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Gideon Welles: Lincoln’s Secretary of the Navy
John Niven. New York: Oxford University Press, 1973. 676 pp. Ulus. $17.50. _
Reviewed by Captain Paolo E.
Coletta, U. S. Naval Reserve-R
(After receiving a Ph.D. in history, Dr. Coletta was commissioned in the Naval Reserve and served for three wartime years on active duty. Since 1951, he has served four years with a Naval Reserve surface division and for 12 years as an instructor at a Naval Reserve Officers School. He joined the teaching staff at the U. S. Naval Academy in 1946, where he is now Professor of History and teaches that subject. He is the author of four books and numerous articles.)
A definitive biography of Gideon Welles has been badly needed, and John Niven has provided it. Niven has apparently read everything Welles ever wrote, including of course, the famous diaries, and he writes with verve, tremendous attention to detail, imagination, and conviction.
The most outstanding contribution is the particular stress he has placed upon the motivation of Welles and of the hundreds of men who touched upon his career, thus giving deep insight into the hopes, fears, behind-the-scenes endeavors, political infighting, hankering after position and patronage, propaganda efforts, and intimidation, and occasionally vote purchasing in the state and national campaigns held between 1828 and 1876.
Biographical silhouettes of important political, newspaper, literary, and family
friends abound. We meet every important political figure, president, and cabinet member from the administration of John Quincy Adams through that of Andrew Johnson; every important military and naval officer of the Civil War and Reconstruction periods. In addition, histories are provided for all the outstanding issues debated during Welles’s lifetime—the tariff, the Bank of the United States, the panic and depression of 1837, the subtreasury system, the annexation of Texas, slavery and antislavery, the coming of the Civil War, and Reconstruction policies.
Niven provides an excellent account of Welles’s relationship to politics. Beginning as a Jeffersonian, with a firm belief that states’ rights, not federal power, better serve a Republic, Welles always opposed special rights of all kinds. He was then a Jacksonian Democrat who merged an evangelistic tenor in his editorial and political work, next a Loco Foco. For his political and newspaper work in Connecticut and on the national scene he was rewarded, from 1836 to 1841, with the postmastership of Hartford and, from 1846 to 1849, with the position of Chief of the Navy’s Bureau of Provisions and Clothing. The only civilian chief of bureau, he was the only one to undertake vitally needed reforms. It was his opposition to the extension of slavery into territories free of the peculiar institution that stimulated him to proceed via the route of independent Democrat and tepid Free Soiler to become a member of the new Republican Party.
Welles’s work for the Republican
Party, from 1855 through the campaign of I860, brought him to the attention of Abraham Lincoln, who offered him the post of Secretary of the Navy.
To readers more interested in naval than political affairs, chapters 17 through 24 will be of particular interest, for they deal with secession and the beginning of the Civil War, Lincoln’s proclamation of blockade, plans for the relief of Fort Pickens and of Fort Sumter, every engagement involving naval vessels, and with international problems as well, especially those with Great Britain. Welles’ relations with his Assistant Secretary, Gustavus Vasa Fox, and with such major naval commanders as Samuel
F. Dupont, David Dixon Porter, David
G. Farragut, Andrew H. Foote, John A. Dahlgren, and others, are vividly portrayed.
Niven also deals with other problems bedeviling Welles: the purchase of ships and the building program, with specific emphasis on monitors; the indecision and debate preceding the making of military plans in Washington; interservice rivalry; the decision to issue the Emancipation Proclamation; the maddening slowness of McClellan; defense
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U. S. Naval Institute Proceedings, April 1974
International Law For Seagoing Officers
By Burdick H. Brittin and Liselotte B. Watson Third Edition
Those who use the sea should be familiar with international maritime laws, for these laws have bearing on operations at sea and in the air space above.
This book, unique in its field, is not a lawyer’s law book.
It is a readily understandable text covering international law as it affects those who use the sea and the air space above it.
It also presents the developing law of space.
The first edition, published in 1956, was swiftly adopted by the naval establishment, the Coast Guard, and various merchant marine activities. The enlarged second edition was translated into six foreign languages.
Newly designed and reset, the thoroughly revised and expanded third edition includes not only the changes and modifications that have occurred since the second edition was published in 1960, but also the most up-to-date examples and revised regulations.
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WAVY:
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by Joy Bright Hancock
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In telling her own story. Captain Hancock, a former director of the WAVES, adds a necessary chapter to the history of the U. S. Navy and American women. Full of colorful detail, with a wealth of documentation, including numerous photographs.
28V Pages. Illustrated. Index. Appendices.
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against charges of corruption, nepotism, and inefficiency in the Navy Department; whether fugitive slaves and later- freed slaves should be used by the Navy; and the beginning of the persistence with which certain congressmen would make the President subservient to Congress in the matter of Reconstruction.
After showing how Welles had provided a Navy equal to the wartime tasks imposed upon it, Niven briefly traces the devolution of that Navy to one- sixth of its peak strength during his last four years in office and without the aid of the invaluable Fox, who had resigned. Niven gives much more attention, however, in his last six chapters, to the reaching of policy decisions on Reconstruction and how Welles sided with Lincoln and, after his tragic death, with Andrew Johnson, on "easy” Reconstruction, for although he was a nationalist, Welles still believed in states’ rights. He also shows how the Radicals used such naval officers as Dupont and such military men as U. S. Grant in their schemes to achieve Congressional Reconstruction.
Following his retirement from the Navy Department in 1869, Welles lived in Hartford until 1877, spending those years in arranging his many papers, contributing articles to important newspapers, improving and editing his diary, and writing historical essays on the Civil War and other matters. In his writings, he corrected accounts offered by that consummate politician, Thurlow Weed, and exposed the corruption and extravagant administration of the Navy Department, particularly under George M. Robeson. In a short book entitled Lincoln and Seuard (1874), Welles rebutted accolades for William Seward as the leading light of the Lincoln administration and presented Lincoln, for the first time, as a great President—a conclusion that still stands. In an appendix, moreover, Niven holds that Welles, not Fox, ran the Navy Department during the Civil War.
In superb "life and times” style, Niven shows Welles as the New England Puritan that he was—ever moralizing, always honest, full of jealousies, ambitions, and fears. Niven warrants the tribute that, through his writing, we feel that we are looking over Welles’s shoulder as he lived his life.
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The American Fishing Schooners: 1825-1935
Howard I. Chapelle. New York: Norton, 1973. 690 pp. Ulus. $20.00.
The evolution of this uniquely American vessel is traced in a thorough discussion that includes the working crews as well as a listing of the designers and huilders. The 137 plans graphically show the development of the Gloucester fishing schooners’ hull construction and equipment, rigging and gear, color and carving. Included arc notes by the builders and riggers themselves. Very nearly a must for any maritime collection.
American Sailing Coasters of the North Atlantic
Paul C. Morris. Charden, Ohio: Bloch and Osborn, 1973. 224 pp. Illus. $29.75.
This history of the coastal trade from colonial times to the last of the coasters in the 1930s features 120 photographs of the two to seven-masted schooners. There are 26 line drawings of ships by the author. The book contains biographies of ship masters, builders, and owners, an appendix of all five-, six-, and seven-masted schooners which sailed in the North Atlantic; a glossary; bibliography; and an index.
Armor-Cavalry, Part II: Army National Guard
Marry Lee Stubbs, Stanley Russel Connor and Janice E. McKenney. Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1972. 297 pp.
Illus. $5.00.
In the narrative of this volume, all three components of the Army—Regular, Reserve, and National Guard—are discussed. However, the lineages include only those National Guard units which were active on 1 July 1971. Regular Army and Reserve line
ages are contained in Part I, which was published in 1969.
An Artist’s Horizons
Dwight Shepler. Weston, Mass.: Fairfield House, 1973. 148 pp. Illus. $14.95.
Though most of the nearly 100 reproductions in this album are in black and white, there is high quality and emotional impact in the portraits, seascapes, landscapes, and combat art from the Pacific Theater of World War II.
Atlas of China
Chiao-min Hsieh. New York: McGraw-Hill,
1973. 282 pp. Illus. $14.95.
For more than 20 years, China has been a virtually closed area of the world within which much has been happening as rapid industrialization under Communist policies has changed the landscape, economy, and society. This extremely useful reference assays mainland China’s physical, political, economic, social, cultural, and historical aspects.
Benjamin Franklin Tracy
Benjamin Franklin Cooling. Hamden, Conn.:
Archon Books, 1973. 211 pp. Illus. $10.00.
This is primarily a study of Tracy’s achievements as a two-ocean-oriented Secretary of the Navy from 1889 to 1893. It was a period which saw the regeneration of the U. S. Navy following its post-Civil War decline.
Boat Repairs and Conversions
Michael Vemey. Camden, Me.: International Marine, 1972. 304 pp. Illus. $8.95.
This is a rewrite of the book originally titled Yacht Repairs and Conversions which was first published in 1951 and went through four editions, the last being published in 1966.
Born a Gemini
Irby F. Wood. New York: Vantage, 1973. 224 pp. Illus. $5.95.
Through a roughly chronological series of anecdotes, a former merchant marine captain recalls his days at sea.
Carrier Air Groups/HMS Eagle
David Brown. Windsor, England: Hylton Lacy, 1973. 84 pp. Illus. £2.75.
Detailed histories of the Royal Navy’s Fleet Air Arm fighter squadrons are featured in this first volume of a new series: FAA squadrons 800, 826, 849, and 899, as they were deployed on the Eagle.
The Charles W. Morgan
John F. Leavitt. Mystic, Conn.: The Marine Historical Association, 1973. 131 pp. Illus.
$9.95.
She is the only wooden whaleship surviving from the "golden era of American whaling.” Formally designated a National Historic Landmark in 1967, she is the main attraction at the Mystic Seaport. This comprehensive history includes crew lists, a summary of voyages and logbooks, photographs of the ship, her captains and their wives (five sailed with their husbands, two as navigators), and detailed sketches of the ship and her equipment.
Clinker Boatbuilding
John Leather. Camden, Me.: International Marine, 1973. 206 pp. Illus. $8.95.
This book describes clinker and cold- moulded construction methods for sailing, rowing, or powered boats up to 20 feet in length. The contents cover every stage in the process from preparation, tools, materials, plans, keel structure, planking, frames, centerboards, and decks, to finishing off the
hull, masts, and oars. There are also specifications for three different clinker boats which can be built by the amateur boat- builder.
Condor Legion
Peter Elstob. New York: Ballantine, 1973. 16 pp. Ulus. $1.50 (paper).
More a history of the Spanish Civil War than an account of the Luftwaffe formation, but interesting nonetheless.
Dolphins, Seals and Other Sea Mammals
David Stephen (ed.). New York: Putnam, 1973. 88 pp. Illus. $6.95.
Interest in these sea creatures that are zoologically related to man is growing all the time as more people recognize their attractive characteristics and their intelligence. In this large-format volume, beautiful color photography complements a text that combines scientific detail with a naturalist’s feeling for these remarkable animals.
Douglas TBD-1 "Devastator”
B. R. Jackson and T. E. Doll. Fallbrook, Calif.: Aero, 1973. 52 pp. Illus. $3.95 (paper).
An illustrated design and operational history of the Navy’s first all-metal, low-wing aircraft.
The Encyclopedia of Marine Resources Frank E. Firth (ed.). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1969. 740 pp. Illus. $25.00.
A comprehensive reference that pictures the oceans’ resources and provides data and in
formation useful to scientific and commercial activities that seek to exploit these resources.
The End of the Corn Belt Fleet
Wendell Wilke. Algoma, Wis.: West End Publications, 1972. 55 pp. Illus. $2.50 (paper).
This brief history of the Great Lakes Reserve Destroyer Division, which existed from 1950 to 1970, lists its many escort-type vessels.
The Explorations, 1696-1697, of Australia by Willem De Vlamingh
Willem C. H. Robert (ed.) Amsterdam:
Philo Press, 1972. 206 pp. Illus. Hf 35.
The original Dutch texts, extracts from two log books concerning the voyage to and the exploration on the coast of Western Australia, have been edited and supplied with English translations; there is an introduction, notes, a bibliography, and an index.
Fiberglass Kit Boats
Jack Wiley. Camden, Me.: International Marine, 1973. 174 pp. Illus. $9.95.
Chapters on selecting a boat, transporting the kit from factory to building location, equipment, tools, techniques, supplies, suppliers, finish work, outfitting and launching— all arc aimed at the skilled amateur boat- builder.
Folklore and the Sea
Horace Beck. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1973. 463 pp. Illus. $14.95.
Still current English-language lore has been assembled, and an effort is made to trace the
material toward a source, to give reasons for its acceptance by seamen, to postulate a few rules about maritime folklore, and to preserve the customs, beliefs, and traditions that are dose to extinction. This is volume six in the American Maritime Library series.
Freedom of Oceanic Research
Warren S. Wooster (ed.). New York: Crane, Russak, 1973. 255 pp. $14.00.
This combination of interviews and papers seek to identify facts and prejudices concerning the ultimate importance of scientific knowledge, and also tries to ascertain the legitimate needs of various kinds of oceanographic research.
A History of Marine Navigation
W. E. May. New York: Norton, 1973. 280 pp. Illus. $12.50.
The methods and instruments that have been part of the development of marine navigation from the earliest times to the present are comprehensively described in a most engaging manner by a leading authority on the history and use of the compass. There is also a chapter on modem developments by Captain Leonard Holder.
Investigating the FBI
Pat Watters and Stephen Gillets (eds.). New York: Doubleday, 1973. 518 pp. $9.95.
This book contains edited versions of the papers presented at the 1971 Princeton conference on the FBI. It has portions of the panel discussions that took place during the conference, and also correspondence with J. Edgar Hoover concerning the conference.
Y-74
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Professional Reading 111
The Journal of George Townley Fullam
C. G. Summersell (ed). University, Ala.: The University of Alabama Press, 1973. 229 pp.
Illus. $8.00.
A daily account of the activities of the Confederate commerce raider, CSS Alabama, from her launching in 1867 to her destruction was kept by her boarding officer who was responsible for inspecting and evaluating prize cargoes, arranging the transfer of valuables and crew, and then burning the captured merchantmen.
Marine Boiler Survey Handbook
J. H. Milton. London: The Institute of Marine Engineers, 1970. 95 pp. Illus. No price given.
The contents of this small book are meant to pass on sufficient knowledge to enable an engineer to carry out a thorough survey of the usual types of boilers encountered on board ship.
The Mariner’s Catalog
David R. Getchell (ed.). Camden, Me.: International Marine, 1973. 192 pp. Illus. $4.95 (paper).
Patterned after the highly successful Whole Earth Catalog, this catalog presents the small boat man with sources of tools, materials, and hard-to-find items as well as common sense information from people with a wealth of water and boating experience.
Meatballs and Dead Birds
James P. Gallagher. Perry Hall, Md.: Jon-Jay Publishers, 1972. 121 pp. Illus. $12.95.
A 9 X 12 inch horizontal format is used to display over 120 photographs of some Japanese Army and Navy aircraft as they were at the end of World War II, mostly as wrecked and dismantled hulks.
National Geographic Society Research Reports, 1966
Paul H. Oehser (ed.). Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 1973. 325 pp.
Illus. $5.00.
Abstracts and reviews of research and exploration authorized under grants from the Society during the year 1966.
The Opening of the World
David Divine. New York: Putnam, 1973. 272 pp. Illus. $15.00.
This better than average "coffee-table” illustrated survey traces the achievements of famous adventurers and explorers. With a strong reliance on Portuguese sources, the book’s major theme is the rediscovery of older navigation techniques in the 15 th century, which aided voyages of progressively longer duration.
The Ottoman Empire, the Great Powers, and the Straits Question 1870-1887
Barbara Jelavich. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1973. 209 pp. Illus. $6.95.
This diplomatic history concentrates on the London Black Sea Conferences of 1871, the interpretations given at the time to the settlement, and subsequent evaluations made in the years before 1887.
Out of the Blue
James A. Huston. West Lafayette, Ind.: Purdue University Studies, 1972. 327 pp. Illus. $10.00.
This thorough survey of U. S. Army airborne operations in World War II, features a case study of the 1944 airborne invasion of Holland.
Peninsular Southeast Asia
Department of the Army. Washington, D.C.:
1972. 424 pp. Illus. $8.75 (paper).
An unclassified bibliographic survey and compilation of maps concerning Burma, Cambodia, Laos, and Thialand. DA PAM 550-14.
Port Phillip Pilots and Defences J. Noble. Melbourne, Australia: The Hawthorne Press, 1973. 124 pp. Illus. $4.95.
Just off Port Phillip Bay, the city of Melbourne sits within some of the world’s most difficult channels and tidal conditions. The author, a Port Phillip pilot, tells of the pilot service since its inception in the late 1830s and of the naval defences, both ships and fixed fortifications, that were used mostly during the Victorian period.
Puerto Rico and the Forts of Old San Juan
Albert Manucy and Ricardo Torrcs-Reycs. Riverside, Conn.: The Chatham Press, 1973. 94 pp. Illus. $3.95 (paper).
Schematic drawings and photographs trace the construction and evolution of five great Spanish forts—El Morro, San Cristobal, San Geronimo, San Antonio, and El Canuel— and illustrate 17th and 18th century weapons, tools, and the basic concepts of how to design, attack and defend a fort.
The Rise of the Luftwaffe: Forging the Secret German Air Weapon, 1918-1940
Herbert Molloy Mason, Jr., New York: Dial,
1973. 402 pp. Illus. $10.00.
Too much time is spent on background information, most of which has little to do with the Luftwaffe, with the result that the proper focus is often lost. A greater control of the material would have improved this otherwise readable book.
Russian History Atlas
Martin Gilbert. New York: Macmillan, 1972.
174 pp. Illus. $4.95.
Russian history from the earliest times to the present is covered in this reference which includes many aspects not usually treated in map form—famine, trade, rebellion, places of exile, anarchists, the growth of revolutionary activity before 1917, the Revolution itself, Lenin’s return to Russia, the early years of Communism, German plans for Russia during World War II, the Cuban missile crisis, Soviet-Chinese relations, and Soviet naval strength in 1970.
The Sea Chart
Derek Howse and Michael Sanderson. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1973. 144 pp. Illus. $8.95.
In 60 reproductions of sea charts that are preserved in the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, England, the authors illustrate the chart’s development from 1420 to the present day. Charts from every part of the world are included, but only two are reproduced in colot.
Seafarer and Community
Peter H. Fricke (ed.) Totowa, N.J.: Rowman & Littlefield, 1973. 164 pp. Illus. $17.50.
This sociological study of very limited interest considers the social environment of those who make their living on and from the sea, their relationship to each other and to the non-mariner community, and assesses the consequences of technological and economic change on the seafarer.
Shenandoah Saga
Tom Hook. Annapolis, Md.: Air Show Publishers, 1973. 208 pp. Illus. $5.95 (paper).
Many fine photographs, quite a few of which are wide-angle shots, support the narrative about the U. S. Navy’s ill-starred, pioneer rigid airship.
Ships of the Royal Navy
Raymond V. B. Blackman. London: Macdonald and Jane’s, 1973. 160 pp. Illus. £1.95 (soft cover).
This compendium presents the present-day British Navy, but overlaps into both the future and the past by including details on projected construction, and pictures certain ships which have been decommissioned, but have not yet been broken up. Naval aircraft, hovercraft, and guided missiles are also included.
Steam and Sail
P. W. Brock and Basil Greenhill, Princeton,
N.J.: The Payne Press, 1973, 112 pp. Illus. $10.00.
The steam engine performed useful functions ashore during the 1700s, but steam
112 U. S. Naval Institute Proceedings, April 1974
navigation became a possibility only at the end of the century. Eighty photographs, mainly from Great Britain’s National Maritime Museum, depict British and North American merchant, naval and special purpose vessels, propelled by both steam and sail, which plied the oceans during the 19th century.
This is Sailing
Richard Creagh-Osbomc. New York: Norton, 197}. 220 pp. Ulus. $12.95.
More than 300 highly-detailed, full-color drawings illustrate this instructional text on small boat handling.
United States Naval Hospital Ships
Washington, D.C.: Naval Historical Foundation, 1973. 32 pp. Illus. No price given.
Two essays provide an outline history of the Navy’s seagoing medical services, and a detailed look at the controversy over who should command hospital ships—medical or line.
U. S. Shipbuilding in the 1970s
William F. Beazer, William A. Cox, and Curtis A. Harvey. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1972. 180 pp. No price given.
This is an examination of the implications
of certain types of government actions with respect to the shipbuilding industry and a charting of potential changes in the industry structure and geographical distribution. Naval shipbuilding is excluded as is judgment concerning ship design; data is current as of the period 1967 and 1968.
World Armaments and Disarmament: SIPRI Yearbook, 1973
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. New York: Humanities Press, 1973. 510 pp. Illus. $16.50.
This fourth edition of a yearbook describes the major quantitative and qualitative changes taking place in the world’s arsenals. It also evaluates all efforts made to control world armaments.
The Wreck on the Half-Moon Reef
Hugh Edwards, New York: Scribners, 1973. 193 pp. Illus. $7.95.
On an autumn day in 1726, the Dutch East India ship Zeeuyk sailed from Holland with 208 seamen and soldiers; only one man in three would see his home again. The author, who found the wreck of the Zeeuyk off the coast of Western Australia, tells a story of death, disease, shipwreck, mutiny, torture, and execution, as he reconstructs the
tragic voyage and return of the handful of survivors in a little ship built from the wreck’s timbers.
Yearbook on International Communist Affairs, 1973
Richard F. Staar (ed.). Stanford, California: Hoover Institution Press, 1973. 651 pp. $25.00.
The seventh edition of a comprehensive survey, covering the calender year 1972, about the organizational structure, internal development, domestic and foreign policies, and activity of Communist parties around the world. Most information is based on primary sources.
RE-ISSUE
Tarawa: The Story of a Battle
Robert Sherrod. Fredericksburg, Tex.: The Admiral Nimitz Foundation, (1944) 1973. 206 pp. Illus. $2.35 (paper).
A new preface and an epilog have been added. (See Pass-Down-The-Line-Notes, p. 126, March 1974 Proceedings.)
The Truth About the Titanic
Archibald Grade. Riverside, Conn: 7Cs Press (1913) 1973. 330 pp. Illus. $10.00.
The story of the Tirpitz is one of the strangest in naval history. Although she was the most powerful warship of her era, the German High Command was determined not to risk her in action. So for four years she dominated the naval strategy of the Second World War, while never firing her guns except in self-defense. As soon as Winston Churchill became Prime Minister, his interest in her destruction became almost an obsession.
This book, eighth in the "Sea Battles in Close-Up” series, is an exciting account of the 22 separate attacks mounted against this single, highly protected and almost inaccessible target. A carefully researched story of dramatic sea and air action.
112 Pages. Illustrated with photos, plans, and maps. Appendices. Bibliography. Index.
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