant Spillane Sea dut° aC*^ress is that of a woman on
CurrenMqi'frrying a man on sea duty-
of the t Policy is to transfer one
b
GUrreni"al ProP°sal with respect to the °verstaffP>°'i?ie?. on pregnancy is to Signed k3CP| division that has females annug] ] a Percentage equal to the Uiarri °SS rate caused by pregnancy or Vision h^031 L°r example: a
them u, has ^ People assigned, ten of of Wom°men' ^tatistical annual-loss rate riage jsea because of pregnancy or mar- "'Onipt?.Solution: send two mort
VI LQ 4 1----- Mil ^/VlUV/11
advanCg^Plete a sea-duty tour prior tc to a selected rank. Unfortu-
Utis t-a Sea'duty billets to accommodate
i pr^ftrement.
^a\pUent Visits: This is not a
cal VlsPr0blertt- The percentage of mediated t*S *S-’ *n Ibis command, slightly ’’tore °ftlndicate that men visit sick bay
occasions in the past six months has this ship’s medical officer found it necessary to give light-duty chits to pregnant women (who were having particularly difficult pregnancies). In the same period there have been no sick call visits for menstrual discomfort.
On the other hand, a considerable amount of time and laboratory expense have been expended in the past six months seeing men—no women—who have had sexually transmitted diseases. In addition, male orthopedic injuries resulting from horseplay and contact sports occupy a significant amount of the medical officer’s time and, more importantly, result in lost man-hours second only to upper-respiratory tract infections and gastroenteritis.
- Physical Strength Limitations: This is not a problem on this ship. Should it be decided that certain physical strength abilities are required in a particular rating or for a particular assignment, those should be applied equally to both men and women.
- Inadequate Professional Development: This is the biggest issue addressed in Lieutenant Spillane’s article. We have not solved the problem and probably can’t until some of the other issues noted in the article are solved. A division offi-
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(in our case, sound “images”) at different times in such a way as
toav- the
1987
(See E. L. Beach, pp. 54-57, June Proceedings)
of acceP
notwithstanding, my chances
less
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cer may choose the man to attend school, even over the more qualified or more highly motivated woman, simply because of a fear of losing the woman because of pregnancy or marriage. The cross-deck training opportunity may be handled the same way for the same reason, or not be used at all. Extensive use of cross-deck underway training is used by this command for female officers. However, each such instance results in some number of adverse comments because another person is required to pick up the officer’s work load in her absence.
► Socialization: Our people, men and women, are products of the society from which they come. Although they come from many diverse environments and influences, the overall thrust appears to be much as Lieutenant Spillane describes. We in the Navy can help the situation by doing these types of things:
- Stop changing the rules on ratings available for women. We would probably be best served by not having any ratings closed to women.
- Open more sea-duty billets to women, both officer and enlisted. Up to 40% female manning (by division) in all ships whose hull number starts with “A,” as well as in selected other ships, should be a reasonable near-term objective.
- Improve the pipeline education program for both men and women to emphasize that female sailors are sailors, who also happen to be women.
Women do make a valuable contribution to our Navy. They endure the same hours and workloads as their male counterparts. They, for the most part, take seriously their commitment to the Navy, as well as to their families. Without these high-quality, generally well-qualified women, this command, for one, would be unable to perform its mission.
“Cheap New Smarts for Orion”
(See J. S. Kelly, pp. 88-94, June 1987
Proceedings)
Commander Robert C. Whitten, U. S. Naval Reserve (Retired), NASA research scientist—Lieutenant Kelly proposes that the recently refurbished computers in the P-3C Update III, which date back to 1960s technology, be replaced with state- of-the-art microcomputers to provide redundancy and vastly improved performance. While a step in the right direction, his proposal does not go far enough.
With state-of-the-art computer hardware and modifications to software already developed within both the Department of Defense (DoD) and NASA, it appears that we will be able to largely
negate the growing quietness of 0 submarines. There are several appr°aC'■ that should prove useful in this resp The first is to improve the signal-t°'n , t ratio by means of “image enhancerne methods; this technique is based up°n^s concept that one can superimpose ^
n r\nr pqcp crtnnH “imflPCS )
erage to zero random noise, leaving , signal as a residue. Of course, ©e ^ world is more complex, but the s° is, in fact, well understood. . jy
A second possibility is to use PreC1^ ^ fixed (by radar) sonobuoys to act 1 ^
interference mode: as submarine-enn sounds arrive at the different sonob^n$ phase relationships between them ca‘ n used to narrow the perceived dire from which the sound is coming>
providing additional signal gam- There are several other possh such as synthetic aperture emissi011® t^ey last in terms of submarine class), bn ,|. all require substantial computer cap ity and some investment in softw ■ ^ I realize that the awesome *r'very within the DoD bureaucracy and the ^ lengthy procedures for acquiring s_ systems work against these suggeS It is, however, ironic that the W0 j,. leading high-tech nation must use.,|taIy nology that is 24 years old in its nl1 services! -
‘Up or Out: A Financial Disaster”
tt c NcFl’ Captain Philip J. Rooney, U- ^ y
Comptroller, Naval Air Forces, ^
Atlantic Fleet—Captain Beach s a ^ hits very close to home. Although the Navy and almost every minuteiajor spent in it, I recently declined a n^ shore command and requested retir effective this month, with a litde^ than 24 years of commissioned ser ie.
“Why?” I’m often asked. Simp ^n, family economics. I have two ctl' 0n ages nine and seven. If I were to s j active duty for the full term of 30 ye ^ would be almost 56 years old, a\i kids would be 14 and 12. Clearly I be in no position to retire and live °ns of base pay. Yet, age discrimination
ble employment at that age are mnc than at my current age. So my onu j 3 native is to leave now, so that I can ^ situation that will provide me emp ment past the age of 55. . talce
I was also asked, “What would 'gS, to keep you in?’ ’ Any one of three ^’s I replied, the most relevant to Be
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Total
U. S. Foreign Commerce Fleet
Age of U. S. Foreign Commerce Fleet
lems and, instead, have concentra^ng,s solutions to the U. S. Merchant f
future- -offltl*
future
for the U. S.-flag merchant fleet. Th®^. an important need for credible pu ^ tions like Proceedings to cut throug
eveat
uni°n
is 311 see it*
at this .
rships
.ration
article being an agreement to remain on active duty until reaching the age of 60, or 35 years of service. Longer would be better, but I wouldn’t want to push the system too hard, and I figure I could save enough with those extra five years to get the kids through college. Obviously, as Beach explains, no one did, or could, make such an agreement. Laws would need changing.
So I am leaving the Navy, with reluctance, sadness, and with a feeling that the taxpayers are getting short-changed. After all, they not only lose my experience, my expertise, and the benefit of the expensive postgraduate education they paid for, but they now have to start giving me retirement pay.
Beach has a good suggestion, involving use of reservists. Here’s another: screen all civil service positions for those that can be filled with active-duty 0-5s and 0-6s. Recruit officers to fill these positions, without making them subject to rotation to another billet. Either terminate the displaced civilians or find them other jobs through attrition.
This has several advantages: it would break the system’s critical weakness of being tightly closed at the top end. It would also slow retirement-pay outlays. And under total-force manpower management, it would keep total costs and end-strength numbers (military and civilian combined) at budgeted levels.
“The Decline of the U. S. Merchant Marine”
(.See Seminar Report, pp. 10-16, September 1987 Proceedings)
Peter J. Finnerty, Vice President, Public Affairs, Sea-Land Corporation—I at
-Land
Total
tended the seminar on the Decline of th U. S. Merchant Marine at Fort and came away as depressed as the ^ closed comment. I really wish youf P pie had included me in the small c' that organized the event. It could avoided the preoccupation with the ^
t Marine ■
Though you wouldn’t know it comments of the panel, there is a
rhetoric and excuses and to rev facts about the merchant fleet, ^ costs; actual competitiveness; an ^ Si number, age, size, and speed ot ^ For example, admirals and execu alike are confused about numbers- ^ claimed size of the U. S. merchant about 558 ships. This, however, almost useless reference unless we components. Many of those ships a ^ up. More than 100 are operating 1 ^ Great Lakes. The main distinction■1 .
one between U. S. ships that °Perf,e(j in .tirely domestically, and those inv0 v foreign commerce. -san
The U. S. foreign commerce ^ 0fthe important barometer of the strengt ut Merchant Marine. There are only .jj jn 15 to 20 U. S.-flag bulk vessels sr^ service, and they mainly handle g° ment cargoes. _ n^lin**
Within a few years, the U. S--t b ^ fleet could drop to a few dozen sT*g jO t° would remain in service only f°rtjng 12 years that remain on existing °Pe subsidy contracts. It could hapPe ’ probably won’t. , ^liy
The Reagan administration is about to move. Action, even
23 containerships 23 containers!”?- 25 breakbulks
6 breakbulks
3 LASHs 7 containei 87 in opei
14 old, steam turbine sjnP 7 old, steam turbine s ’ 23 old, steam turbine ship 6 old, steam turbine s '
3 old, steam turbine s
53 ships
Scheina, pp. 162-164, March 1987 lings)
Co
{R^edlZrerVi Dilhan’ Chilean Navy Was solH f ^rUe’ ibe Almirante Latorre Schein-,' 0r scraP- But contrary to Dr. alive in ihredL W’ thcO’Higgins is still six- “ ’ "
of
u’ If th • 1 *V vuiu Iiiv^ at SU'
Seiluence C'V-d'd’ what would be the consults hpf ’ 8'Ven that we would run out of ^ before they would?
The nr 1S not 8ood- ^rs°nnc|eSSUrC t0 increase the number of arfare fMc^Uadn® Prom Naval Special
con-
Proi
els
PjtOUgj,
CUrrer,t bilim'6 3re 8raduatin8 t0 fil1 the
Despite the creation of
Srams of ugh
CmelntPaoCfeViS Welcome' In July’ DePart'
beth D 1 lransPortat’on Secretary Eliza- to Co° 6 ISSU6(^ a new Policy statement SuPD0rt8feSS exPress'ng administration tional H «-r il16 extension of the opera- c°nditinn ,®rential subsidy program on lions i j 11 Promote efficient opera- ns and limit costs.
!&«?. ilottentaschenbuch 8?arsh|ps of the Wor,d) 1986/
(See R. L
Pr°ceedh
/q j_ , ’ 11ys niggiris ib M.111
'inch 6 <"ll'lean Navy, firing her 15
tours gUn battei> and doin8 30 knots
„in?'ean Navy retains the O’Hig- nica] eff6rVlCe dlrougb an enormous tech- shore (j-01!10 keep a significant mobile many m ^ardment capacity, which so Navy , l' ern warships lack (e.g., Royal ^_’ps 'n the Falklands Conflict).
^hat if ?
T tC(l i)
nist_ ’ syndicated defense colum-
SUbmarinPP0Se tbe Soviets fitted their Salva„c <CS w'lh a large nuclear warhead, hne werpUSeC* t0 detonate if the subma- Submarin ^ow manY of our attack
sUb? jf skippers would fire at such a
ence.
Warfare nterCSt *n Special
Q
J°int ^ • Parks, U. S. Navy,
(ionj Au'e Joint Special Opera-
°n incr/”'1 ^'th the recent emphasis trees’ (.aSln® ,ki- S. special operations 'S exper,aPab'"ty at a'l levels, the Navy New ^a^nc'n8 pressure to do its part. Pave been ^ (sea-air-land) teams
fisting i Creale(l and manning levels for Navy ha„eams increased. As a result, the °hicer ** been ablc to fill its empty r^h QUal r nbSteb sPecial warfare billets f°r a ant!!'®.d Personnel. The prospect The - K flx is not sood
[
tiriue {o basic training will tho t0 reduce the high attrition lev. se undergoing this training, not
I’d like to remind everyone involved with the NSW program of a telling old saying: “If you want it bad, you get it bad.” We must resist pressure to increase NSW manning levels by lowering standards. Instead, in this age of increased threat, we should be raising our standards for entrance into NSW and ensuring that professional education continues throughout the careers of NSW personnel.
Our special operations forces have grown in size and maintained high personnel standards in recent years—let’s keep on course.
Winning Isn’t the Only Thing
Commander Edgar H. Forrest, U. S. Navy (Retired)—During his testimony at the Iran-Contra hearings, Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger said that the American people should not embark on any war that they do not intend to win. He was commenting on the fact that
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r
s
stii;
iisf
ted-
iof
J#!
its oh^ t*1C ^n'te^ States did not attain jective and enable the Republic of
r|skin
lng their lives overseas, 'he heari"'- ■ • -
reali2e tka . ’ ~****wv* take p—■ are §°’n§ t0 be committed to
"'on
is stin°r *os}’ hut it resulted in a truce that
rriore th' " examPles include the death of and thcUn U. S. Marines in Lebanon
y kno
Itis^avy in ’he Gulf.
U. 5 ^Ws what more is in store for the
Iaid0nernocracy, the responsibilities are Verv ICry mernher of the arme °f they heavy' 11 is vital that the
highest arr?C^ forces be clarified at the aod J™** level so that servicemen
"en
W,
ve Am -
ls ’he r,ni,enfans °’ten act as if winning
y°0 are ^ ’h’ng» that if you don’t win
‘Sh,
L. u'pcr' p 17, July 1987; D. T. Collins, 0\ye^ne^’ ^ ^ Hayward,
ATa n manager, ivou-oh
k?''~Thp k Program Manager, 1984-
, su;.bas>c requirements for a relia- rapgeIVable, and maintainable long-
Lehman. He certainly di-
abom ^'litary men and women are bitter becaiKo ^ Viptnam War. They are bitter
they ^'etnam t0 survive, and because ’hemretarnec* t0 a country that ignored . and sometimes insulted them for
danopr "^ann®s ernPhasized that this is a Ir|einh0US wodd 'n which we live. The ers °f the U. S. armed forces must
clear- ^ ’n.conflicts that do not end with Kore-^* iv‘ctories, as was the case in on „ „lndle ’950s. That war was neither men j nave been many examples of ’hat we Un'*0rm dying during conflicts Comp|e,rCinot declared wars and were not pie. |> c[y hacked by the American peo- « ^Ht examnlf'c inrlnrlp frlAofh
Sta^ a:tth °’ ^7 sailors on the USS one td‘31) in the Persian Gulf. No retary 0!n'e ’or the President and the Sec- niemhcr. e^ense t0 make it clear that the Put ,S °* ’he armed services who help are serv^^* and ^'te ‘n S. diplomacy Were e ’heir country just as if they supp0r(^a8ed in a declared war, fully In aC. hy Congress and the people.
: mission
for carn,nCn W*H never again be scorned :e .,p out their lawful duties as they '■ er the Vietnam War.
realize th °Ser' have to grow up and tries anvuJ63' ’oser*s the guy who never ’’’ight ,oyshm8-—because he is afraid he
A-6F?lthe Navy Bui,d the
■iee j ,
k- W'ic:aiiouture' pp. 20-21, June 1987; P t I'|efer. p n ,na-,. „ ^
^cDa^*ens. PP- 17-18, August 1987; B. K r°Ceedin^J) September 1987
L. Sayers, U. S. Navy, N ,i7' Program Manager, 1980-84
bl,
^ateu^ aircraft—the A-6F- ___
”ot by J( hy ‘he fleet in the early 1980s,
rected that specific changes be made because he was an A-6 bomber/navigator and he talked to the people in the fleet frequently. But the issue was not an emotional one. To say because Mr. Lehman is no longer Secretary of the Navy we should build some other aircraft to fill the all-weather attack mission (in the near term) infers that the fleet was not enthusiastically involved. That was not the case. Moreover, it is not possible to design and build another all-weather aircraft in time to bridge the gap to the Advanced Tactical Aircraft (ATA).
At the A-6F rollout ceremony on 3 August 1987, Vice Admiral Richard Dunleavy, Commander, Naval Air Force, Atlantic Fleet, reaffirmed the hard fleet requirement for a new-generation A-6. The A-6F is now on the flight line. Its development is 90% complete, and to suggest that we not produce an aircraft that is urgently required and has already been developed is certainly not in the best interest of the fleet—to put it mildly.
There are two key issues in this debate. Although it would be best if we could expedite the ATA, throwing money at that aircraft will not help. Any good aircraft designer knows it takes time to do the job right, particularly when you are dealing with new technologies.
A second issue is the survivability of the A-6F. The A-6F was specifically required to have the latest state-of-the-art survivability improvements, except for supersonic flight. These improvements include: a more reliable engine and less vulnerable fuel system, including Halon inert gas in the fuel tanks; a far superior fire extinguishing system; a more surviv- able fuselage and wing structure; a synthetic aperture radar that is capable of stand-off targeting at sea or over land; an avionics system capable of passive, low-altitude, under-the-radar-net ingress; and an improved passive and active electronic countermeasures system. It will be able to carry improved long-range stand-off weapons. The A-6F will be sur- vivable in all but the most severe threat scenarios.
As for engines, we considered all possible J52 variants at the time. We decided to use an off-the-shelf engine to keep down costs. The J52s were rejected in favor of the GE 404 engine, which had all the thrust we needed for a subsonic mission and, because it is also used in the F/A-18, had a far superior life-cycle cost.
The U. S. Navy needs the A-6F to fill the gap until the ATA can come on line. But that will take time. I think the Navy’s approach is exactly right. I just hope Congress understands we must have both.
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this: U. S. surface como
surveilian
and antishiP
still lack organic airborne
procei
•ed-
The outcome was startling- -onv formal Radar exacts a small trac ^ the payload penalty of its largef .^jng
“Acoustic Showdown for SSNs”
(See P. K. Peppe, pp. 32-37, July 1987
Proceedings)
Commander Walt Stephenson, U. S. Navy—Lieutenant Peppe has given us an excellent discussion of submarine tactics and the growing problem of tactical parity. We should all read it two or three times.
He says that “the immutable laws of physics will eventually lead to a condition where it is impossible to distinguish a target signal from the natural background noise of the ocean environment.” I don’t believe that. I think the immutable laws of physics declare that the energy expended in moving a submarine will eventually be imparted to the medium through which it moves. That’s a lot of energy. Technology will continue to make it detectable. The risk is that the ocean may become transparent rather than opaque.
The article addresses acoustic parity. But the broader concept of technological parity perhaps would be more useful. In any case, parity presents the problem of simultaneous detection and counterdetection. That’s not an unsurmountable problem. It can be addressed by tactics, quieter weapons, smarter weapons, better active sonar, countermeasures, point defense, and finally, ships designed to accept a hit without suffering a real or mission kill. None of these are beyond the scope of our imagination or our budget. Peppe’s article develops several specific examples.
Lieutenant Peppe says, “Few familiar with [nuclear-powered attack submarine] SSN operations would find fault in the readiness level of the force.” I count myself among the few. Material readiness is good, but training readiness has a long way to go. Even at sea the training opportunities are sparse, because the ships are always scampering about on important missions. In port, the single crew of the SSN is overwhelmed by maintenance and is unable to spend a few detached weeks in the attack trainers without worrying about “more pressing problems” back on the ship. This old and well understood training deficiency was once balanced by a huge technological advantage. As Peppe points out, the advantage is going or gone. So now we will have to address that old training deficiency. Do we need a separate in-port maintenance crew?
Lieutenant Peppe touches on many more current and controversial issues of submarine warfare—issues we can no longer avoid in the era of parity. He suggests that SSN consort operations are a good idea. A lot of smart tacticians would challenge that one. He thinks the SSN alone is no longer adequate for area search because its swept path is too narrow. The SQR-19 towed array and SUR- TASS (surveillance towed array sensor system) should be applied to the search problem. That’s clearly a good idea, but how does the SSN fit into it? Should the SSN carry the very long towed arrays? Should the SSN be used as the hit man to conduct localization and attack, or is that role better performed by aircraft?
“Uncertain Outlook for the Royal New Zealand Navy”
(See T. D. Young, pp. 103-104, December 1986; J. O’H. Tobin, pp. 20-23, July 1987 Proceedings)
Roy E. Corliss—Certainly, the Royal New Zealand Navy does not deserve adverse treatment from the U. S. Navy. Strategically, we cannot afford such a thing. New Zealand guards the southern and eastern flanks of Australia and the South Pacific approaches to Antarctica.
Historically, New Zealand has been our ally and assisted us in Vietnam when it was unpopular to do so. The participation and sacrifice of its citizens in World War II are well documented. It is interesting that one of New Zealand’s major holidays celebrates the U. S. Navy’s victory in the Battle of the Coral Sea.
In the event of major hostilities in the Pacific, it is probable that CANANZUS (Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the United States) would provide the major military defense. We should not discourage or minimize any of the contributions of these nations.
“Spanish Navy to Install
Searchwater”
(See N. Friedman, p. 124, January 1987; C. W.
Cole, p. 25, May 1987 Proceedings)
Fred Tiemann—The British originally designed and deployed their Searchwater radar as a surface-search and periscope- detection radar for antisubmarine warfare (ASW) patrol aircraft. As such, it is similar to the APS-115, -116, and -124 series radars installed in light airborne multipurpose systems (LAMPS) and P-3 ASW systems, but it is more powerful and has a longer range. The radars share common microwave frequencies, and none employs coherent integration for detecting small moving targets in clutter. Dr. Friedman and Commander Cole refer to this radar being installed in helicopters to perform airborne early warning (AEW).
Embarrassed and damaged by having to fight the Falklands Conflict without organic (or any other) AEW, the made haste to declare that the . water was now also an AEW ra a ^ a somewhat different configuration-^ ^ that radar has faint hope of mfetllirface airborne threat faced by today s s[fl forces, and U. S. Navy planners ou ^ be cautious about swallowing cla*
it can. f djs-
There is an important reason (s cussing” " -
against low-altitude aircraft missiles. Countless articles in - ■_ s, ings have alluded to this fact over ^ several years. Everyone wails n need will never be filled, because ^ ^ aircraft the size of an E-2C or ,0 could carry a radar powerful eno 0f see small airborne targets a coUP hundred miles away. engi-
Not so. As an advanced systena* eariy neer at Grumman, I instigated in t ^ 1970s a conceptual development P ollgh to find a radar architecture light raft and small enough to fit on sma eejs> and still meet today’s operation® .eCj it By the mid-70s, we had it. We a j, tfie the “Conformal Radar” and ma ^ ^0(t cornerstone of Grumman’s ver|lCoPossd take-off and landing (V/STOL) P nd. to the Naval Air Systems Co nna Called “conformal” because the ^
arrays were buried in the lea ' ened trailing edges of the wings and ve alongside the fuselage, the ra . 0, a 360° coverage. It did so 'v1^ pfo- rotodome and with advanced S'P cted cessing—innovations that s -cS. thousands of pounds from the elec^
E-3 brothers, yet yields virtually .jy 1 in performance—including the a detect targets amid land and sea Well, the V/STOL wave came beach and rolled back down a®aoser t° the surface combatants are no c ^ei having organic AEW than ever. ^ apd from Grumman almost ten years a even now, I do not believe that a^ ^gfl. ous work is going on to develop “fill th* formal Radar—or any other fytt\oVs obvious need. Radar people are m ^ for their contentious viewpoints, ^ will agree that surface-based ra sur at best an uncertain ability to de face skimmers. But the Conforms Q ^ can do it. What’s more, it wou enormously in long-range surv and over-the-horizon targeting- sjHp'
There is no need for the sur a ^ caIr per’s knuckles to whiten because -z0n. not know what lies beyond the afS, The right radar has been ready 0
Operational Necessity?
L,emenmt Commander C. J. Walter
Norfolk'°astAGuard~^ April 1987, a one™- based guided-missile destroyer 111 ^he Atlantic Ocean 4S mil^c
U S\^ast Guard—In April 1987, guided-missile destroy(
; Atlantic Ocean, 45 miles increL^T Neck’ Vir§inia- was slowly She wa8 "Sr speed *n a Ml-power trial.
as engaged in an aircraft-acquisi- Was ei6JCifse' The weather at the time 20 knot1 S6as’ northerly winds of to heavS afr fog.tbat varied from patchy
yards 'Sibility was as 'ow as
sounded0 r°8 signals were not being rePorted ,mbat Information Center Plotted ifa,K °Se contact in the heavy fog,
c'Procal hreC times on an aPParent re_ P°int ofCOUrse’ ar|d provided a closest deck (On^Pr°aCh to dle officer-of-the- the sen „ . ' before losing the contact in contaci 6 Urn' dbc OOD decided that the destr0VpV’aS not a vesseT ar|d changed the tadarc/ S course toward this “bogus” °f a Dn act- The destroyer charged out toward -C °P Pog at 24 knots—directly 'SO va. commercial fishing vessel only full rudtlS awa^' The OOD ordered left toPort ,fr’.anc' as the ship’s head swung irig v ’ e '°°kout spotted a second fish- first. 'i'|,C tbat was being towed by the htdder CC Capta‘n s command to shift the The bov.anif t0° 'ate t0 av°id a collision, the tow | c tbe destroyer sliced through castin„^, *'shing boat, sinking it, and s three-man crew into the water.
Rule.
In the ' |^U'es °f the Road were violated these vi t°Ve case’ and at first glance, cause of adons °f law appear to be the culprit u tb's stupid accident. The real
ceed ’ h°We
b,
national and op tbe 'nter~
the above
ever, in the decision to pro- 'Ound flnrally blindly—with the fog- °Verzeal0P°Wer tr*a' may have been an “can (jy0,115 and unreasonable spirit of tcrnpery , ■ ”'s tb's attitude that must be sPccifjc jlp not with reason, then with a sity. *«*&» of operational neces- Comma ,as tbat provided by Lieutenant ' "That m 6l ^ark Mehling in his article, sity* ” ehulous ‘Operational Neces- If Z.athom- Spring 1987, p. 17). guided- ■ c?mmanding officer of the sclf ..^t'ssile destroyer had asked him- foSjust t°eS this ful1 -power trial in heavy killing h ^ r'sk op sinking a vessel and have DrEr Crew -r he certainly would not kirnself°^ded. If the OOD had asked tog t0^’ “Io these drills justify my tum- touybg ar a possible surface contact and Crew7”S!nk‘ng a vessel and killing her tatoed u e certainly would have main- dh>s course.
Thin^ a by0113' necessity or nonnecessity.
1 r'W,
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