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ss of
Kentucky (Naval Institute Press
® Maverick Marine
Pre”S Lexington, KY: University ft). *987. 292 pp. Photos. Notes. Bib. nd- $28.00 ($22.40).
Reviewed by Clayton R. Barrow, Jr.
In a 1933 review of U. S. Marine 0rPs Major General Smedley Butler’s tttobiography Old Gimlet Eye: Adven- ^ es °f Smedley D. Butler (U. S. Marine 0rPs reprint, 1981), the reviewer con- ^uded that it was a good book, but that c6 *lnal story of Butler’s stormy career c°u d not then be written. “It should v-me along in about fifty years,” the re- Wer wrote, “and, frankly, we can’t to read it.”
th °r ^ ycars Old Gimlet Eye remained ler C^m'l've’ the only book about But. r- Thus, a host of Navy and Army crit- ^an<J a few Marines) could scoff, livUt er ’s *^e bravest man who ever “—but only Butler has ever said so.” ynh the publication of the fact, ke<L exquisitely documented Maver- oth ^arine by scholar Hans Schmidt, aj ers will be saying so, too. But they’ll <jeS° saying, as Butler’s lifelong friend s .^retary of the Navy Josephus Daniels de' h”1 (three years before Butler’s ^ “If he was as wise in speech as he as brave in war, he would not have lost ^Prestige he deserved.”
Oni Ut 6r Was brave in war. He is one of sin tVV° Americans to win two Congres- ^t>nal Medals of Honor. He would have Ijj a third had he not performed perhaps "ffi^'^t her°ic (eat during a period when cers could not receive the medal, th chrnidt began work on this book more Con * 1 years ago. There was no lack of JPfation on the part of the Butler fam- Buri ^ conducted his first interview with M er s two sons and one daughter in To his last interview was with
gth*.®utler in 1983. Smedley, Jr., and Were by then no longer living.
Phe 6 tou§hest job for any Butler biogra- lfirh 'S t0 out why an(* how, in his h0a year, a well-scrubbed little Quaker th^ who conversed in thees, thous, and im S *1’s parents—turned overnight 1 '* a dese, dose, and dem, hell-for- jn Leatherneck. I had a chance to try ya7, when Butler’s widow and his son Tom opened the family’s Philadelphia home to me, permitting me to see every Butler letter, document, and memento in their possession. But I never found an answer that satisfied me.
Tom and Mrs. Butler thought maybe it was because Smedley’s only toys as a child were soldiers. Two of Smedley’s classmates at the Haverford secondary school told me that Smedley read everything he could get his hands on about Napoleon. A Marine buddy of mine, Fred Stolley, thought there might be something in the water thereabouts, since Smedley was born within five miles of the birthplace of the Revolutionary War’s
battling bantam, “Mad Anthony” Wayne.
Certainly some of the steel in Smedley’s backbone was put there by his father and grandfather, who were every bit the “Fighting Quakers” Smedley was. But Maud Darlington, Smedley’s mother, had true grit, too. When a sob-sister reporter from the West Chester paper came to interview Maud about 19-year-old Smedley’s second wound received at Tientsin, Maud showed her the door. Undaunted, the reporter dreamed up an interview and her paper published it. Maud wrote the editor a furious letter culminating with, “Since I’ve never given way to such spiritless thoughts, I could not have ever expressed them.”
Or maybe Smedley learned about courage from his brother Sam who, kicked by a pet donkey at age eight, underwent a series of operations, none of which prevented his right leg from growing 12 inches shorter than his left. He spent his life on crutches, but he dragged sunshine with him wherever he went. The family agreed that he was the only person who could enter a room and instantly steal the spotlight from the outgoing Smedley.
None of the foregoing paragraphs appears in the Schmidt book, for which readers can be grateful that this long- awaited biography was written by a dispassionate pedagogue rather than an emotional ex-Marine. Schmidt’s tightly edited prose—the first draft was nearly 800 pages—is as crisp as a David Brinkley commentary.
A word of caution: Maverick Marine will be painful for those who revere Butler’s memory. The fiery Butler showed himself no mercy and is shown none. Butler’s admirers will wince again and again as his loose tongue and reckless pen unmask him as, by turns, a racist, a crybaby, a bigot, and, finally, that most unforgiving of hypocrites, a reformed drunk.
There can be no excuses for these dark sides to his character. Yet his frail frame was often wracked with pain from his many wounds and from sundry physical and mental ailments, including deep depression. In 1907, for example, he was hospitalized for nearly a month in the Philippines in what seemed to be a nervous breakdown. In 1908, he was on sick leave for more than nine months. The periodic battles and skirmishes he fought against his country’s enemies were as nothing compared to the lifelong war that raged within himself over the brutal commands he barked out to a 140-pound body that could not always comply.
Withal, his apologists will surely remind us that he was the most patient of parents, the most devoted of husbands, the most solicitous and generous of friends, and a man of shining integrity.
Still, the Butler who kicks and claws his way through these pages is not so much man as metaphor. As an example, in Nicaragua in 1912, as part of the occupation forces, he was only one of many the mobs had in mind as they stormed
largest all-volunteer military in Europe- and boasts forces that have one of l^e greatest institutionalized military legacies in history. With a regimental system h1’ parting what essayist Roger Beaum011 terms a “faint flavor of the feudal,” ^e. British Army remains highly profession3 and apolitical. Luxembourg also laC^S conscription. For the rest of Europe' however, conscription remains a fact 0 life. It bears significantly upon prof®5 sionalism, but also democratizes the de fense burden, except where exempt!0115 undercut its effect. States that use con scription also maintain that it provide* vital link between armed forces and th populations they defend.
Subject to collapse and collaboration1 World War II and imperial ainbiti0’1’ after it, France remains enigmatic, y nation participates in NATO politicallyj. but not militarily. The French have one 0 the larger and better armed forces in Ll rope and proudly maintain an indep®11 dent nuclear force; yet the French ^
through Managuan streets shouting, “Death to the Yankees.” But a decade after he had gone, Nicaraguan mothers were still frightening their children with, “Hush! Major Butler will get you.” Major Butler will get you, too. Whether you’ve heard about Butler all your life or never heard of him, when you put down this book, he will have got you.
Mr. Barrow was Editor-in-Chief of Proceedings from 1973-85. He retired from the Marine Corps as a master sergeant in 1962.
Creating Strategic Vision: Long- Range Planning for National Security
Perry M. Smith, Jerrold P. Allen, John H. Stewart II, and F. Douglas Whitehouse. Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 1987. 133 pp. Figs.
Notes. $3.75 ($3.37) paper.
Reviewed by Colonel Larry L. Weeks,
U. S. Marine Corps
Creating Strategic Vision is a stimulating compendium of four essays on philosophies and methodologies of long- range strategic planning. Based on proven planning systems and lessons learned from them, the essays come from writers who have given considerable study to the art of planning for future U. S. needs.
For those who enjoy “bottom lines,” I recommend the essay by Major General Perry M. Smith, U. S. Air Force (Retired), which discusses why long-range planning succeeds or fails. Especially valuable are his 15 laws for effective long-range planning.
The essay by Colonel Jerrold P. Allen, U. S. Air Force, offers a candid look at Air Force long-range planning. He cites a fundamental idea that guided the early development of the Air Force’s long- range planning methodology: “Process is our most important product.” The statement is subtle, but important. Without a planning approach that is both disciplined and flexible, there would be no audit trail to link national security objectives with the end product of planning and programming efforts.
Colonel John H. Stewart II, U. S. Air Force, introduces the idea of planning against a backdrop of alternative futures. Planners can develop scenarios for such futures by a variety of techniques. For example, he discusses the merits of the Delphi technique—known to many as a continuous refinement or averaging of expert opinion about some matter (in this case, alternative futures). As a good planner should. Colonel Stewart outlines the advantages and disadvantages of various methods and states his preferences.
Mr. F. Douglas Whitehouse’s essay on coping with alternative futures for the Soviet Union describes a planning process and provides illustrations. His work presents a good case study of long-range planning.
A central theme of all four essays is that the long-range planner must capture— early—the philosophy of the guy in charge, and remain congruent with that philosophy by keeping the boss involved in the planning process.
This interesting, informative book will be indispensable to the strategic planner. It is not always easy reading. But the reader’s investment of time and concentration is well rewarded.
Colonel Weeks is Deputy Director, Plans Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps, and a former head of the Service Plans and Policies Branch.
The Defense of Western Europe
L. H. Gann, Editor. Dover, MA: Auburn House, 1987. 317 pp. Figs. Notes. Ind. $32.50 ($29.25).
Reviewed by Lieutenant Colonel Wayne A. Silkett, U. S. Army
The Defense of Western Europe is a good book that deserves to be better. Edited by a senior fellow of Stanford University’s Hoover Institution, it includes ten essays by ten renowned authors. Its major shortcoming is incompleteness. The essays mainly examine NATO, but omit Greece and Turkey (because they are not part of Western Europe) and Canada (because it, too, is not part of Western Europe, although it stations forces there), and includes Switzerland and Austria as alternative models for defense (why not Sweden, too?).
The book also shows signs of unfinished editing. Mistakes are few but should have been caught: for example, Germany did not violate Dutch neutrality in World War I. Curiously, the dust jacket portrays a U. S. Navy A-4 Sky- hawk launching from an aircraft carrier— not the most suitable subject to illustrate a work of this sort. Even more unfortunately, the aircraft is misidentified as an F3H Demon.
Shortcomings aside, The Defense of Western Europe provides a sparkling glimpse of each nation’s contribution, stake, and role in the defense of itself and the continent. Packed with vignettes and anecdotes, it examines each participant’s military doctrine, weapons, organization.
manpower, and relations within NATO and between the armed forces and their societies.
NATO’s common endeavor to maul' tain peace, in Gann’s words, “has been unexpectedly successful.” Nothing makes this conclusion more astonishing than the diversity of NATO members. 1* nothing else, The Defense of Western Europe reveals the danger of generalizing about Europe, particularly its defense- For example, during the era of decoloni' zation, British and Belgian military forces remained “undisturbed in spirit, as Gann puts it, while in France and P01' tugal, the stresses of decolonization severely strained military-government relations. Denmark, with a long pacific tradition, joined NATO unenthusiastically, yet has adopted a “total defense approach that would rapidly coordinate the nation’s military and civil resources in event of war. Spain and Portugal, often remembered for coups and Europe’s nio** enduring fascist dictatorships (48 years for Portugal, 39 for Spain), are far removed from the Central Region an handicapped by their internal difficultiesLike France, Spain remains unconnected with the unified NATO military command structure. And besides facing l^e enduring problem of the Basque separatist movement, Spain fields one of ^ least modern armies in Europe. The P°r' tuguese Army has shrunk dramatically since the 1970s, but remains top-heavy- In 1985, the 40,000-man army include almost 4,000 captains, majors, colonels- and generals. ,
The contrasts, inconsistencies, an contradictions continue. Britain fields the
ores lacks transport aircraft. The French lcer corps is the closest Europe has to a ^ereditary caste, and in the French For- gn Legion, France also has probably the °rld s greatest military anomaly, p ennis E. Showalter’s essay on the I i eral Republic of Germany is particu- r y interesting. Geographic linchpin of Q°nventional European defense, West /many Fields a conspicuously incon- P'cuous army, vivid military history not- '“'standing. Surely the most self- p^cious army in NATO—even its unite ?llS, are decidedly nonmilitary— i uay s Bundeswehr, Showalter claims, °minated by “colorless men carrying r,efcases.”
The Low Countries are far more inter- ln§ than their size and location might . Sgest. Belgium, the Netherlands, and Uxembourg offer the alliance critical sea rts’ airports, roads, and railroads for -apply; they also contribute a military in llR *n t*le Netherlands, two languages , Belgium, Luxembourg’s reinforced etahon, and notorious Belgian-Dutch I aniples of fiscal stringencies and lack- s‘er military discipline.
Of notable interest in retired U. S. rmy Colonel Harry G. Summers, Jr.’s, deSay °n U. S. forces in Europe is the y Scription of the waxing and waning of sj ■ commitment to European defense ynce World War 11. Today, 15% of the lj' S. military—and almost 28% of the ' S. Army—is stationed in Europe;
buT than 50% of the U’ S' defense §et is intended to support Europe’s
defense in the event of war.
It is curious that Gann includes neutral Austria and Switzerland. Switzerland is fascinating. It paradoxically boasts, according to essayist and Swiss Army officer H. R. Fuhrer, “the least militaristic and most military people in the world.” No exemptions from military service are authorized, and all able-bodied males undergo initial and periodic refresher training. Failure or refusal to serve is a punishable offense. Although Swiss standing forces number only 6,500, the Swiss claim they can field more than 600,000 men in 48 hours. With each reservist maintaining his equipment, weapon, and ammunition at home, Mach- iavelli’s centuries-old remark remains as valid as ever: “The Swiss have no army; they are an army.”
Austria is far less martial than Switzerland but of significantly more strategic value, encircled as it is by NATO’s Italy and West Germany, the Warsaw Pact’s Hungary and Czechoslovakia, and the neutral nations of Yugoslavia and Switzerland. Austria is more exposed than Switzerland and faces more complex political restraints: not only does Austria’s most vulnerable territory adjoin that of the most likely invaders, but it operates under a state treaty that seriously circumscribes the nation’s self-defense. For example, the very treaty that obliges Austria to defend its airspace forbids the use of surface-to-air missiles. It also restricts artillery to a range of 15 kilometers.
As Gann points out, were the Western
The Berlin Wall remains the vivid symbol of the division of East and West in Europe, but NATO “has been unexpectedly successful” in maintaining the peace.
alliance to translate its combined economic power into equivalent military strength, the Soviet Union “would form no threat to the rest of the world.” But the Western alliance does not, just as it does not adequately safeguard its superior technology from pirating by the East.
But then, Europe is also not dominated by any one nation. It includes sovereign and dissimilar states—each with differing degrees of ability and willingness to carry the defense burden, differing perceptions of the threat and proximity to it, even differing degrees of democracy. The democratic right to choose is no guarantee that the right choice will be made— about defense or anything else.
The Defense of Western Europe offers no solutions. It provides insight into why European defense is the way it is, not how it could or should be. Professor Gann stimulates debate, and that it is good. If his effort also spurs additional treatment of this vital subject, so much the better.
Colonel Silkett serves on the arms control staff at Supreme Headquarters, Allied Powers, Europe. He has served tours in Vietnam and Berlin, taught at the U. S. Air Force Academy, and acts as the Supreme Allied Commander’s representative at the Mutual and Balanced Force Reduction Talks in Vienna.
By Lieutenant Commander Thomas J. Cutler, U. S. Navy
todav government cir si8nifiCa 'Lb0°k take.s.onJ
era] ^ ^ance. G. \ h. Gordon contests sev- sheUs eretoL°re unchallenged assumptions and infraslncw iifiht on the defense procurement Wars in Great Britain between the
rrients .mon8 other thought-provoking argu- P°lici C contends that British governmental later] rS ma^ kave retarded rather than stimu- curemearrnarnent and asserts that military pro- than if111 pr*or t0 *939 was far more extensive currently believed.
A
Getl j. General: The Biography of Holland M. “Howlin’ Mad” Smith
Ur. No
MarineFpan ^'°0Per- Quantico, VA: The Notes u Association, 1987. 332 pp. Photos.
One $14'95 ($l3-45)-
fare ptke *oremost names in amphibious war-
Corps during the landings in the Gil-
r°rcelp.manC''n^ General of the Fleet Marine acific, and headed Task Force 56 in the
Alr Power at Sea: 1945 to Today
19innW‘"ton- New York: Carroll & Graf, 1987.
J pp- Phot°s- Maps. Ind. $27.95 ($25.15).
1945*neqUel '° h'S Air Power al Sea: I939~ Nav • ^ nava* historian and former Royal SCrj^ lieutenant Commander Winton de- the £S *'le r°'es Played by naval aircraft since rierifoff0^ ",°r*d War B. British aircraft car- Ho n,- ^orea’ the sowing of mines along the aj 1 Minh Trail, and the strike of U. S. toPics' *nt° 'n *986 are but a few of the t0 (, Covered in this comprehensive and up-
Anteriean Defense Annual 1987-1988
Book Editor. Lexington, MA: Lexington
Figs , ^■ 387 pp. Photos. Illus. Maps. Tables.
$16 <k ?J?end' Gloss. Notes. Chron. Bib. Ind.
^ ($15.25) paper.
PorieiTh ^ °f hard data in this annual is sup- qUaii„ “y incisive essays written by eminently topics^ C*e^ense analysts on such important sea n *S arms contr°L military reform, and MershWer- b is compiled by associates of the 'nstii °n <"enter- an interdisciplinary research lon at Ohio State University.
Bc( *r't'sb Seapower and Procurement Pearma ^ 'Aars: A Reappraisal of
G. h
Press |Q»?0rC^0n' Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute ($17 56) PP- Append. Notes. Ind. $21.95
attenfm^-tai^ Procurement receiving so much ,0n *n government circles and in the press more than historical
iTg iictmva in aiupuiuiuus wai-
Phibin CIlera* H. M. Smith led the 5th Am- '°ious r
as r , *ke Marshalls, and the Marianas, served ^ v“0rr*~- -• assault on Iwo Jima. This biography contends that the controversial Smith was a more compassionate and less self-serving man than the image portrayed in his memoir, Coral and Brass (Scribner’s, 1949), and in other works written about him.
The Illustrated History of the Vietnam War: Carrier Operations
Edward J. Marolda. New York: Bantam Books, 1987. 158 pp. Photos. Maps. Gloss. Bib. $6.95 ($6.25) paper.
For more than a decade, U. S. aircraft carriers steamed off the coast of Vietnam, conducting on-again, off-again strikes against the North and continuous combat support operations in the South. This concise book vividly describes those operations, detailing the Rolling Thunder and Linebacker campaigns, dogfights over the North, and search-and-rescue missions, among others. Marolda, currently the head of the Contemporary History Branch of the U. S. Naval Historical Center in Washington, D. C., and a Vietnam veteran, is also the coauthor of From Military Assistance to Combat, 19591965 (U. S. Naval Historical Center, 1986), the second volume of The United States Navy and the Vietnam Conflict series.
The Never-Ending War: Terrorism in the 80’s
Christopher Dobson and Ronald Payne. New York: Facts on File, 1987. 356 pp. Append. Bib. Ind. $18.95 ($17.05).
This book is a comprehensive guide to terrorism. It includes a “Who’s Who” of terrorists, an extensive chronology of major terrorist actions, a history of terrorism, and an incisive discussion of tactics, goals, and countermeasures. The authors discuss obvious terrorist sources such as Libya and the Palestinians as well as more remote springboards such as Sri Lanka and Armenia.
The Space Station: A Personal Journey
Hans Mark. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1987. 272 pp. Photos. Append. Ind. $24.95 ($22.45).
This is the story of the political and technological debates that led to the decision to place a permanently manned space station into orbit. Told from an insider’s viewpoint (Hans Mark has served as deputy administrator of NASA and secretary of the U. S. Air Force), The Space Station reveals the human side of the space program and lends new perspective to the Challenger tragedy.
A Survey of U. S. Naval Affairs
1865-1917
Paolo E. Coletta. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1987. 265 pp. Photos. Maps.
Append. Gloss. Notes. Bib. Ind. $28.50 ($25.65) hardcover. $15.75 ($14.17) paper.
The period between the Civil War and World War I was a tumultuous time for the U. S. Navy as it developed from a coastal defense force into a biuewater navy with global influence and responsibilities. Coletta explores the period’s major developments in naval strategy, tactics, administration, and construction, and sketches its influential personalities.
Swords and Shields: NATO, the USSR, and New Choices for Long-Range Offense and Defense
Fred S. Hoffman, Albert Wohlstetter, and David S. Yost. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books. 1987. 369 pp. Figs. Tables. Notes. Ind. $35.00 ($31.50).
Evaluating research into the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) in light of Soviet strategic policy, the authors look closely at NATO’s offensive and defensive options. Their analysis includes new findings on Soviet military doctrine and demonstrates that Soviet policy calls for attacking not Western cities but targets of political and military value. They contend that it is dangerous and misleading to analyze SDI without considering the broader issues that influence it. Swords and Shields
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is an important contribution to the strategic debate.
Ten Years After: Vietnam Today
Tim Page. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1987.
128 pp. Photos. $30.00 ($27.00) hardcover.
$18.95 ($17.05) paper.
Ten years after he captured the Vietnam War on film, Tim Page returned to Vietnam to photograph the country and the people rebuilding it. This book contains the photographic artistry and offbeat prose that have made Page’s work consistently unusual. Those unfamiliar with Southeast Asia will be struck by the geographic beauty and human pathos that characterize this enigmatic region; Vietnam veterans will find these pages poignantly nostalgic.
Game
Pentagon Games: Wargames and the American Military
John Prados. New York: Harper & Row, 1987.
81 pp. Counters. Play Sheets. Illus. Notes. Bib. $9.95 ($8.95).
By citing historical examples and playing these games, John Prados reveals the major role war-gaming takes in developing strategy. In a controversial look at this process, he demonstrates its utilities and follies. But the work’s key elements are three games designed to illustrate the methods of Pentagon planners. The scenarios are "The Last Days of Saigon” (the player plans the evacuation of U. S. personnel from South Vietnam), “Pentagon” (the player creates a defense budget and attempts to work it through the Pentagon’s political- bureaucratic maze), and “The R&D Game” (the player takes new weapon system designs in search of congressional approval). Playing pieces, boards, and complete rules are included. Pentagon Games is eye-Opening entertainment.
Other Titles of Interest
Flying High: 1988 Naval Aviator’s Calendar
Brian R. Wolff and C. J. Heatley III, Photographers. Overland Park, KS: Berlin Publications, 1987. 25 pp. Photos. 11 -by-13 inch format. $8.95 ($8.95).
Grumman A-6 Intruder/Prowler: Modern Combat Aircraft Series, Volume 26
Anthony M. Thomborough and Peter E. Davies. Shepperton, England: Ian Allan Ltd., 1987. (Distributed in U. S. by Motorbooks International, Osceola. WI.) 112 pp. Photos. Illus. Map. Figs. Append. $19.95 ($17.95).
1988 Military History Calendar
Raymond R. Lyman. Boulder, CO: Paladin Press, 1987. 24 pp. Photos. 12-by-13 inch format. $8.95 ($8.05).
Mortal Rivals: Superpower Relations from Nixon to Reagan
William G. Hyland. New York: Random House, 1987. 271 pp. Ind. $19.95 ($17.95).
NATO Air Power
Robert Jackson. Novato, CA: Presidio, 1987. 146 pp. Photos. Ind. $25.00 ($22.50).
Superpower Arms Control: Setting the Record Straight
Albert Camesale and Richard N. Haas, Ed*' | tors. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger Publishing r (Harper & Row), 1987. 380 pp. Tables. Figs.
Ind. $34.95 ($31.45) hardcover. $>4-95 ($13.45) paper.
U-Boats: A Pictorial History
Edwin P. Hoyt. New York: McGraw-HilF 1987. 289 pp. Append. Ind. $19.95 ($17-95)-
Reviewed in Naval History______ -
Titles reviewed in the premier issue of *^c U. S. Naval Institute’s Naval History magazine, pages 82-85.
Flagship Hood
Alan Coles and Ted Briggs. London: Robs'1 Hale, 1985.
Thinking in Time: The Uses of History for Decision-Makers
Richard E. Neustadt and Ernest R. May. Ne* York: The Free Press (Macmillan, Inc.), 19% '
Atlas of Maritime History
Richard Natkiel and Anthony Preston. York: Facts on File, 1986.
Steady as She Goes: A History of the Compass Department of the Admiralty
Cdr. A. E. Fanning, Royal Navy (Ret.)- L°n don: HMSO Books, 1986.
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