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The French Navy in World War II
By Rear Admiral Paul Auphan, French Navy (Ret.), and Jacques Mordal. Translated by Captain A. C. J. Sabalot, USN (Ret.). Annapolis: United States Naval Institute, 1959. 414 pages. 32 photographs. 13 charts and diagrams. $6.00 ($4.50 to Naval Institute members).
REVIEWED BY
Admiral A. G. Kirk, USN (Ret.)
(Admiral Kirk’s many distinguished services include duty as Commander U. S. Naval Forces for Invasion of Normandy, Commander U. S. Naval Forces France, and Ambassador to Belgium and Russia.)
In this well-translated book the authors, who saw active service until driven underground by the march of events, have prepared an excellent and comprehensive account of the French Navy in World War II. With enough historical background to delineate the position that sea power held in the strategic thinking in the high councils of a strong land power, the book first sets forth the naval strength of the Third Republic in 1939. At that time France had an important Navy, even if not at the top of the 5-5-3 ratios established by the various Conferences following World War I.
The operations at sea until the collapse of June 1940 are explained in detail, with some references to a national strategy based on an implicit faith in the Maginot Line. In conformity with the British Admiralty’s strategic guidance, the forces at sea performed their assigned tasks in an admirable way. Methods to combat new types of mines and to hunt hostile submarines were underdeveloped, as was the case with their British ally, but this was not then as alarming as when the Battle of the Atlantic began in earnest. The invasion of Norway brought heavier duties, and in Scandinavian waters the French Navy aided the aborted efforts to save Norway and the iron ore routes, bearing their own share of losses.
The crisis in May 1940 on the land fronts in the Low Countries and in Northern France, however, speedily brought about situations which baffled naval commands and produced a sudden loss of centralized control. What measures were taken by Admiral, North, and the independent initiative displayed by individual commanders in coastal waters are well set forth in this book. The loss of command of the air quickly demonstrated the inability of sea-borne units to operate in narrow waters. The chapter “The Miracle of Dunkirk” describes an incredible recovery from a disaster potentially equal to that of Sedan, and herein the French Navy played a glorious part.
Of course, the Armistice and its effects on the esprit de corps of the whole naval service form the central theme of several chapters. We are shown the efforts made by Admiral Darlan to preserve the Navy from the conquerors, and his instructions as to the course of action to be followed by all commands. The meetings with the First Sea Lord, Mr. A. V. Alexander, and with the First Sea Lord, Admiral of the Fleet Sir Dudley Pound, in June 1940, are described in detail, and great emphasis is laid upon the pledge given by Darlan upon his world of honor that “in no case would the French Fleet be turned over to the Germans”—and one of our authors, Admiral Auphan, was also present and joined in this pledge. Equally important was Darlan’s injunction to the naval service to “fight fiercely so long as a legal French Government, independent of the enemy, has not given orders to the contrary—No matter what orders are received, never abandon to the enemy a ship-of-war intact.” These two explicit instructions had a tremendous impact upon the naval service, as later events were to show.
The distressing situations created in naval quarters by the Armistice are well described:
ALLIED LEADERS SALUTE THE TOMB OF THE UNKNOWN SOLDIER IN ALGERIA
the conflict in loyalties in particular, where grave questions of honor were raised in the minds of all. There was also the urge to join the British, or to leave the mainland and go to Africa, to the Empire possessions, or even to the United States. The appeal to come to Britain and serve under Admiralty orders was strong, and many units responded. As Admiral Hewitt points out in his introduction, our own naval service had undergone similar trials at the outbreak of the American Civil War, and men then had to decide wherein lay their duty.
As to the action taken by the British Government in respect of the French men-of- war in British ports and of the French Squadrons in Mers-el-Kebir and in Alexandria, the authors have presented a temperate account. There was the gravest anxiety in London lest the major portions of the French Navy fall into German hands. The language of the naval clauses in the Armistice was not always readily translatable into English, and connotations of such a word as “control” were susceptible of doubtful interpretation. The war at sea might easily have become very dangerously compromised if French naval power had been added to the Germans. I, myself, was our Naval Attache in London during those days and was fully cognizant of the stress and strain in the Admiralty lest the Germans acquire large portions of the French fleets.
So, since “war is a rude master,” the British Government took the action that it did, and “The Drama of Mers-el-Kebir” occurred. Likewise, the seizure of ships in Portsmouth and Plymouth took place, with officers and crews incarcerated in a somewhat ungentle manner. It is my own observation that no one in the Royal Navy has ever felt very comfortable over these episodes.
By contrast, the French Fleet at Alexandria was admirably immobilized by the patience and tact of Admiral A. B. Cunningham and of Admiral Godfroy. Here was an instance of chivalrous conduct and clear thinking which saved another “senseless” incident. The reader who might like to review the Alexandria affair from a different angle should read the account in Admiral Cunningham’s book, A Sailor’s Odyssey.
U. S. Naval Institute Proceedings [September
110
There was an American episode, too, in connection with Admiral Robert at Martinique, with an aircraft carrier and lots of French gold at stake—happily settled without undue rancor.
As the war became more general, with the United States a belligerent, the scene broadens onto the world stage. We are told of the surprise achieved in Operation Torch and the regrettable clashes that occurred at Casablanca, Oran, and elsewhere. The authors use the word “Tragedy” in their chapter heading and are critical of the secrecy with which our plans were carried out. Nevertheless, the instability which had prevailed in many quarters, and the record of volte-face among French politicians, forced the strictest silence on these operations. Their success and the acclaim they eventually received amply compensated for temporary estrangements. The authors deal at some length with the delicacy of the question of French leadership, including the Free French Government claimants, and describe as best they can the position of Darlan and his lamentable assassination. The calming influence of the appointment to the High Command of General Eisenhower, and the formation of a Joint Staff of all arms, soon brought about cordial relationship with all hands. The ultimate triumph in North Africa was only later marred by the reproaches cast upon the gallant Admiral Esteva, at Bizerte.
After the landings in North Africa, the French naval forces in the Free Zone of France again became a subject of anxiety. The movement of German troops to the Mediterranean shore immediately aroused suspicions of their intentions toward the Fleet under Admiral de Laborde, at Toulon. The decision to scuttle was rightly taken, and admirably executed, together with some minor exchanges of words heartwarming to the reader. It might be well to remind ourselves that at the outbreak of our Civil War in 1861, Federal authorities destroyed many Navy yards, forts, harbor works, etc., and even scuttled a few ships. Certainly, the Germans after their own rejoicing over the scuttling of the High Seas Fleet in Scapa Flow, were not in the least surprised at the action of Admiral de Laborde in Toulon. But, surely, no sailor could view the harbor of Toulon after its liberation without a pang.
The battles of Sicily and Normandy were not largely participated in by French naval forces, but the invasion of Southern France, Operation Dragoon, was a grand opportunity for them to play a major role. This they did, and with great elan, to the immense satisfaction of Admiral Hewitt, and their own French Admiral Lemonnier. An important source of assistance in all ports and harbors was available in the naval service that knew them best, and the response was noteworthy.
The war in Europe ended with a triumphal victory, and France once more was wholly freed of external enemies. But, alas, there remained animosities, revenges, rivalries, and recriminations. The hateful words collaboration and cpuration were all too prevalent. Old scores were paid off, and harsh, even brutal, judgments were meted out. The Navy was by no means free of these injustices, and perhaps became a rather easy target in the current political atmosphere. The plight of many senior officers is brought out in detail, but it is some comfort to learn that reversals of sentences later were ordered, although sometimes too late. Let us not forget that each French officer and man has his own concept of personal honor, and his reactions will conform to what he considers implicit in that concept. In a time of dire misfortune, a famous King of France, having lost the battle and been made a prisoner himself, said: “ Tout est perdu fors I’honneur.”
The Vernon Papers
Edited by B. McL. Ranft. London: The Navy Records Society, 1958. 599 pages. Illustrated. 45 shillings to non-members of the Society, 25 shillings to members.
REVIEWED BY
Professor Vernon D. Tate
(Dr. Tate is Librarian, U.S. Naval Academy and a member of the board of editors, The American Neptune.)
Founded in 1893 “for the purpose of printing rare or unpublished works of naval interest,” The Navy Records Society has diligently and effectively labored to print and make available choice selections of British naval documentation. Some indication of the magnitude of achievement is contained in the fact that the present volume is number 99 in the Series which incorporates letters, private papers, logs, narratives, official records and other materials of interest and permanent value. On this side of the Atlantic there are those who speculate with some chagrin why with equivalent resources in unpublished naval material, and it is to be hoped fully as much interest in the field, it has never been possible for the United States to emulate this excellent example.
Admiral Edward Vernon (1684-1757) entered the navy in 1700. His subsequent career paralleled that of many other officers of the period, except that while without orders on half pay he became a member of the House of Commons and an outspoken critic of governmental policy with respect to Spain. The repercussions on his naval career were immediate and could have been disastrous, had not his abilities and friends been able finally to procure his promotion to Flag Rank in 1739.
This book, however, is not a biography in any sense but deals principally with events as shown in the documents for two periods: The West Indies Station, 1739-42, and the English Channel, 1745. The former is of greater interest to America, for the North American Colonies played some part in the operations. The record of Vernon’s successes and failures makes excellent reading. Some may observe that many problems of situation and personality apparently have not changed greatly in over 200 years. Recalled home in 1742, Vernon was not offered another command and busied himself with personal affairs and parliamentary duties until 1745. He was then given command of a Channel fleet to counter an expected invasion of England. In an atmosphere of crisis, he became involved in serious disagreement with the Admiralty, resorted to pamphleteering and much lively correspondence until, on April 11, 1746, in the last document in the book, his name was removed from the list of Flag Officers.
Suggested Professional Reading
Memoirs: Ten Years and Twenty Days (World, $6.00) by Grand Admiral Karl Doenitz. The subtitle refers to the author’s tenure as Germany’s top U-boat director and later (January 1943 to May 1945) as Raeder’s successor to leadership over the German Navy. A blunt, nationalistic presentation by a man who remains convinced that his nation’s over-all policy was right. This book is restrained and objective—surprisingly so in view of Doenitz’s postwar fate. A combination of this detailed account, Grand Admiral Eric Raeder’s My Life (to be published by the U. S. Naval Institute early in 1960), and Vice Admiral Ruge’s Der Seekrieg: The German Navy’s Story 1939-1945 (U. S. Naval Institute) will offer a thorough and accurate understanding of the rise and employment of Germany’s World War II Navy. (Announced publication date, 28 September.)
Soviet Air and Rocket Forces (Praeger, $7.50) edited by Asher Lee. Englishman Lee (well known for his other books on Germany’s World War II air power and on air power in general) here brings together a number of descriptive and analytical essays by leading international authorities. Does for his subject what Saunders does for sea power in The Soviet Navy and what Liddell Hart does for land power in The Red Army.
Logistics in National Defense (Stackpole, $5.00) by Rear Admiral H. L. Eccles, USN (Ret.). A weighty book, the best on the subject, by a former member Naval War College faculty. Presents both theory and practice of logistics. A worthwhile complement to G. A. Lincoln et al., Economics of National Defense (1953), and an appropriate updating of the older works, U. S. Naval Logistics (1947) by D. S. Ballantine and The Navy and Industrial Mobilization in World War II (1951) by R. H. Connery.
John Paul Jones (Little, Brown, $6.50) by Samuel Eliot Morison. In naval historian Morison (U. S. Naval Operations in World War II, Admiral of the Ocean Sea, etc.) Jones has at last found his best biographer; the result is a fresh, authentic, readable history which does Jones ample justice. (Announced publication date, 8 September.)
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Admiral de Grasse and American Independence................................................................ $5.(10 ($3.75)
By Professor Charles L. Lewis, U. S. Naval Academy. 1945. 404 pages. Illustrated.
Air Operations in Naval Warfare Reading Supplement...................................................... $2.00 ($1.60)
Edited by Commander Walter C. Blattmann, USN. 1957. 192 pages. Paper bound.
Annapolis Today.................................................................................................................. $4.00 ($3.00)
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The Art of Knotting and Splicing....................................................................................... $5.00 ($3.75)
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Descriptive Analysis of Naval Turbine Propulsion Plants................................................... $5.00 ($4.00)
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Elementary Seamanship........................................................................................................ $2.00 ($1.60)
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Elements of Applied Thermodynamics............................................................................ . $5.00 ($4.00)
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The French Navy in World War II....................................................................................... $6.00 ($4.50)
By Rear Admiral Paul Auphan, French Navy (Ret.), and Jacques Mordal. Translated by Captain A. C. J. Sabalot, USN (Ret.). 1959. 414 pages. 32 photographs. 13 charts and diagrams
Fundamentals of Construction and Stability of Naval Ships.................................................. $5.50 ($4.40)
By Professor Thomas C. Gillmer, U. S. Naval Academy. 2nd edition, revised, 1959. 370 pages. 167 figures.
Fundamentals of Sonar .................................................................................................... $10.00 ($8.00)
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Garde D’Haiti 1915-1934: Twenty Years of Organization and
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Compiled by J. H. McCrocklin. 1957. 278 pages. 42 photographs.
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U. S. Naval Academy Museum. 2nd edition, revised, 1958. 117 pages. Illustrated.
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The Hunters and the Hunted...................................................................... $3.50 ($2.63)
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Internal Combustion Engines............................................................................................ $5.00 ($4.00)
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International Law for Naval Officers................................................................................. $2.00 ($1.60)
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International Law for Seagoing Officers........................................................ $4.50 ($3.38)
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Introduction to the Basic Mechanisms........................................................... $4.50 ($3.60)
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Introduction to Brazilian Portuguese................................................................................. $5.00 ($4.00)
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Introduction to Marine Engineering............................................................. $5.50 ($4.40)
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The Italian Navy in World War II.................................................................. $5.75 ($4.32)
By Commander Marc'Antonio Bragadin. 1957. 398 pages. 121 photographs. 17 diagrams.
John Paul Jones: Fighter for Freedom and Glory................................................................... $6.00 ($4.50)
By Lincoln Lorenz. 1943. 868 pages. Illustrated.
Lion Six................................................................................................ $2.50 ($1.88)
By Captain D. Harry Hammer, USNR. The story of the building of the great Naval Operating Base at Guam. 1947. 125 pages. Illustrated.
Logarithmic and Trigonometric Tables............................................................. $1.65 ($1.32)
By the Department of Mathematics, U. S. Naval Academy. Reprinted, 1959. 93 pages.
A Long Line of Ships................................................................................ $5.00 ($3.75)
By Lieutenant Commander Arnold S. Lott, USN. Mare Island Centennial Volume. 1954. 268 pages. Illustrated.
The Marine Officer’s Guide......................................................................... $5.75 ($4.32)
By General G. C. Thomas, USMC (Ret.), Colonel R. D. Heinl, Jr., USMC, and Rear Admiral A. A. Ageton, USN (Ret). 1956. 512 pages. 29 charts. 119 photographs.
Matthew Fontaine Maury...................................................................................................... $3.00 ($2.25)
By Professor Charles L. Lewis, U. S. Naval Academy. 1927. 264 pages. Illustrated.
Midway, The Battle That Doomed Japan, The Japanese Navy’s Story . . $4.50 ($3.38)
By Mitsuo Fuchida and Masatake Okumiya, former Imperial Japanese Navy. Edited by Roger Pineau and Clarke Kawakami. 1955. 292 pages. Illustrated.
Military Law......................................................................................................................... $2.00 ($1.60)
Compiled by Captain J. K. Taussig, Jr., USN (Ret.), and Commander H. B. Sweitzer, USN. Revised and edited by Commander M. E. Wolfe, USN, and Lieutenant Commander R. I. Gulick, USN. Reprinted 1959. 90 pages.
Modern Fencing................................................................................................................... $3.00 ($2.25)
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Naval Customs, Traditions, and Usage.................................................. Out of stock pending revision.
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Naval Essays of Service Interest............................................................................................ $1.25 ($ .94)
Collection of 35 selected Proceedings articles for over 26-year period. 1945. Paper bound.
Naval Leadership, 2nd edition............................................................................................ $3.50 ($2.80)
Mann. 1959. 301 pages.
Naval Leadership, 1st edition................................................................................... $3.00 ($2.40)
Prepared at the U. S. Naval Academy for instruction of midshipmen. 1949. 324 pages. Naval Leadership with Some Hints to Junior Officers and Others . . . . $ .90 ($ .72)
A compilation for and by the Navy. 4th edition. 1939. 140 pages.
Naval Phraseology................................................................................................... $4.50 ($3.60)
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Naval Shiphandling................................................................................................. $4.50 ($3.38)
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Practical Manual of the Compass........................................................................................ $3.60 ($2.88)
By Captain Harris Laning, USN, and Lieutenant Commander H. D. McGuire, USN. 1921. 172 pages. Illustrated.
Principles of Electronics and Electronic Systems................................................................. $7.50 ($6.00)
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Proceedings Cover Pictures................................................................................................. $2.50 ($1.88)
Sets of all 12 cover pictures appearing on the Proceedings in each yeat of 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958. Mounted on 13 x 13 mat. Complete set of 12 for any year.
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The Handbook of the Brigade of Midshipmen, 1958-1959 ........................................... $1.25, net
The Handbook of the Brigade of Midshipmen, 1959-1960 ........................................... $1.25, net
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Prepared by Training Division, Bureau of Naval Personnel. 1942. 176 pages. Paper bound.
Round-Shot to Rockets........................................................................................... $3.00 ($2.25)
By Taylor Peck. A history of the Washington Navy Yard and U. S. Naval Gun Factory. 1949. 267 pages. Illustrated.
The Rule of Nine.................................................................................................... $ .60 ($ .48)
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The Rules of the Nautical Road.......................................................................................... $5.00 ($4.00)
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Russian Supplement to Naval Phraseology.......................................................................... $4.00 ($3.20)
By Professor Claude P. Lemieux, U. S. Naval Academy. 2nd revised edition. 1954. 146 pages.
Sailing and Small Craft Down the Ages.............................................................................. $6.50 ($4.88)
By E. L. Bloomster. 1940. 290 pages. 425 silhouette drawings. Trade edition.
(Deluxe autographed edition)............................................................................................. f 12.50 ($10.00)
The Sea War in Korea......................................................................................................... $6.00 ($4.50)
By Commander Malcolm W. Cagle, USN, and Commander Frank A. Manson, USN. 1957. 560 pages. 176 photographs. 20 charts.
Selected Readings in Leadership......................................................................................... $2.50 ($1.88)
Compiled by Commander Malcolm E. Wolfe, USN, and Captain F. J. Mulholland, USMC. 1957. 119 pages. Paper bound.
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Sons of Gunboats................................................................................................................... $2.75 ($2.07)
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The United States Coast Guard in World War II.............................................. $6.00 ($4.50)
By Malcolm F. Willoughby. 1957. 346 pages. 200 photographs. 27 charts.
United States Destroyer Operations in World War II......................................... $10.00 ($7.50)
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By Theodore Roscoe. 1949. 577 pages. Illustrated.
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U. S. Naval Academy Catalogue of Information, 1958-59 ....................... $ .50 ($ .38)
64 pages. 30 photographs. Paper bound.
Sea................................... | $4.00 | ($3.00) |
2nd revised edition. 1958. 362 | pages |
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249 pages. |
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192 pages.
The V-Five Physical Education Series
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259 pages.
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288 pages.
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How to Survive on Land and
Victory Without War, 1958-1961 ............................................................................. $2.00 ($1.50)
By George Fielding Eliot. 1958. 126 pages.
Watch Officer’s Guide................................................................................................ $2.00 ($1.60)
Revised by Captain J. V. Noel, Jr., USN, and Commander C. R. Chandler, USN. 4th printing, revised edition. 1958. 296 pages. Illustrated.
We Build a Navy........................................................................................................ $2.75 ($2.07)
By Lieutenant Commander H. H. Frost, USN. A vivid and dramatic narrative of our early Navy. 1929. 517 pages. Illustrated.
Welcome Aboard........................................................................................................ $3.50 ($2.63)
By Florence Ridgely Johnson. A guide for the naval officer’s bride. Revised 7th printing. 1958. 288 pages. 6
Your Naval Academy................................................................................................. $1.00 ($ .75)
By Midshipmen Burton and Hart. A handsome 48-page pictorial presentation of a Midshipman's life at the Naval Academy. Brief descriptive captions.
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